This article discussed the results of a campus crime victimization study conducted at a major state university. The survey data were compared to the officially recorded data that were available from the campus police department and with data from other victimization research. The data indicated that campus crime is clearly lower than crime in the general community. The study showed agreement with most of the previous research, though there were several important observations. First, crime on campus was not only less common it was less severe than crime in the general population. Second, the nature of crime on campus seemed to support a routine activities theoretical framework. Third, the data clearly showed that the anxiety about campus crime fostered by the media is not supported by the data.

Partitioning of platinum-group elements (PGE) between sulfide liquid and monosulfide solid solution (mss) has been investigated by crystallizingmss from Fe−Ni−Cu sulfide liquid at 1,000–1,040° C, using bulk compositions and PGE contents typical of magmatic sulfides associated with mafic and ultramafic systems. Products were analyzedin situ for PGE and Au using SIMS. Sulfide liquid compositions were more Ni- and Cu-rich than coexistingmss. Liquid/mss partition coefficients are: Os-0.23±0.04, Ir-0.28±0.11, Ru-0.24±0.05, Rh-0.33±0.06, Pt-4.8±0.7, Pd-4.8±1.9, Au-11.4. Partitioning of PGE is independent of PGE concentration and Ni content in the composition range investigated. Additionally, Henry's law appears to be obeyed up to minor-element contents in the sulfide liquid andmss. Osmium, Ir, Ru, and Rh are compatible elements in the anhydrous Fe−Ni−Cu−S system, whereas Pt, Pd and Au are incompatible elements. These affinities correspond to the partitions of PGE between massive and Cu-rich magmatic sulfides. However, the detailed precious-metal compositions of the Cu-rich sulfides of mafic rock systems, disseminated ores of komatiites and Cu-rich assemblage of droplet ore from the Noril'sk-Talnakh deposits are not consistent with those expected for pristine fractionated sulfide liquids.

We examined the response of understory vegetation beneath monotypic, even-aged stands of lodgepole pine to increasing tree mortality following an epidemic of mountain pine beetles. we hypothesized that understory biomass would increase continually as the tree canopy was reduced and competition with trees for light and soil moisture decreased, but that plant species diversity and heterogeneity would peak at intermediate levels of beetle-caused tree mortality. Mean understory biomass clipped from 50 1-m2 circular plots/stand was an order of magnitude greater (40 g m-2) in beetle-killed stands, with typical levels of overstory tree mortality (50–70%), than in unaffected stands (4 g m-2); and it increased exponentially with disturbance severity. Frequency of fruit occurrence was positively related to increasing tree mortality, but was highly variable. Understory plant species richness and, to lesser degrees indices of diversity that incorporate evenness, peaked in stands with moderate mortality. Measures of vegetation patchiness (the coefficient of variation in mean plot biomass and an index of habitat interspersion) also peaked in stands with intermediate levels of disturbance. The response of understory plant species diversity to increasing disturbance severity is consistent with the pattern predicted by the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. However, other explanations of this pattern are discussed. Although understory plant community richness was higher in beetle-killed stands than in unaffected stands, new species were not abundant and therefore did not contribute substantially to greater evenness in understory plant diversity.

Detailed field and petrographic observation and geochemical study of the Boston Creek ferropicrite (BCF), a layered Fe-rich Al-poor Archean ultramafic igneous body, has yielded important insight into the controls on differentiation processes in ferropicrite liquids. Presence of flow top breccia, spinifex, vesicles (amygdules), and altered glass together with chert on its top, and the fact that it is in direct contact with pillowed and massive basalt flows, strongly suggest an effusive origin. Anomalous thickness (30 m) of the spinifex-textured layer compared to thick and differentiated komatiitic basalt and typical tholeiitic basalt flows of similar magnesium contents results from the great abundance of Ca, Fe and Mg relative to Al and high contents of volatiles in the parental liquids and supercooling-induced rapid crystallization, which together increased the interval of clinopyroxene crystallization. Relatively anomalous lithological (clinopyroxenite to diorite), textural (pegmatitiic to fine-grained), and geochemical (Mg-numbers between 45 and <20) complexity in the gabbroic layer results from the high volatile content of the parental liquids and the crystallization of Fe-Ti oxide prior to plagioclase, and consequent displacement, mixing, and entrapment of low-density, volatile-enriched residual liquids. Variations in the development of pegmatite, liquid segregation pockets, and PGE mineralization in the gabbroic layer along strike reflect variations in the extent of within-flow displacement, migration, and mixing of residual liquids.

