The NBs have the best removal rate of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants in porous media under weakly alkaline condition (pH = 7–8). Both strong acidity and strong alkalinity are not conducive to the flushing removal of pollutants.

Isoprene is the most abundant non-methane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emitted by vegetation, and the precursor that makes the greatest contribution to secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in the troposphere. Atmospheric oxidation of iso-prene produces a series of reactive intermediates, isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX). The reactive uptake of IEPOX is the significant formation pathway of atmospheric SOA. In this work, four isomers of IEPOX were synthesized, derivatized by silylation reagents, and measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The electron-impact (EI) and methane chemical ionization (CI) sources mass spectra of trimethylsilyl ester (TMS) derivatives of IEPOX isomers were obtained and the fragmentation behaviors of the derivatives were examined. Moreover, the hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H-NMR) spectra of IEPOX isomers were also obtained and the peak intensities in the H-NMR spec-tra were analyzed. Based on the standard spectra, IEPOX isomers were identified in ambient PM2.5 aerosols in the Gongga Mountain (China). The peak sequence of TMS derivatives of IEPOX isomers in GC/MS chromatogram was 84-IEPOX, 81-IEPOX, cis-beta-IEPOX and trans-beta-IEPOX. The isomers with the highest concentrations were 81-IEPOX (threo- and erythro-). The mass ratios of IEPOX to 2-methyltetrols were 0.02-6.0 and the concentrations of IEPOX were 0.8-41.6 ng/m3 in the PM2.5 aerosols. The current study verified the core roles of IEPOX as active intermediates in photo oxidation of isoprene in ambient atmosphere.

Molecular markers in organic aerosol (OA) provide specific source information on PM2.5, and the contribution of cooking organic aerosols to OA is significant, especially in urban environments. However, the low time resolution of offline measurements limits the effectiveness when interpreting the tracer data, the diurnal variation in cooking emissions and the oxidation process. In this study, we used online thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (TAG) to measure organic molecular markers in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) at an urban site in Changzhou, China. The concentrations of saturated fatty acids (sFAs), unsaturated fatty acids (uFAs) and oxidative decomposition products (ODPs) of unsaturated fatty acids were measured every 2 h to investigate the temporal variations and the oxidative decomposition characteristics of uFAs in urban environments. The average concentration of total fatty acids (TFAs, sum of sFAs and uFAs) was measured to be 105.70 +/- 230.28 ng m(-3). The average concentration of TFAs in the polluted period (PM2.5 >= 35 mu g m(-3)) was 147.06 ng m(-3), which was 4.2 times higher than that in the clean period (PM2.5 < 35 mu g m-3) and higher than the enhancement of PM2.5 (2.2 times) and organic carbon (OC) (2.0 times) concentrations when comparing the polluted period to the clean period. The mean concentration of cooking aerosol in the polluted period (4.0 mu g m(-3)) was about 5.3 times higher than that in the clean period (0.75 mu g m(-3)), which was similar to the trend of fatty acids. Fatty acids showed a clear diurnal variation. Linoleic acid / stearic acid and oleic acid / stearic acid ratios were significantly higher at dinnertime and closer to the cooking source profile. By performing backward trajectory clustering analysis, under the influence of short-distance air masses from surrounding areas, the concentrations of TFAs and PM2.5 were relatively high, while under the influence of air masses from easterly coastal areas, the oxidation degree of uFAs emitted from local culinary sources was higher. The effective rate constants (k(O)) for the oxidative degradation of oleic acid were estimated to be 0.08-0.57 h(-1), which were lower than kL (the estimated effective rate constants of linoleic acid, 0.16-0.80 h(-1)). Both k(O) and k(L) showed a significant positive correlation with O-3, indicating that O-3 was the main nighttime oxidant for uFAs in the city of Changzhou. Using fatty acids as tracers, cooking was estimated to contribute an average of 4.6 % to PM2.5 concentrations, increasing to 7.8 % at 20:00 UTC+8 h. Cooking was an important source of OC, contributing 8.1 %, higher than the contribution of PM2.5. This study investigates the variation in the concentrations and oxidative degradation of fatty acids and corresponding oxidation products in ambient air, which can be a guide for the refinement of aerosol source apportionment and provide scientific support for the development of cooking source control policies.

