SummaryThe occurrence of coagulase-positive staphylococci in 954 samples of raw or heat-treated market milk and in 910 samples of cheese of different varieties, taken at 40 cheese factories or farms in England and Wales was determined. Only 9% of the cheeses contained more than 500 000 staphylococci/g, and these were all made from raw milk. All but the mildest of the heat treatments used were effective in greatly reducing the numbers of staphylococci present in milk and usually resulted in cheese virtually free from staphylococci. The effect of sublethal heat treatment on multiplication of these organisms in cheese curd is discussed.

International Journal of Dairy TechnologyVolume 14, Issue 2 p. 56-60 AN EVALUATION OF SYSTEMS PRACTISED ON DAIRY FARMS W. A. CUTHBERT, W. A. CUTHBERT National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, ReadingSearch for more papers by this author W. A. CUTHBERT, W. A. CUTHBERT National Institute for Research in Dairying, Shinfield, ReadingSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1961 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1961.tb00940.xCitations: 8AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume14, Issue2April 1961Pages 56-60 RelatedInformation

International Journal of Dairy TechnologyVolume 13, Issue 4 p. 142-147 BACTERIOLOGICAL PROBLEMS ARISING FROM CIRCULATION CLEANING W. A. Cuthbert, National Institute for Research in Dairying, University of ReadingSearch for more papers by this author W. A. Cuthbert, National Institute for Research in Dairying, University of ReadingSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1960 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1960.tb00917.xCitations: 5AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume13, Issue4October 1960Pages 142-147 RelatedInformation

SUMMARY: A series of co‐operative experiments was conducted to compare the bacterial colony counts of soil obtained by workers in different laboratories, using soil extract agar and other media for the determinations.In the earlier experiments it was not possible to obtain a reasonable degree of reproducibility of results between laboratories even when the plating technique was carefully prescribed. By modification and more rigid standardization of the technique closer agreement was obtained in subsequent experiments. It is suggested that when co‐operative investigations are contemplated the participating laboratories should check their technique by the examination of ‘control’ soils.No evidence could be obtained to support the suggestion that higher colony counts are obtained by the use of soil extract media containing extract prepared from the same soil as the sample tested. The source appears to be immaterial so long as the soil for extract preparation is not of extreme type and has been well manured and cultivated.

SUMMARY: Thermoduric colony counts at 30° of laboratory pasteurized milk determined by the roll tube or agar strip methods were lower than those obtained by the standard Petri plate method. The differences in colony count were not of such magnitude, however, as to be likely to result in many errors in grading if a thermoduric bacterial content of greater than 104/ml is accepted as an index of unsatisfactory cleansing of dairy equipment.The three methods examined were simpler and more economical than the Petri plate technique, but the agar strip method, as described, using the standard loop, was the simplest and gave a sufficiently reliable estimate of the thermoduric colony count for advisory purposes.

SUMMARY: Differences have been noted in the numbers of excretal organisms isolated from water supplies coming from gathering grounds with soils of different types. Those from acid moorlands normally contained smaller numbers of Bact. coli type I than those from limestone areas, although the numbers of animals present in the areas were approximately the same.The technique is described for a study of the effect of soils from these areas on the survival of excretal organisms. Incubation of samples of the soils after inoculation with Bact. coli type I and with Strep. faecalis has shown that both organisms will persist in the limestone soils for several weeks but die out in a few days in acid peat soils. When chalk is added to the acid soils both organisms were able to persist for several months. It is suggested that survival is largely governed by pH.

International Journal of Dairy TechnologyVolume 8, Issue 4 p. 181-184 BACTERIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF DAIRY WATER SUPPLIES W. A. CUTHBERT, W. A. CUTHBERT National Agricultural Advisory Service, LeedsSearch for more papers by this author W. A. CUTHBERT, W. A. CUTHBERT National Agricultural Advisory Service, LeedsSearch for more papers by this author First published: October 1955 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0307.1955.tb02700.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume8, Issue4October 1955Pages 181-184 RelatedInformation

SUMMARY: A – comparison of the suitability of brilliant green bile broth and MacConkey's broth at 44° for the detection of Bacterium coli type I in farm water supplies, showed that 83.1% of the samples had no difference in the number of positive tubes at 44°, and only 5 samples (1.7%) had a significantly higher number of positive tubes in MacConkey's broth.Of 707 strains of coli‐aerogenes bacteria isolated from 44° positive tubes of both media, 94.5% were Bact. coli type I. Strains of Bact. coli type II and Bact. aerogenes type I which were 44° positive constituted 3.7% and 0.4% respectively, all of which were indole negative at 44°. In addition there were 10 strains (1.4%) of 44° positive Intermediate type II, 9 of which were indole positive at 44°.An appreciable number (6.6%) of Bact. coli type I strains failed to give a positive indole reaction in 24 hr at 44°.

