For 75 years the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke has led neurological research in the US. Many thousands of people have volunteered in research and thousands of investigators devoted their careers to pursuing better treatments of neurological disorders. It's a time to reflect and to renew our collective resolve for future efforts. ANN NEUROL 2025;98:911–912

A host of acquired abnormalities in visual function are known to occur in persons who suffer stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cerebral visual impairment occurs in children with early neurological injury or disorders, especially neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. With the improved survival of pre-term infants through meticulous neonatal intensive care unit care, cerebral visual impairment in children has become much more common in developed countries. In recent months a number of National Institutes of Health institutes and the American Academy of Pediatrics have brought new attention to this major public health problem, which is highly relevant to child neurologists, neuro-ophthalmologists, as well as the general neurologists who will care for affected individuals as they enter adulthood. ANN NEUROL 2025;97:1019-1021.

The human brain undergoes rapid development during the first years of life. Beginning in utero, a wide array of biological, social, and environmental factors can have lasting impacts on brain structure and function. To understand how prenatal and early life experiences alter neurodevelopmental trajectories and shape health outcomes, several NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices collaborated to support and launch the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) Study. The HBCD Study is a multi-site prospective longitudinal cohort study, that will examine human brain, cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional development beginning prenatally and planned through early childhood. Influenced by the success of the ongoing Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®) and in partnership with the NIH Helping to End Addiction Long-term® Initiative, or NIH HEAL Initiative®, the HBCD Study aims to establish a diverse cohort of over 7,000 pregnant participants to understand how early life experiences, including prenatal exposure to addictive substances and adverse social environments as well as their interactions with an individual’s genes, can affect neurodevelopmental trajectories and outcomes. Knowledge gained from the HBCD Study will help identify targets for early interventions and inform policies that promote resilience and mitigate the neurodevelopmental effects of adverse childhood experiences and environments.

The All of Us Research Program has prioritized the enrollment of people from backgrounds that are historically under-represented in medical research to bring precision medicine to the full diversity of the US population and to improve health outcomes for all.

Introduction: The Helping to End Addiction Long-term(SM) Initiative supports a wide range of programs to develop new or improved prevention and opioid addiction treatment strategies. An essential component of this effort is to accelerate development of non-opioid pain therapeutics. In all fields of medicine, therapeutics development is an arduous process and late-stage translational efforts such as clinical trials to validate targets are particularly complex and costly. While there are plentiful novel targets for pain treatment, successful clinical validation is rare. It is therefore crucial to develop processes whereby therapeutic targets can be reasonably "de-risked' prior to substantial late-stage validation efforts. Such rigorous validation of novel therapeutic targets in the preclinical space will give potential private sector partners the confidence to pursue clinical validation of promising therapeutic concepts and compounds. Areas covered: In 2020, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) held the Target Validation for Non- Addictive Therapeutics Development for Pain workshop to gather insights from key opinion leaders in academia, industry, and venture-financing. Expert opinion: The result was a roadmap for pain target validation focusing on three modalities: 1) human evidence; 2) assay development in vitro; 3) assay development in vivo

Health advances have not benefited all people equally. Health equity remains an aspirational goal, but research that enhances health equity is the highest priority at the National Institutes of Health. Here, we propose a call to action and outline current National Institutes of Health programs that aim to eliminate health disparities both broadly and in high priority areas. Discussed topics include stroke as an indicator of broad health inequity, challenges, and opportunities in health disparities research, the need to diversify the research workforce, and the ongoing efforts and struggles to establish trust with disadvantaged communities during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This Viewpoint discusses the Helping to End Addiction Long-term initiative of the National Institutes of Health that was launched in 2018 to provide scientific solutions to the evolving crisis of opioid misuse, addiction, and overdose.

Objective To develop evidence-informed, expert consensus research diagnostic criteria for traumatic encephalopathy syndrome (TES), the clinical disorder associated with neuropathologically diagnosed chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). Methods A panel of 20 expert clinician-scientists in neurology, neuropsychology, psychiatry, neurosurgery, and physical medicine and rehabilitation, from 11 academic institutions, participated in a modified Delphi procedure to achieve consensus, initiated at the First National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Consensus Workshop to Define the Diagnostic Criteria for TES, April, 2019. Before consensus, panelists reviewed evidence from all published cases of CTE with neuropathologic confirmation, and they examined the predictive validity data on clinical features in relation to CTE pathology from a large clinicopathologic study (n = 298). Results Consensus was achieved in 4 rounds of the Delphi procedure. Diagnosis of TES requires (1) substantial exposure to repetitive head impacts (RHIs) from contact sports, military service, or other causes; (2) core clinical features of cognitive impairment (in episodic memory and/or executive functioning) and/or neurobehavioral dysregulation; (3) a progressive course; and (4) that the clinical features are not fully accounted for by any other neurologic, psychiatric, or medical conditions. For those meeting criteria for TES, functional dependence is graded on 5 levels, ranging from independent to severe dementia. A provisional level of certainty for CTE pathology is determined based on specific RHI exposure thresholds, core clinical features, functional status, and additional supportive features, including delayed onset, motor signs, and psychiatric features. Conclusions New consensus diagnostic criteria for TES were developed with a primary goal of facilitating future CTE research. These criteria will be revised as updated clinical and pathologic information and in vivo biomarkers become available.