The late Archean Hemlo-Heron Bay greenstone belt of the Superior Province near the Hemlo gold deposit, Ontario, consists mainly of fine-grained clastic metasedimentary rocks with subordinate amounts of metavolcanic rocks. Cordierite-anthophyllite rocks are also locally present, but restricted to a single metasedimentary sequence, and most likely represent metamorphosed Mg- and Fe-rich sedimentary rocks derived from predominantly mafic-ultramafic sources. The clastic metasedimentary rocks are geochemically highly immature. Some of their geochemical characteristics, such as low Al2O3/Na2O ratio, low CIA, K2O/Na2O < 1.0, uniform Th/U ratio (3.6), and strong correlations of transition metals and MgO with Fe2O3*, are similar to those of typical Archean sedimentary rocks. However, their REE compositions (high contents of LREE and steep chondrite-normalized patterns) are different from those of most Archean sedimentary rocks and similar to those of more mature Proterozoic sedimentary rocks. The clastic metasedimentary rocks from the Hemlo-Heron Bay greenstone belt were derived mainly from felsic (or intermediate) volcanic sources, admixed with variable amounts of mafic-ultramafic volcanic components and possibly some continental weathering products, and deposited rapidly as turbidites. The geochemical uniformity of all clastic metasedimentary rocks indicates that the Hemlo-Heron Bay greenstone belt represents a single tectonic environment (possibly equivalent to a modern island-arc system) rather than a juxtaposition of suspect terranes.

The composition of olivine and nickeliferous sulfide inclusions from a selection of mafic and ultramafre rocks, xenoliths and megacrysts, including picritic basalts from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, kimberlite from Fayette County, Pennsylvania, and megacrysts from Mount Shasta, California are compared with the mean experimental value of the distribution coefficient for Ni/Fe exchange (KD3=32). Only nine of the forty five olivipe/bulk-sulfide pairs investigated have compositions consistent with equilibration at high temperature, yielding calculated KD3 values in the range 22 to 41. The remaining pairs have calculated KD3 values which range from 0 to 19. Bulk-sulfides in disequilibrated assem-blages are consistently depleted in nickel and within both indivudual associations and individual petrographic sections they exhibit a wide variation in NiS content. The bulk copper contents of olivine-and groundmass-hosted sulfides from Kilauea Volcano range from 0.5 to 43 at%, and samples from the Kilauea Iki lava lake are more Fe-and Cu-rich and generally have lower KD3 values than those from the eruption itself. As with magmatic Ni−Cu sulfide deposits, most nickeliferous sulfide inclusions in mantle-related rocks and xenoliths and in volcanic rocks do not have pristine early-magmatic bulk compositions, and it would seem to be premature to attribute these sulfides solely to either a mantle or an early-magnatic origin.

This chapter summarizes a series of studies on free amino acids and related compounds in the brain. Cerebral tissue was analyzed by ion-exchange chromatography and other methods, and the technique of freezing the brain in situ with liquid air was used to avoid post-mortem increases that otherwise occur in alanine, ammonia, γ-aminobutyric acid and lactic acid. Dogs were used for most of the experiments, but supplemental studies on the effects of fluoro compounds in mice are included in the chapter. Anoxia induced by the administration of 4.5% oxygen in nitrogen for 12–13 min brought about significant increase in alanine, y-aminobutyric acid, glutamic acid, lactic acid, leucine, and tyrosine and decrease in aspartic acid and a fraction consisting of methionine and cystathionine. Ammonia was not significantly increased. Infusion of buffered ammonium chloride for a 10 min or 45 min period generally caused some degree of depression of cortical electrical activity, although in one animal a seizure developed. Amino-oxyacetic acid, which is known to antagonize the convulsant actions of thiosemicarbazide and methionine sulfoximine, was found to induce increase in brain γ-aminobutyrate, alanine, ammonia, glutamine, lactate, lysine, and tyrosine and a decrease in aspartate. Methionine sulfoximine was found to have extensive effects on the nitrogenous metabolism of the brain, causing increases in alanine, ammonia, lysine, phosphoethanolamine, and serine and decrease in aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, leucine, and the methionine and cystathionine fraction.