In order to distinguish between 'local' and 'background' sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in coastal British Columbia (Canada) air, we collected samples from two sites: a remote site on western Vancouver Island, and a near-urban site in the Strait of Georgia. Seasonally-integrated samples of vapor, particulate, and rain were collected continuously during 365 days for analysis of 275 PCB and PBDE congeners. While deposition of the legacy PCBs was similar at both sampling sites, deposition of PBDEs at the remote site amounted to 42% (10.4 mg/ha/year) of that at the near-urban site. Additional research into atmospheric circulation in the NE Pacific Ocean will provide more insight into the transport and fate of priority pollutants in this region, but trans-Pacific delivery of PBDEs to the west coast of North America may underlie in part our observations. For example, approximately 40% of >12,000 ten-day back trajectories calculated for the remote site originated over Asia, compared to only 2% over North America.

Two N-trihalomethylthio fungicides were detected in the atmosphere in the Lower Fraser Valley agricultural region of Canada. Captan was detected in both the particle and gas phase with a dominant particle phase fraction observed in both 2005 and 2006 (only total captan atmospheric concentrations were available for 2004). This provides the first evidence of particle transport as a significant atmospheric transport pathway for captan in an agricultural region in Canada. Weekly captan air concentrations reached maximum levels of 13.2 ng m-3 in June 2006, while for folpet total atmospheric levels were lower with maximum reaching 1.7 ng m-3 in August 2004 and generally <1 ng m3 in 2005 and 2006. Folpet is detected in the atmosphere although not previously reported in usage inventories. In the three years examined (2004-2006) captan concentrations observed a seasonal maximum in atmospheric concentrations during spring to early summer coinciding with expected peak usage period on crops in the Lower Fraser Valley agricultural region located in British Columbia, Canada. No usage data is available in Canada beyond 2003 but these seasonal trends show that captan remains a dominant pesticide used in this agricultural region with no decline in atmospheric concentrations during 2004-2006.

The Canadian Atmospheric Network for Currently Used Pesticides (CANCUP) was the first comprehensive, nationwide air surveillance study of pesticides in Canada. This paper presentsthe atmospheric occurrence and distribution of pesticides including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphate pesticides (OPPs), acid herbicides (AHs), and neutral herbicides (NHs) during the spring to summer of 2004 and 2005 across agricultural regions in Canada. Atmospheric concentrations of pesticides varied within years and time periods, and regional characteristics were observed including the following: (i) highest air concentrations of several herbicides (e.g., mecoprop, triallate, and ethalfluralin) were found at Bratt's Lake, SK, a site in the Canadian Prairies; (ii) the west-coast site at Abbotsford, BC, had the maximum concentrations of diazinon; (iii) the fruit and vegetable growing region in Vineland, ON, showed highest levels for several insecticides including chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, and azinphos-methyl; (iv) high concentrations of atrazine and metolachlor were measured at St. Anicet, QC, a corn-growing region; (v) the Kensington site in PEI, Canada's largest potato-producing province, exhibited highest level of dimethoate. Analysis of particle- and gas-phase fractions of air samples revealed that most pesticides including OCPs, OPPs, and NHs exist mainly in the gas phase, while AHs exhibit more diversity in particle-gas partitioning behavior. This study also demonstrated that stirred up soil dust does not account for pesticides that are detected in the particle phase. The estimated dry and wet deposition fluxes indicate considerable atmospheric inputs for some current-use pesticides (CUPs). This data set represents the first measurements for many pesticides in the atmosphere, precipitation, and soil for given agricultural regions across Canada.

A new gas chromatographic method is described for the analysis of fungicides captan, captafol, and folpet from organic extracts of air samples using large volume injection (LVI) via a cold on-column (COC) inlet coupled with gas chromatography-negative chemical ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-NCI-MS). Although standard split/splitless injection due to high injection port temperatures (>225 degrees C) have been shown to degrade these thermally labile fungicides, COC injection minimizes degradation. Insecticides such as chlorpyrifos and diazinon were also examined to show added selectivity. By using a solvent vapor exit with the COC inlet, injection volumes of 10-100 microL can be made to lower detection levels. GC-NCI-MS was compared to GC-electron impact ionization-mass spectrometry for each pesticide using LVI-COC injections and was found to be 2-80 times more sensitive, depending on the pesticide. Method detection limit (MDL) values with 100 microL injections were 2.5 microg L-1 for captan, folpet, and diazinon, 5.0 microg L-1 captafol, and 1.0 microg L-1 for chlorpyrifos, with the normal working range examined for sample analysis from MDL to 100 microg L-1. Detection of all pesticides except captafol, used only in the United States but not Canada, was demonstrated from air samples taken from Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada.