Key Points Question What is the current burden of neurological disorders in the US by states, and what are the temporal trends (from 1990 to 2017)? Findings Systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study shows that, in 2017, the 3 most burdensome neurological disorders in the US were stroke, Alzheimer disease and other dementias, and migraine. The burden of individual neurological disorders varied moderately to widely by states (a 1.2-fold to 7.5-fold difference), and the absolute numbers of incident, prevalent, and fatal cases and disability-adjusted life-years of neurological disorders (except for traumatic brain injury incidence; spinal cord injury prevalence; meningitis prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years; and encephalitis disability-adjusted life-years) across all US states increased from 1990 to 2017. Meaning A large and increasing number of people have various neurological disorders in the US, with significant variation in the burden of and trends in neurological disorders across the US states, and the reasons for these geographic variations need to be explored further.

Basic research using cell cultures, tissue slices, and animal models has laid the foundation of our knowledge of opioid use disorder (OUD) and has guided treatments. Although many gaps in our knowledge remain and we still lack the ideal cure for opioid addiction or the panacea for prevention, these preclinical studies have led to the development of medications to manage opioid withdrawal, reverse opioid overdoses, and treat opioid addiction. Our expanded understanding of how opioid receptors signal intracellularly and how they interact with other receptors in a cell-specific manner is facilitating the development of opioid drugs with varied potency, fewer side effects, and less reinforcing potential. Studies that integrate social factors in animal models of opioid administration are also starting to inform prevention strategies and interventions to achieve recovery ( 1 Venniro M. Zhang M. Caprioli D. Hoots J.K. Golden S.A. Heins C. et al. Volitional social interaction prevents drug addiction in rat models. Nat Neurosci. 2018; 21: 1520-1529 Crossref PubMed Scopus (172) Google Scholar ).