Journal of Applied BacteriologyVolume 17, Issue 1 p. 76-89 (Symposium on Farm Water Supplies: Paper III). THE SUITABILITY OF FARM WATER SUPPLIES FOR DAIRY PURPOSES W. A. CUTHBERT, W. A. CUTHBERT National Agricultural Advisory Service, LeedsSearch for more papers by this author W. A. CUTHBERT, W. A. CUTHBERT National Agricultural Advisory Service, LeedsSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1954 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1954.tb02026.xCitations: 12AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume17, Issue1April 1954Pages 76-89 RelatedInformation

Summary: The flaming of taps before sampling caused no significant differences in the most probable numbers of coli‐aerogenes organisms or Bact. coli in water samples, or in the colony counts at 37 or 22°, though there was a tendency for the bacterial content to be lowered.

Summary:Statistical analysis of the results from four laboratories, on the effect of incubation time at 30° on the number of colonies from laboratory pasteurized milk, showed a marked increase between the second and third day, but little subsequent increase. Incubation of Petri plate cultures for 3 days at 30° was sufficiently accurate for routine purposes. In about 70% of cases the 3 day colony count exceeded 95% of the count obtained after 5 days and most samples gave values exceeding 85% of this.The same types of colonies formed within 2 days at 30° as developed subsequently.The mean shelf temperatures did not depart materially from 30° in three incubators. The general level of temperatures was much higher in the fourth incubator, where on one occasion 33° was recorded, and this may have been the reason for non‐significant differences between colony counts at the four incubation times in that case.

SUMMARY: Farm water supplies giving 37° positives in MacConkey's broth within 24 hr. had a much higher incidence of presumptive Bact. coli type I than those which gave 37° positives during the second day of incubation only; presumptive Bact. coli reactions were obtained with 85% of the 7,522 tubes positive in 24 hr. compared with 23% for the 7,593 tubes showing positive reactions during the second day at 37°.

SUMMARY: Laboratory trials of a small‐scale chlorinator, in which water contaminated with Bacterium coli was super‐chlorinated at 5 and 10 p.p.m., with a contact time of 4.5 min. and subsequently dechlorinated with sodium thiosulphate, showed a reduction from 7 × 103/ml. to 0/100 ml. Sterile 1 ml. plates were obtained when the water was contaminated with 0.15% of soil, a concentration which coloured the water. It was estimated that this was achieved within the contact period with 65% of the available chlorine.

Summary:A standard method for the application of the laboratory pasteurization test for milk, and rinses and swabs of dairy equipment, is described. The interpretation of the thermoduric colony counts so obtained is discussed, and tentative advisory standards are suggested.

Proceedings of the Society for Applied BacteriologyVolume 13, Issue 1 p. 27-64 THERMODURIC ORGANISMS IN MILK. PART I. A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE S. B. THOMAS, S. B. THOMAS National Agricultural Advisory ServiceSearch for more papers by this authorJ. W. EGDELL, J. W. EGDELL National Agricultural Advisory ServiceSearch for more papers by this authorL. F. L. CLEGG, L. F. L. CLEGG National Agricultural Advisory ServiceSearch for more papers by this authorW. A. CUTHBERT, W. A. CUTHBERT National Agricultural Advisory ServiceSearch for more papers by this author S. B. THOMAS, S. B. THOMAS National Agricultural Advisory ServiceSearch for more papers by this authorJ. W. EGDELL, J. W. EGDELL National Agricultural Advisory ServiceSearch for more papers by this authorL. F. L. CLEGG, L. F. L. CLEGG National Agricultural Advisory ServiceSearch for more papers by this authorW. A. CUTHBERT, W. A. CUTHBERT National Agricultural Advisory ServiceSearch for more papers by this author First published: April 1950 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1950.tb05039.xCitations: 10AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume13, Issue1April 1950Pages 27-64 RelatedInformation

Summary:To define a suitable technique for estimating thermoduric bacteria in raw milk supplies, experiments were made to determine whether any difference could be detected between colony counts after laboratory pasteurization at 145 or 150° F. (62.8 or 65.5°) and whether colony counts are affected by temperature and period of storage of samples before laboratory pasteurization. Temperatures above 63.5±0.5° occasionally gave underestimates of the thermoduric population. Within limits time and temperature of storage generally had no effect on numbers of thermoduric bacteria and samples to be examined for thermoduric content can be aged at temperatures between 4 and 20° and examined at any time up to 24–26 hr.It is recommended that the pasteurizing bath shall be capable, under working load, of heating the samples to 63.5° within 5 min. To ensure this with certain types of bath it may be necessary to circulate the water, or to avoid overloading.A limited study of types of thermoduric organisms predominating after different incubation periods and temperatures of storage revealed that the type initially predominant was generally present in greatest numbers after the milk had been aged for 24 hr. Occasionally Gram‐positive sporing rods overgrew other types and some micrococci were not favoured by storage at 20°.