This paper, and its companion (that dealt with lindane and endosulfan) review available data on the presence of currently used pesticides (CUPs) in air and precipitation in Canada, since the late 1980s. Pesticides usage/sales are also given when available. Data from local studies/initiatives, region-wide monitoring networks and remote locations are compiled to summarize atmospheric levels of different CUP classes (e.g. acid herbicides, organophosphates, “new” organochlorines, triazines, etc.) and how this varies among regions and with time. Based on this information, and other parameters not specific to Canada, knowledge gaps are identified and ideas for further research work are proposed.

The Canadian Pesticide Air Sampling Campaign was initiated in 2003 to assess atmospheric levels of pesticides, especially currently used pesticides (CUPs) in agricultural regions across Canada. In the first campaign during the spring to summer of 2003, over 40 pesticides were detected. The spatial and temporal distribution of pesticides in the Canadian atmosphere was shown to reflect the pesticide usage in each region. Several herbicides including triallate, bromoxynil, MCPA, 2,4-D, dicamba, trifluralin and ethalfluralin were detected at highest levels at Bratt's Lake, SK in the prairie region. Strong relationships between air concentrations and dry depositions were observed at this site. Although no application occurred in the Canadian Prairies in 2003, high air concentrations of lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) were still observed at Bratt's Lake and Hafford, SK. Two fungicides (chlorothalonil and metalaxyl) and two insecticides (endosulfan and carbofuran) were measured at highest levels at Kensington, PEI. Maximum concentrations of chlorpyrifos and metolachlor were found at St. Anicet, QC. The southern Ontario site, Egbert showed highest concentration of alachlor. Malathion was detected at the highest level at the west coast site, Abbotsford, BC. In case of legacy chlorinated insecticides, high concentrations of DDT, DDE and dieldrin were detected in British Columbia while α-HCH and HCB were found to be fairly uniform across the country. Chlordane was detected in Ontario, Québec and Prince Edward Island. This study demonstrates that the sources for the observed atmospheric occurrence of pesticides include local current pesticide application, volatilization of pesticide residues from soil and atmospheric transport. In many instances, these data represent the first measurements for certain pesticides in a given part of Canada.

This paper, and its companion, review available data on the presence of currently used pesticides (CUPs) in air and precipitation of Canada, since the late 1980s. Pesticides usage/sales are also given when available. Two older CUPs—lindane, which shows a wealth of data, and endosulfan, one of the most abundant and ubiquitous organochlorine pesticides in the North American atmosphere today—are the focus of this first part. Data from local process studies, monitoring work in source and receptor regions, and modelling efforts are compiled to give an overall picture of the atmospheric levels and deposition and how this varies between regions and with time.

The impacts of anthropogenic emissions from the maritime transport and from the countries neighboring Greece on the maximum ground-level ozone concentrations over Greece were studied. Ozone concentrations were simulated across a part of the Eastern Mediterranean during a summer period using a modeling system that consisted of the photochemical Urban Airshed Model known as UAM-V coupled with the meteorological mesoscale model known as MM5. Simulated, maximum hourly ozone concentrations were higher over continental and maritime areas of Greece influenced by the emissions of the large urban agglomerations. When air quality simulations were performed assuming zero maritime transport emissions, the greater part of Greece experienced reductions in maximum ozone levels. Over the continental part of the country, the largest ozone reductions occurred along the coastline of southern and western Greece and were approximately 20 ppb. Over maritime areas, the decreases in maximum ozone concentrations were more pronounced. However, in the regions influenced by high amounts of nitrogen oxides emitted from the sea transport activities, the O3 concentrations were increased. The impact of anthropogenic emissions from all continental areas within the modeling domain, other than Greece, on the maximum ozone concentrations over Greece was small. Considering that the emission inventory for Greece was more detailed, while the official emission data for some of the countries in the modeling domain were generally poor, the assessed impact might have been underestimated.

Continuous measurements of total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentration were taken during 1997–1999 at 10 rural sites across Canada, ranging from 43° to 82°N and from 62° to 123°W. Overall median TGM concentrations ranged among the sites from 1.32 to 1.83ng m−3. The spatially averaged median concentration among all sites was 1.60±0.15ng m−3. Maximum hourly average concentrations, on the order of 10ng m−3, were observed at several sites located near major sources of anthropogenic emissions. Minimum hourly average concentrations were observed in springtime at the arctic site where concentrations dropped below the detection limit of the analyzer (50pg m−3) on several occasions. Seasonal variability in TGM concentrations was observed at all sites. At most sites monthly median concentrations were highest in late winter and lowest in fall. Diurnal variations in TGM concentration were also observed at most sites. The most common pattern of diurnal variability was a diel cycle of minimum concentrations just before sunrise and maximum concentrations around solar noon. The diel cycle was seasonally modulated, reaching maximum amplitude during spring or summer at all sites.