These are unprecedented times for academic researchers, with many struggling to make sense of the current pandemic and experiencing anxiety over how their careers may be impacted. As a result of COVID-19, early-career investigators may feel isolated or fearful, as their options for alternate funding or research can be limited when compared to an established researcher. In this live webinar (5-8-2020), produced by the ANA (https://vimeo.com/416480771), experts and leaders from the National Institute of Health (NIH) joined together to provide the most up-to-date and accurate information regarding how a junior investigator can stay mentally, emotionally and scientifically resilient in their research endeavors during COVID-19. The following statements summarize the key points from the discussion. The support for early-career investigators, and the recognition that this is a trying time for clinical and basic science researchers, was unanimous among all participants on the panel. Dr. Koroshetz (Director of NINDS) begins the discussion by encouraging the listener to remember the mission that originally brought physician-scientists into the field of neuroscience: to alleviate the suffering of those with neurological disease and developmental disorders. The NINDS and NIA recognize that debilitating neurologic conditions continue for patients, despite the materialization of COVID-19, and the overall goal of the institutions remains the same. Dr. Nath's (Chief section of Neurological Infection, Clinical Director, NINDS) perspective is that the current priority of the intramural NINDS is similar to academic institutions, with the main concern being keeping patients and physicians safe, even while trying to conduct the most rigorous research. A reverberating message from the discussion is that early-career investigators are not alone in their struggles. The senior investigators at both the intramural NINDS and NIA are having to develop novel techniques to continue non-COVID-related research. Dr. Masliah (Director of NIA) articulates that despite the increase in funding for Alzheimer's related research, many research programs are currently at a standstill. He recognizes the gravity of the delay as the institution has committed to developing solutions to Alzheimer's and related illnesses by 2025. He states that even the NIA was aware of the implications of not being able to obtain longitudinal follow-up data or autopsy specimens, critical to aging research. Dr. Jones-London (Chief of Programs to Enhance Neuroscience Workforce Diversity, NINDS) encourages investigators to reach out to the extramural departments and program officers during this time, stating that they are open, and committed to helping early-career investigators. Dr. Koroshetz agrees, stating that the work on the extramural side has been moving along at its normal pace as a result of tele-technology, and they are committed to reviewing grants and distributing funds as planned. Many on the panel encourage early-career investigators to become creative, and to view some of the developments in technology as blessings in disguise for conducting research during COVID-19. These rapid accelerations enable researchers to keep participants safe while continuing research outside of the hospital. Dr. McArthur (Chief of Neurology, Johns Hopkins, President of ANA) recommends using the telemedicine platforms, which have been developed for clinical care, for research purposes. Dr. Nath adds that the NINDS has been leveraging remote patient consent and obtained approval for this technique from their institution review board. Dr. McArthur outlines some strategies researchers could consider while reopening, such as shift work in the laboratory, putting cleaning materials at common workstations and using Plexiglas shields to help prevent transmission. Drs. Nath and McArthur recognize that the limitations faced by basic science researchers will differ from clinical researchers, but given the unknown duration of COVID-19, developing innovative strategies early will lead to resilience, rather than anticipating that the research environment will return to normal rapidly. Dr. Masliah suggests a mixed approach to research, where interaction with participants is done safely, but other technologies are leveraged to follow longitudinal outcomes. He highlights the many data repositories that are available for researchers to conduct virtual experiments that may never have been accessed previously as a result of time constraints. Dr. Jones-London emphasizes that flexibility is the key word spoken at the NINDS and that talking to your program officer is always welcome. Dr. Whittemore (Program Director, NINDS) speaks from personal experience, citing examples of ways she has been providing support to individuals who are looking for answers, such as discussing ways to continue ongoing research projects during COVID-19, or finding alternate funding sources. She encourages others, as Dr. Jones-London does, to reach out to their program officer. Dr. Koroshetz reminds the group of the recent extension of deadlines and eligibility time windows for K awards and Early Investigator Status (5/8/2020, https://grants.nih.gov/faqs#/covid-19.htm). He anticipates this continuing in the future, stating that the commitment of the NINDS is to "help people stay in the game and get back in the game." In response to several concerns expressed by participants about difficulties within their own institution, Dr. Whittemore states that based on talking to many individuals across the United States, most institutions are developing plans to ease back into full research endeavors. It appears that a phased return to work approach is the most successful. She anticipates that leadership will continue to distribute these plans to early-career investigators. Dr. McArthur offers additional insight as a department chair, stating that junior investigators should not be afraid to ask leadership for a plan on how they anticipate returning to work, and even engage in the development of the plan. The panel agrees that having an established, successful research career is not simply about chasing high priority funding areas. Dr. Jones-London cautions that to build your career on something that the investigator is neither passionate about, or has the skill set to obtain, is not a good approach. There are also ways to consider ones current line of research in light of COVID-19, rather than stopping ones project and pivoting completely to COVID-19. Dr. Whittemore again encourages junior investigators to reach out to their program officers, even just to talk through different ideas, recognizing that while it may not be for the rest of the person's academic career, there may be ways to take advantage of COVID-specific funding opportunities for ongoing projects. Dr. Koroshetz, Dr. McArthur and Dr. Nath all spoke about the impact that acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) had on their careers, as both physicians and as clinician-scientists, recalling that there was great hesitancy on the part of many neurologists to attempt AIDS-related research. Dr. Koroshetz encourages junior investigators to consider all avenues of COVID-related research, from the biological effects on the nervous system to the long-term effects of the virus. Many point to the wealth of information that is available on the NIH website, for those who are interested in acquiring more information. Dr. Koroshetz clarifies that there is no percentile by which K awards are funded, but reiterates that the NIH is continuing to evaluate for funding all grants considered as outstanding or excellent by study section. The NIH institutes are committed to early-career investigators, whose R01 grants are funded up to 10 percentile points above payline for established scientists. Dr. Masliah states that the future is uncertain right now for everyone, so submit the grants now rather than waiting. He reiterates that the K funding line at the NIA currently is strong, and that the extramural division was working tirelessly to review all submitted grants. Dr. Whittemore adds that study sections are not allowing the pandemic to delay scoring of applications. At the end of the webinar, each expert is asked to offer one piece of advice to junior and early-career investigators on how to stay "research resilient" during COVID-19. Dr. Jones-London states that there is a path forward, but do not be afraid to ask questions, as not asking will never result in answers. She encourages the audience to take advantage of online professional development tools now, while investigators have the time. Dr. Koroshetz encourages ingenuity, rather than waiting for things to change, using the downtime to plan more effectively, and learn important skills. Dr. Whittemore reiterates that program officers are available to talk through all ideas. Dr. Nath quotes Charles Darwin who said, "It is not the strongest of the species nor the most intelligent that survives. It is the one most adaptable to the changing environment in which it finds itself." While everyone will face difficult situations that can appear hopeless, he states that it is possible to emerge stronger. Dr. Masliah reminds everyone that neuroscience is an area that is resilient and imaginative by its very nature, and that utilization of the new technology previously mentioned will lead to resilience. Finally, Dr. McArthur encourages everyone to step outside of their comfort zone, not remaining tied to their field of expertise, while continuing to build networks to strengthen their research. The authors reports no relevant conflicts of interest.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.