Biomass burning (BB) has significant impacts on air quality and climate change, especially during harvest seasons. In previous studies, levoglucosan was frequently used for the calculation of BB contribution to PM2.5, however, the deg-radation of levoglucosan (Lev) could lead to large uncertainties. To quantify the influence of the degradation of Lev on the contribution of BB to PM2.5, PM2.5-bound biomass burning-derived markers were measured in Changzhou from November 2020 to March 2021 using the thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TAG-GC/MS) system. Temporal variations of three anhydro-sugar BB tracers (e.g., levoglucosan, mannosan (Man), and galactosan (Gal)) were obtained. During the sampling period, the degradation level of air mass (x) was 0.13, indicating that-87 % of levoglucosan had degraded before sampling in Changzhou. Without considering the degra-dation of levoglucosan in the atmosphere, the contribution of BB to OC were 7.8 %, 10.2 %, and 9.3 % in the clean period, BB period, and whole period, respectively, which were 2.4-2.6 times lower than those (20.8 %-25.9 %) con-sidered levoglucosan degradation. This illustrated that the relative contribution of BB to OC could be underestimated (-14.9 %) without considering degradation of levoglucosan. Compared to the traditional method (i.e., only using K+ as BB tracer), organic tracers (Lev, Man, Gal) were put into the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model in this study. With the addition of BB organic tracers and replaced K+ with K+ BB (the water-soluble potassium produced by biomass burning), the overall contribution of BB to PM2.5 was enhanced by 3.2 % after accounting for levoglucosan degradation based on the PMF analysis. This study provides useful information to better understand the effect of biomass burning on the air quality in the Yangtze River Delta region.

Bilirubin (BR) is a tetrapyrrolic compound stemming from heme catabolism with diverse physiological functions. It can be oxidized by H2O2 to form several degradation products, some of which have been detected in vivo and may contribute to the pathogenesis of certain diseases. However, the oxidative degradation of BR is complex and the conditions that BR degradation occurs pathophysiologically remain obscure. Neutrophils are known to generate large amounts of reactive oxygen species, including H2O2, upon activation and they are mobilized to inflammatory sites; therefore, we hypothesized that activated neutrophils could cause BR degradation, which could occur at inflammatory sites. In the present study, we investigated BR degradation by H2O2 and identified hematinic acid (BHP1) and a new product BHP2, whose structure was characterized as 2,5-diformyl-4-methyl-1H-pyrrole-3-propanoic acid. An LC-MS/MS method for the quantitation of the two compounds was then established. Using the LC-MS/MS method, we observed the concentration-dependent formation of BHP1 and BHP2 in mouse neutrophils incubated with 10 and 30 μM of BR with the yields being 16 ± 3.2 and 31 ± 5.9 pmol/106 cells for BHP1, and 25 ± 4.4 and 71 ± 26 pmol/106 cells for BHP2, respectively. After adding phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a neutrophil agonist, to 30 μM of BR-treated cells, the BHP1 yield increased to 43 ± 6.6 pmol/106 cells, whereas the BHP2 one decreased to 47 ± 9.2 pmol/106 cells. The two products were also detected in hemorrhagic skins of mice with dermal inflammation and hemorrhage at levels of 4.5 ± 1.9 and 0.18 ± 0.10 nmol/g tissue, respectively, which were significantly higher than those in the non-hemorrhagic skins. BHP2 was neurotoxic starting at 0.10 μM but BHP1 was not, as assessed using Caenorhabditis elegans as the animal model. Neutrophil-mediated BR degradation may be a universally pathophysiological process in inflammation and can be particularly important under pathological conditions concerning hemorrhage.