Trace metals were assessed in atmospheric particulates at Burnaby Lake, in the greater Vancouver area of British Columbia to assess concentrations, particle size distributions and deposition rates to an urban watershed. Week-long samples were collected over a period of 18 weeks in 1995 using a 13 stage low pressure impactor (LPI). Samples were analysed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP). Aluminum, boron, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium and strontium had a similar time series pattern and particle size distribution. For these metals, maximum concentrations occurred during weeks of low precipitation and exhibited a large peak in mid June. Their particle size distribution was mostly dominated by a large peak between 1.7–18.4μm with a secondary peak at <0.08μm. Metal concentrations were generally one to three orders of magnitude higher than those measured in a rural location 100km away from Burnaby Lake but similar to those measured in urban Taipei, Taiwan. Concentrations of the highly toxic metals, arsenic, cadmium and lead were within current air quality guidelines, however boron exceeded the Ontario Ministry of Environment ambient air quality standard in two of the 16 samples. Deposition velocities ranged between 0.22 and 13cms−1 with the largest values corresponding to the coarse particle mode. Mean deposition rates ranged between 4.0μgm−2d−1 and 650mgm−2d−1. Depending on the metal, yearly loadings to the watershed ranged from 90kg to several thousand tonnes. Calcium, aluminum, boron and magnesium had the highest metal loadings to the watershed. Manganese also had relatively high loadings, a reflection of the high traffic density in the area. The relatively high metal deposition rates indicate that metal contribution from atmospheric sources may represent a significant portion of the total metal load to the Burnaby Lake watershed.

As part of the 1993 Lower Eraser Valley Oxidants Study, measurements of mobile source emission factors were performed in the Cassiar Tunnel on the Trans-Canada Highway to measure the on-road contribution to the ozone-forming precursors (NOx and speciated hydrocarbons) along with CO. Observed emission factors were compared to the Canadian versions of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's MOBILE models, MOBILE4.1C and MOBILE5C, to assess uncertainty in the predicted mobile source contributions to the Vancouver emissions inventory.A total of 16 l-h runs were made. The timing of the individual runs was designed to encompass different traffic volumes, driving conditions, and times of day. A total of 24,513 vehicles traversed the tunnel during the study, with approximately 91% light-duty vehicles, 4% heavy-duty spark ignition vehicles, and 5% heavy-duty diesel vehicles. MOBILE5C overpredicted the observed value of CO by similar to 2%, NMHC by 24%, and NOx by 13%, while MOBILE4.1C underpredicted the observed Values by 36, 29, and 23% for CO,NMHC, and NOx, respectively. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

The chemical mass balance model has been used to separate non-methane hydrocarbon emission factors measured in the Cassiar tunnel study into exhaust and evaporative emission factors. The local gasoline composition has been used as a real-world surrogate profile for exhaust emissions and has been demonstrated to result in vastly improved model performance compared to the performance obtained with the use of an exhaust profile derived from dynamometer testing. Because of the approach used, the combustion and unburned gasoline components of exhaust emission gases could be estimated separately. Unburned gasoline was found to comprise 63.4 +/- 7.0% of exhaust gases for light-duty vehicles operating in steady-state driving conditions in this study. On-road benzene emissions were found to split 71%/27%/2% between the combustion, unburned gasoline, and evaporative sources. Evaporative non-methane hydrocarbons were found to represent 10.3 +/- 0.8% of the total on-road emission rate on average. The apportionment of total NMHC emission factors to exhaust and evaporative emission factors allowed a detailed comparison to exhaust and on-road evaporative emission factors predicted by the MOBILE4.1C and MOBILE5C models.

Als Ursache der symmetrischen Unterschenkelfrakturengibt es direkte Trauma durch „Kantensturz”, „Fahrzeugkollision” oder „Stoßstangenanprall”. Gehäuft treten die zweizeitigen Kombinationsverletzungen Beine, Kopf, Becken auf. Lokal überwiegen die offenen Trümmerbrüche verschiedener Höhe. Gefäß-Nerven-Verletzung ist relativ selten. Therapeutisch erfordert die Mehrfachverletzung individuelle Indikationsstellung nach vitaler Dringlichkeit. Daher Osteosynthese praktisch nur verzögert primär möglich, und dann eventuell mit zwei Operationsgruppen. Vorbeugend sind verbesserte Sicherheitssysteme zur Unfallverhütung zu fordern.