New neurotechnologies fueled by the BRAIN Initiative now allow investigators to map, monitor and modulate complex neural circuits, enabling the pursuit of research questions previously considered unapproachable. Yet it is the convergence of molecular neuroscience with the new systems neuroscience that promises the greatest future advances. This is particularly true for our understanding of nervous system disorders, some of which have known molecular drivers or pathology but result in unknown perturbations in circuit function. NIH-supported research on "BRAIN Circuits" programs integrate experimental, analytic, and theoretical capabilities for analysis of specific neural circuits and their contributions to perceptions, motivations, and actions. In this review, we describe the BRAIN priority areas, review our strategy for balancing early feasibility with mature projects, and the balance of individual with team science for this 'BRAIN Circuits' program. We also highlight the diverse portfolio of techniques, species, and neural systems represented in these projects.

There is a pressing need to increase the rigor of research in the life and biomedical sciences. To address this issue, we propose that communities of 'rigor champions' be established to campaign for reforms of the research culture that has led to shortcomings in rigor. These communities of rigor champions would also assist in the development and adoption of a comprehensive educational platform that would teach the principles of rigorous science to researchers at all career stages.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), principally ischemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke, are the leading cause of global mortality and a major contributor to disability. This paper reviews the magnitude of total CVD burden, including 13 underlying causes of cardiovascular death and 9 related risk factors, using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019. GBD, an ongoing multinational collaboration to provide comparable and consistent estimates of population health over time, used all available population-level data sources on incidence, prevalence, case fatality, mortality, and health risks to produce estimates for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019. Prevalent cases of total CVD nearly doubled from 271 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 257 to 285 million) in 1990 to 523 million (95% UI: 497 to 550 million) in 2019, and the number of CVD deaths steadily increased from 12.1 million (95% UI:11.4 to 12.6 million) in 1990, reaching 18.6 million (95% UI: 17.1 to 19.7 million) in 2019. The global trends for disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and years of life lost also increased significantly, and years lived with disability doubled from 17.7 million (95% UI: 12.9 to 22.5 million) to 34.4 million (95% UI:24.9 to 43.6 million) over that period. The total number of DALYs due to IHD has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 182 million (95% UI: 170 to 194 million) DALYs, 9.14 million (95% UI: 8.40 to 9.74 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 197 million (95% UI: 178 to 220 million) prevalent cases of IHD in 2019. The total number of DALYs due to stroke has risen steadily since 1990, reaching 143 million (95% UI: 133 to 153 million) DALYs, 6.55 million (95% UI: 6.00 to 7.02 million) deaths in the year 2019, and 101 million (95% UI: 93.2 to 111 million) prevalent cases of stroke in 2019. Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of disease burden in the world. CVD burden continues its decades-long rise for almost all countries outside high-income countries, and alarmingly, the age-standardized rate of CVD has begun to rise in some locations where it was previously declining in high-income countries. There is an urgent need to focus on implementing existing cost-effective policies and interventions if the world is to meet the targets for Sustainable Development Goal 3 and achieve a 30% reduction in premature mortality due to noncommunicable diseases.