In the recent decade, the North China Plain (NCP) has been among the region’s most heavily polluted by PM2.5 in China. For the nonattainment cities in the NCP, joint pollution control with related cities is highly needed in addition to the emission controls in their own cities. However, as the basis of decision-making, the spatial characteristics of PM2.5 among these cities are still insufficiently revealed. In this work, the spatial characteristics among all nonattainment cities in the northern part of the North China Plain (NNCP) region were revealed based on data mining technologies including clustering, coefficient of divergence (COD), network correlation model, and terrain and meteorology analysis. The results indicate that PM2.5 pollution of cities with a distance of less than 180 km exhibits homogeneity in the NCP region. Especially, the sub-region, composed of Xinxiang, Hebi, Kaifeng, Zhengzhou, and Jiaozuo, was strongly homogeneous and a strong correlation exists among them. Compared with spring and summer, much stronger correlations of PM2.5 between cities were found in autumn and winter, indicating a strong need for joint prevention and control during these periods. All nonattainment cities in this region were divided into city-clusters, depending on the seasons and pollution levels to further helping to reduce their PM2.5 concentrations effectively. Air stagnation index (ASI) analysis indicates that the strong correlations between cities in autumn were more attributed to the transport impacts than those in winter, even though there were higher PM2.5 concentrations in winter. These results provided an insight into joint prevention and control of pollution in the NCP region.

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-bound nonpolar organic compounds (NPOCs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkanes, are commonly used as typical molecular markers for detailed source identification. Online thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TAG) system can obtain ambient data with hourly resolution, which is of great importance for investigating the diurnal characteristics and refined source identification of NPOCs. From June to October 2020, hourly ambient aerosol samples were collected and analyzed to investigate the characteristics and sources of 14 PAHs and 15 alkanes (C21-C35) in PM2.5 using TAG at a suburban site of Baoshan district in Shanghai, China. The average concentration of summed PAHs and alkanes during the sampling period was 1.27 ± 1.4 ng/m3 and 8.87 ± 3.46 ng/m3, respectively, in which Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), Benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP) and Indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IcdP) are the dominant PAHs species, with n-Heptacosane (C27), n-Nonacosane (C29) and n-Hentriacontane (C31) being the most abundant n-alkane species. Carbon preference index (CPI) and carbon maximum (Cmax) number indicated that the sources of alkanes shifted from biogenic-oriented (such as plant wax) in the summer to anthropogenic-dominated (such as fossil fuels) in the autumn. Results from trajectory cluster analysis and potential source contribution function (PSCF) modeling showed that alkanes were mainly from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Plain including Anhui, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang provinces, while PAHs were mainly from northeastern China. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model results indicated that gasoline (41.48%) and diesel (21.82%) were the two major sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs in summer and fall of 2020 in Shanghai, followed by coal consumption or catering (19.96%) and biomass burning (16.74%). Diurnal variation of PAHs sources resolved by PMF showed characteristic features consistent with the corresponding anthropogenic activities. For example, gasoline vehicle exhaust showed higher concentrations during traffic rush hours; while coal consumption or catering presented higher concentrations during lunch times from 10:00 to 12:00. In addition, the TAG data coupling with PMF also can be capable for source appointment of short-duration episodes. Health risk assessment showed that adult women were at greater lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) than people in other age groups, and people may subject to higher health risks at morning and night time. This work demonstrates that hourly NPOCs measured by TAG are uniquely specific on refined source identification and investigation into the characteristics of diurnal variations.

