Abstract Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective therapy for psychiatric disorders, but is associated with acute hyperdynamic responses including transient hypertension and tachycardia. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of premedication with dexmedetomidine for hemodynamic attenuation after ECT and to evaluate its effects on seizure duration, postictal asystole duration, post ECT agitation and recovery time. Methods Twenty-four psychiatric patients who underwent a total of 72 ECT sessions (three sessions per patient) were randomly allocated to receive either dexmedetomidine 0.5 mcg/kg intravenous, dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg intravenous, or saline (control group) 15 min before the first ECT session. The patients subsequently received the other two premedication options for their next two ECT sessions. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded at 5, 10, and 15 min after drug infusion and at 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min after ECT. Asystole duration, seizure duration, post ECT agitation and recovery times were also recorded. Results The baseline characteristics were similar between the groups. Systolic blood pressure in both dexmedetomidine groups was significantly lower than that in the control group after ECT (p = 0.002). Diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were significantly lower in the dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg group (p = 0.002 and p = 0.013, respectively) compared with the control group. Asystole duration, seizure durations, post ECT agitation and recovery times were similar between the groups. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine 1 mcg/kg administered 15 min before ECT attenuated the hemodynamic response, including suppressing the systolic, diastolic and heart rate increases, during ECT without affecting recovery time. It also did not prolong the post-stimulus asystole duration. Trial registration TCTR20170715003 , registered at Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR), principal investigator: Pattika Subsoontorn, date of registration: 15/07/2017.

Objective: To study predictors of the number of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) sessions required for symptom remission in psychiatric patients. Patients and Methods: We conducted chart reviews for 95 patients whose condition remitted following inpatient ECT. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of the patients and compared the number of ECT sessions between adult (age 18-59 years) and elderly (age >= 60 years) patients. Results: The overall mean +/- SD of the number of ECT sessions was 11.8 +/- 4.7 (range: 6-24). By diagnosis, it was 13.3 +/- 5.5 for individuals with schizophrenia, 10.1 +/- 2.7 for schizoaffective disorder, 14.4 +/- 5.6 for bipolar depression, 9.4 +/- 1.9 for bipolar mania, 10.9 +/- 4.3 for major depressive disorder (MDD), and 11.8 +/- 4.3 for those with other diagnoses. For MDD, the number of ECT sessions in elderly patients (13.4 +/- 4.6) was statistically greater than that in adult patients (9 +/- 2.9) (p = 0.008). Conclusion: The number of ECT sessions varied by age and diagnosis. The number of ECT sessions in elderly MDD patients was higher than that in adult MDD patients.

Pichai Ittasakul Siraprapha Vora-arporn 1 Punjaporn Waleeprakhon Phern-Chern Tor 1Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand; 2Department of Mood and Anxiety, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore Objective: To study predictors of the number of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) sessions required for symptom remission in psychiatric patients. Patients and Methods: We conducted chart reviews for 95 patients whose condition remitted following inpatient ECT. We analyzed the clinical characteristics of the patients and compared the number of ECT sessions between adult (age 18–59 years) and elderly (age ≥ 60 years) patients. Results: The overall mean ± SD of the number of ECT sessions was 11.8 ± 4.7 (range: 6–24). By diagnosis, it was 13.3 ± 5.5 for individuals with schizophrenia, 10.1 ± 2.7 for schizoaffective disorder, 14.4 ± 5.6 for bipolar depression, 9.4 ± 1.9 for bipolar mania, 10.9 ± 4.3 for major depressive disorder (MDD), and 11.8 ± 4.3 for those with other diagnoses. For MDD, the number of ECT sessions in elderly patients (13.4 ± 4.6) was statistically greater than that in adult patients (9 ± 2.9) (p = 0.008). Conclusion: The number of ECT sessions varied by age and diagnosis. The number of ECT sessions in elderly MDD patients was higher than that in adult MDD patients.

Objectives This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the stimulus intensity (SI) calculated by age-based methods with that using the dose-titration method. Methods The initial seizure threshold (IST) was determined using a standardized dose titration in hospitalized Thai patients treated with right unilateral (RUL, n=32) and bilateral (BL, n=57) electrode placement. The correlation between the IST and clinical variables was analyzed. The estimated SI based on the patient’s age was compared with the SI determined by dose titration. Results Age was highly predictive of the IST for both groups (RUL, P=0.012; BL, P=0.045). Gender (P=0.006) and anticholinergic drug use (P=0.025) predicted the IST for the BL group. For the RUL group, the mean±SD (median) SI estimated using the half-age and age methods was 158±46 (169) mC and 315±92 (338) mC, respectively. The SI determined using the dose-titration method was higher compared with the half-age method and lower compared with the age method. For the RUL group, 31% of subjects using the half-age method and 22% of subjects using the age method would have received an SI within ±20% of that computed using dose titration. Additionally, 19% of subjects using the half-age method and 19% using the age method would have received unacceptably low (<50%) or high (>200%) intensities. For the BL group, 18% of subjects using the half-age method and 32% using the age method would have received an SI within ±20% of that computed using dose titration. Additionally, 39% with the half-age method and 18% with the age method would have received an unacceptably low or high SI, respectively. Conclusion Age strongly predicts the IST, but it does not robustly predict the SI compared with dose titration because the SI calculated using age-based methods results in an unacceptably low or high SI that is associated with a marked risk of adverse effects or inadequate response. We recommend the dose-titration method to determine the SI.