Liping Liu and colleagues discuss the challenges of global collaboration for brain health research and promising future opportunities for improvement of brain health worldwide B rain science is still in a discovery phase because of our limited knowledge of basic nervous system structure and function.We need a broader perspective of delivering meaningful outcomes to patients with neurological disorders and greater understanding of the mechanisms that underlie development of neural circuitry, how neurons encode and retrieve information, and how information interacts from one neuron to another.Knowledge of how brain activity gives rise to complex behaviours and how it adapts to external and internal changes is limited.Superficial understanding of the various senses, emotions, and cognitive functions-thinking, choice, and even consciousness-promise innovative solutions in areas such as health, education, and 21st century economics. 1With the increasing burden of major brain diseases across the world, we need to find the most effective means to comprehensively apply modern biotechnology and to solve problems in clinical medicine.Neuroscience is entering a new era of collaboration, in which successful new technologies, generated by large scientific projects across the world, will have a dramatic impact not only on medical science but on economics and society as well.In 2013, the US government launched the Brain Research Through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) initiative and put forward a national brain science project.This initiative complemented the Human Brain Project in the European Union and was shortly joined by the Brain/MINDS programme in Japan and several other national initiatives from Korea, China, Canada, Australia, and the International Brain Research Organization.Coordinating these successful international programmes and encouraging broad distribution of new technologies and open accessibility of the data generated will increase their value, while promoting creativity and expertise from every source.Multidisciplinary science that leverages translational research is critical to the success of these endeavours, along with the establishment of distribution systems and sharing mechanisms of technology on human data.In support of these goals the International Brain Initiative was formed to coordinate global BRAIN projects. 2.This may facilitate comparability of the data and reduce economic and social disease burden.The complexity of the human brain is reflected in how its molecules, cells, circuits, and systems enable humans to perceive, recognise, and communicate with each other, as well as to understand how our brain confers our individual identity and enables us to contemplate our place in the natural world. 3The ambitious goal of understanding the brain is being approached in various projects.Paramount to this process of tackling all the objectives is the commitment to collaboration between government and non-government organisations and integration of basic and clinical translational brain research. 4• Further priorities and strategies to promote global collaboration on key brain health and initiatives are warranted to increase the opportunities

Parents have many urgent questions about their children’s health and development. How much screen time is too much? How much sleep is too little? Should my child engage in sports with a high risk of concussion? What are the immediate or long-term effects of using drugs such as marijuana or vaping nicotine? Can parents’ past drug use affect their child’s health? Understandably, pediatricians, educators, and policy makers would also like answers to these same questions. Until recently, however, science has been unable to answer them with confidence. Fully understanding the effects of exposure to substances, screens, social stressors, or environmental pollutants, as well as factors such as sleep, physical activity, mild head injury, and extracurricular activities, requires not just correlating these effects and factors with outcomes (eg, grades and IQ) but also examining the developing brain and doing so repeatedly over time among the same persons. These studies have been a substantial challenge because of the expense of conducting neuroimaging among sufficiently large study populations, especially during the course of many years. Also lacking until recently has been the capacity to store, share, and analyze the enormous quantities and complexity of data generated from brain imaging, genetics, and deep phenotyping, which are required for such an ambitious research project. However, technological leaps are moving biomedical research into a new era in which massive studies only imagined in previous decades are now within reach. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study of children aged 9 and 10 is well underway, and the HEALthy Brain and Child Development (HBCD) study, a study of children beginning at birth, is in its planning phase. Together, these studies are poised to provide answers to myriad questions about the interplay of genetics, environments, substance exposures, race, ethnicity, other social determinants of health, and many other factors on health and other outcomes during the first 2 decades of life, while providing normative data on the variability of brain developmental trajectories. The ABCD study was conceived for several reasons, chief among them concerns about the effects of adolescent alcohol and marijuana use on the still-developing adolescent brain. As the first US states were legalizing marijuana for recreational use and intense public interest in that drug’s harms and

The overarching goal of the NIH BRAIN (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) Initiative is to advance the understanding of healthy and diseased brain circuit function through technological innovation. Core principles for this goal include the validation and dissemination of the myriad innovative technologies, tools, methods, and resources emerging from BRAIN-funded research. Innovators, BRAIN funding agencies, and non-Federal partners are working together to develop strategies for making these products usable, available, and accessible to the scientific community. Here, we describe several early strategies for supporting the dissemination of BRAIN technologies. We aim to invigorate a dialogue with the neuroscience research and funding community, interdisciplinary collaborators, and trainees about the existing and future opportunities for cultivating groundbreaking research products into mature, integrated, and adaptable research systems. Along with the accompanying Society for Neuroscience 2019 Mini-Symposium, "BRAIN Initiative: Cutting-Edge Tools and Resources for the Community," we spotlight the work of several BRAIN investigator teams who are making progress toward providing tools, technologies, and services for the neuroscience community. These tools access neural circuits at multiple levels of analysis, from subcellular composition to brain-wide network connectivity, including the following: integrated systems for EM- and florescence-based connectomics, advances in immunolabeling capabilities, and resources for recording and analyzing functional connectivity. Investigators describe how the resources they provide to the community will contribute to achieving the goals of the NIH BRAIN Initiative. Finally, in addition to celebrating the contributions of these BRAIN-funded investigators, the Mini-Symposium will illustrate the broader diversity of BRAIN Initiative investments in cutting-edge technologies and resources.