大气PM 2.5 和O 3 是中国城市大气中最受关注的大气污染物,它们之间存在着复杂的影响关系.本文将O 3,max 作为光化学活性指标,把CO作为一次排放源的示踪剂,对2017年4—10月期间北京、上海和广州的臭氧与二次气溶胶的协同增长关系进行深入分析.研究结果表明,不同光化学活性条件下,3个城市在协同增长时段PM 2.5 质量浓度增长量的均值与估算二次气溶胶质量浓度的变化趋势基本一致;北京和广州在春季、秋季出现协同增长的小时数较多,且北京在各光化学活性水平下的协同增长时段中PM 2.5 浓度增长量均最大;出现PM 2.5 和O 3 协同增长现象时段中上海市风速最大,广州市气温最高,北京市相对湿度范围最大;随着光化学活性的增强,上海和广州两市二次气溶胶的生成量呈倍数增加,其生成量范围分别为13.6～29.2μg·m -3 和9.1～28.7μg·m -3 ,北京市二次气溶胶的生成量则变化不大(25.0～34.0μg·m -3 ),但各光化学活性水平下的北京二次气溶胶生成量均高于上海和广州.这些研究结果表明北京、上海和广州3个城市的O 3 污染对二次气溶胶生成协同增长作用明显,而且北京尤其值得关注.

Levoglucosan is a thermal decomposition product of cellulose in particulate matter. δ 13 C value of levoglucosan could be used in studying the combustion mechanisms and chemical pathways. In order to introduce a minimum number of carbon atoms, based on the stereostructure of levoglucosan, a two-step derivatization method with methylboronic acid and MSTFA was developed and carefully optimized. The recommended reaction temperature is 70°C; the reaction time is 60 min for MBA and 120 min for MSTFA derivatization; and the molar ratio of levoglucosan : MBA : MSTFA is 1 : 1: 100 and 1 : 1: 120 and the reagent volume ratio of MSTFA : pyridine is between 1 : 3 and 1 : 4. The developed method achieved excellent reproducibility and high accuracy. The differences in the carbon isotopic compositions of the target boronate trimethysilylated derivative between the measured and calculated ranged from 0.09 to 0.36‰. The standard deviation of measured δ 13 C value of levoglucosan was between 0.22 and 0.48‰. The method was applied to particle samples collected from the combustion of cellulose at four different temperatures. δ 13 C values of levoglucosan in particle samples generated from a self-made combustion setup suggesting that combustion temperature play a little role on isotope fractionation of levoglucosan, although 13 C enriched in levoglucosan during the combustion process.

2016年11月29日-12月9日,上海连续发生两起大气污染事件,最高小时PM2.5质量浓度分别达到119和179 μg/m3.利用黑碳(black carbon,BC)仪的在线观测数据,结合大流量PM2.5滤膜样品的化学组成数据——有机碳(organic carbon,OC)、元素碳(element carbon,EC)、水溶性离子、金属元素,观察两次污染过程中PM2.5的化学组成和来源变化.结果表明,在两次污染过程中,污染期的平均PM2.5质量浓度分别是洁净期的4.2和3.9倍,而平均黑碳质量浓度仅为洁净期的1.6和1.9倍.污染期的最高黑碳质量浓度为8.94 μg/m3,占PM2.5的百分比为22.0％.在两次污染过程中,洁净期的平均黑碳质量浓度占PM2.5的百分比分别为11.8％和7.5％,显著高于污染期的4.4％和3.7％.污染期的二次污染严重,平均二次污染物分别占PM2.5的百分比为41.8％和31.9％,平均二次有机碳(secondary OC,SOC)占有机碳的百分比分别为42.5％和34.9％.在两次污染过程中,燃煤、机动车、船舶排放和生物质燃烧均有显著贡献.

Two hundred and twenty five PM2.5 samples were collected in four seasons at three sites in Jinhua,and were analyzed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).Ten polar organic tracers were identified and quantified,including five tracers of secondary organic aerosols (SOA),i.e.three for isoprene,one for α-pinene and one for toluene,and five tracers of primary organic aerosols (POA),i.e.two for fungal spores and three for biomass burning.The concentrations of the SOA tracers for isoprene,α-pinene and toluene were 3.41 ～ 48.50,2.45～ 25.40 and 4.75 ～ 39.80 ng·m 3,respectively.Seasonal variations of concentrations of isoprene SOA tracers for isoprene and α-pinene were summer ＞autumn ≈ spring ＞ winter,while autumn ＞ summer ＞ spring ＞ winter for the toluene SOA tracer.It was estimated that 3.03％ ～ 24.50％ of OC was contributed by SOA from toluene and 1.23％ ～42.80％ of OC was from biomass burning,indicating that SOA from anthropogenic emissions and biomass burning were two important sources of fine particles in Jinhua.