To review clinical characteristics of inpatients undergoing ECT at Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok. Methods: We performed a chart review of patients who received inpatient ECT from January 2013 to December 2014. Results: Between 2013 and 2014, fifty-eight acute courses of ECT and 499 ECT treatments were done. Ten percent (49/492) of psychiatric inpatients received ECT. Sixty percent were female. The mean +/- SD (median) age was 46.0 +/- 16.5 (48.0) years. Psychiatric diagnoses were schizophrenia (32.7%), bipolar disorder (28.6%), schizoaffective disorder (20.4%), and major depressive disorder (14.3%). The indications for ECT were nonresponse to psychotropic drugs (60.3%), agitation/aggression (32.8%) previous good response to ECT (20.7%), psychomotor retardation (8.6%), intolerance to psychotropic adverse effects (6.9%), high risk of suicide (3.4%) and refusal to take medication (1.7%), respectively. The time to ECT after admission was 14.9 +/- 16.9 (7.0) days; number of sessions was 8.6 +/- 3.7 (8.0)/patient. The most common adverse effects were forgetfulness (82.8%), headache (70.7%), and postictal confusion (62.1%). Remission or plateau of symptoms occurred in 79.3% (46/58), whereas 20.7% (12/58) were discontinued for other reasons such as complications of ECT (10/58, 17.2%), patient preference (1/58, 1.7%), and changing of diagnosis from schizophrenia to substance induced psychosis (1/58, 1.7%). There were no cases of ECT-related death. Conclusions: ECT treatment is more common than in the past for inpatients with affective disorder in Thailand and appears to be, overall, a useful and safe treatment for patients who do not respond to medication or need a rapid clinical response.

Background: Psychiatric comorbidities are common in major depressive disorder (MDD). They may worsen outcome and cause economic burden. The primary objective was to examine the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in MDD. The secondary objectives were to compare the presence of comorbidities between currently active and past MDD, and between patients with and without suicidal risk. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 250 patients with lifetime MDD and age  18 years were enrolled. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), Thai version, was used to confirm MDD diagnosis and classify comorbidities. MDD diagnosis was confirmed in 190, and 60 patients were excluded due to diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Results: Of the 190 MDD patients, 25.8% had current MDD and 74.2% had past MDD. Eighty percent were women. The mean age at enrollment was 50 years, and at MDD onset was 41 years. Most patients were married (53.2%), employed (54.8%), and had  12 years of education (66.9%). There were 67 patients (35.3%) with one or more psychiatric comorbidities. Comorbidities included dysthymia (19.5%), any anxiety disorders (21.1%) (panic disorder [6.8%], agoraphobia [5.8%], social phobia [3.7%], obsessive–compulsive disorder [OCD] [4.7%], generalized anxiety disorder [5.3%], and post-traumatic stress disorder [4.2%]), alcohol dependence (0.5%), psychotic disorder (1.6%), antisocial personality (1.1%), and eating disorders (0%). Compared with past MDD, the current MDD group had significantly higher OCD ( P  0.001), psychotic disorder ( P = 0.048), past panic disorder ( P = 0.017), and suicidal risk ( P  0.001). Suicidal risk was found in 32.1% of patients. Patients with suicidal risk had more comorbid anxiety disorder of any type ( P = 0.019) and psychotic disorder ( P = 0.032). Conclusion: Several comorbidities were associated with MDD. Patients with active MDD had higher comorbid OCD, psychotic disorder, past panic disorder, and suicidal risk. Patients with suicide risk had higher comorbid

Background: The Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) has been translated to many languages and has been used in many countries as a screening instrument for bipolar disorder. The main objective of this study was to evaluate validity of the Thai version of the MDQ as a screening instrument for bipolar disorder in a psychiatric outpatient sample, and to determine its optimum question #1 item threshold value for bipolar disorder.Methods: The English language Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) was translated into Thai. The process involved back-translation, cross-cultural adaptation, field testing of the prefinal version, as well as final adjustments. Two hundred and fifty major depressive disorder outpatients were further assessed by the Thai version of the MDQ and the Thai version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). During the assessment, reliability and validity analyses, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were performed.Results: The Thai version of the MDQ screening had adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha =0.791, omega total =0.68, and omega hierarchical =0.69). The optimal question #1 item threshold value was at least five positive items, which yielded adequate sensitivity (76.5%), specificity (72.7%), positive predictive value (74.3%), and negative predictive value (75.0%). The ROC area under the curve (AUC) for this study was 0.82 (95% confidence interval: 0.70 to 0.90).Conclusion: The Thai version of the MDQ had some useful psychometric properties for screening for bipolar disorder in a mood disorder clinic setting, with a recommended question #1 item threshold value of at least five positive items.