To better understand the characteristics of biomass burning in the northern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP), total suspended particles were collected in a rural site, Lumbini, Nepal, during April 2013 to March 2014 and analyzed for the biomass burning tracers (i.e., levoglucosan, mannosan, vanillic acid). The annual average concentration of levoglucosan was 734 ± 1043 ng m−3 with the maximum seasonal mean concentration during post-monsoon season (2206 ± 1753 ng m−3), followed by winter (1161 ± 1347 ng m−3), pre-monsoon (771 ± 524 ng m−3) and minimum concentration during monsoon season (212 ± 279 ng m−3). The other biomass burning tracers (mannosan, galactosan, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid and dehydroabietic acid) also showed the similar seasonal variations. There were good correlations among levoglucosan, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), indicating significant impact of biomass burning activities on carbonaceous aerosol loading throughout the year in Lumbini area. According to the characteristic ratios, levoglucosan ∕ mannosan (lev ∕ man) and syringic acid ∕ vanillic acid (syr ∕ van), we deduced that the high abundances of biomass burning products during non-monsoon seasons were mainly caused by the burning of crop residues and hardwood while the softwood had less contribution. Based on the diagnostic tracer ratio (i.e., lev ∕ OC), the OC derived from biomass burning constituted large fraction of total OC, especially during post-monsoon season. By analyzing the MODIS fire spot product and 5-day air-mass back trajectories, we further demonstrated that organic aerosol composition was not only related to the local agricultural activities and residential biomass usage but also impacted by the regional emissions. During the post-monsoon season, the emissions from rice residue burning in western India and eastern Pakistan could impact particulate air pollution in Lumbini and surrounding regions in southern Nepal. Therefore, our finding is meaningful and has a great importance for adopting the appropriate mitigation measures, not only at the local level but also by involving different regions and nations, to reduce the biomass burning emissions in the broader IGP region nations.

Organosulfates which have been discovered in secondary organic aerosols are important constituents of PM2.5 in the atmosphere. Formed through anthropogenic activities and biogenic emissions, they have negative impacts on not only human health but also global climate change. Based on major precursors in different atmospheric environments, i.e., biogenic volatile organic compounds isoprene and alpha-/beta-pinene in forest (clean area), anthropogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban (polluted area), and biogenic and anthropogenic mixed sources carbonyls in areas affected by both vegetation and human activities, we elaborated systematically the categories and structures of organosulfates and their photooxidation formation pathway under various atmospheric conditions with different atmospheric oxidants in the presence of SO2/H2SO4. Then, relevant literatures have been reviewed as much as possible and the concentration levels in PM2.5 in reported areas worldwide aresummarized. Moreover, up-to-date analytical techniques are described, as well as their benefits and drawbacks. Finally, impact factors of organosulfates formation are discussed. At the end of context, several issues are proposed which need to be addressed urgently, and future research directions in organosulfates are also prospected.

The liquid chromatography/ negative ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC/ ( - )ESI - MS) was used to analyze an aerosol sample collected from Dongping National Forest Park in Chongming influenced by anthropogenic activities. Diastereoisomeric organosulfates formed from the chemical reaction of SO2 and 2 - methyltetrols which are the major markers of isoprene secondary organic aerosol were found and separated. Taking the previous information into account,erythro - and threo - 2 - methyltetrol organosulfates were characterized based on mass spectral fragmentation.

运用气相色谱/质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC/MS)对浙江一中学夏季PM2.5样品进行了分析,研究了各二次有机气溶胶(secondary organic aerosol,SOA)示踪物的浓度水平及SOA形成的影响因素,并利用示踪物产率法分析了二次有机碳(secondary organic carbon,soc)对有机碳(organic carbon,oc)的贡献.结果表明:异戊二烯SOA示踪物在总SOA示踪物浓度中所占比重较大,达到31.3％～52.2％,其中2.甲基甘油酸是主要的异戊二烯SOA示踪物;而α-蒎烯SOA示踪物所占比重最小,仅占总SOA示踪物浓度的16.4％～35.8％.甲苯SOA示踪物的浓度范围为6.49～12.60 ng/m3,高于上海宝山和中国香港地区,低于北京和广州地区.甲苯SOC对OC的贡献率为11.5％～17.7％,是SOC的重要组成部分,表明人为源排放是当地大气污染的重要来源.另外,各示踪物浓度以及总SOC浓度都与O3浓度呈显著正相关,表明O3对SOC的形成具有重要影响.

Biomass burning is an important source of carbonaceous aerosols in atmosphere. Water?soluble potassium ion ( K+ ) , monosaccharide anhydrides ( levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan) , dehydroabietic acid are considered primary tracers of biomass burning emissions. Among them, monosaccharide anhydrides, which are not only abundant but also chemically stable during photooxidation in the air, are widely used as chemical markers in the assessment of biomass burning contribution to atmospheric aerosols. It has been reported that the levoglucosan level has seasonal variations. Furthermore, the chemical compositions of isomeric monosaccharide anhydrides show characteristic features depending on the combustion materials, which could be useful in the determination of the type of biomass burnt. For example, the ratio of levoglucosan to mannosan from soft wood is about 4. 3, whereas for hard wood it is around 23. 1 and for agricultural residue 32. 0. GC?MS is a robust analytical technique in detecting many organic compounds, though a complex pretreatment may be required. On the other hand, HPLC?MS and HPAEC?PAD methods do not demand pre?derivation and can measure liquid samples directly. In practice, one has to choose what is feasible for the sample.

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (nitro-PAHs) are of great interest because of their high potential mutagenicity and carcinogenicity. PM2.5 aerosol campaigns were carried out for four seasons from December 2007 to January 2009 in Xujiahui, Baoshan and Lin’an in Yangtze River Delta Region, China. Nine nitro-PAHs were detected, the average seasonal concentrations for three sampling sites ranging between 0.17–879 pg m−3. 2-Nitrofluoranthene was the most abundant nitro-PAH, accounting for 54% of the total nitro-PAH concentration, followed by 9-nitroanthracene, 3-nitrophenanthrene and 7-nitrobenz(a)anthracene, about 15%, 16% and 10%, respectively. There were good correlation between mass concentrations of PM2.5 and the total concentrations of nitro-PAHs from samples in Xujiahui, R2 = 0.76, and Baoshan, R2 = 0.60; yet, a poor correlation in Lin’an, R2 = 0.44.

Rapid Communications in Mass SpectrometryVolume 27, Issue 13 p. 1585-1589 Letter to the Editor Ion-pairing liquid chromatography/negative ion mass spectrometry for improved analysis of polar isoprene-related organosulfates Wu Wang, Wu Wang Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P.R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMohammad Safi Shalamzari, Mohammad Safi Shalamzari Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorWilly Maenhaut, Willy Maenhaut Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorMagda Claeys, Corresponding Author Magda Claeys Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Correspondence to: M. Claeys, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Wu Wang, Wu Wang Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, Shanghai University, Shanghai, P.R. ChinaSearch for more papers by this authorMohammad Safi Shalamzari, Mohammad Safi Shalamzari Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorWilly Maenhaut, Willy Maenhaut Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumSearch for more papers by this authorMagda Claeys, Corresponding Author Magda Claeys Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium Correspondence to: M. Claeys, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, BE-2610 Antwerp, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 31 May 2013 https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.6603Citations: 6Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume27, Issue1315 July 2013Pages 1585-1589 RelatedInformation