Calcium-chelating peptide is a new type of calcium supplement with excellent absorption properties and high bioavailability, safety and stability. This study synthesized calcium chelating peptide from gluten by enzymatic hydrolysis, determined peptide sequences with high activity, and analyzed their digestive characteristics and stability. The enzymatic hydrolysis process was optimized using response surface methodology to determine the optimal enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of temperature 55 degrees C, pH 8.5, and the ratio of alkaline protease to flavor protease (proportion of enzymes) 2.63:1 under a liquid-to-solid ratio of 20:1. The calcium chelation rate of gluten hydrolysate was up to 40.1 % under the optimal conditions. Fractional purification was then carried out and results showed that peptides with a molecular weight below 500 Da exhibited the highest chelation rate (51.1 %). LC-MS/MS analysis was applied to identify 1224 distinct peptide sequences, among which V.YIPPY & sdot;C (WCP1) exhibited a higher calcium chelation rate after screening and molecular docking studies. The synthesized WCP1 displayed a calcium chelation rate as high as 53.5 %. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed that both carboxyl and phosphate groups play crucial roles in mediating interactions between calcium ions and wheat polypeptides. Circular Dichroism (CD) revealed that the structure of wheat peptide became more compact after chelation. Furthermore, stability experiments indicated that the calcium-chelating peptides displayed notable resistance to digestion as well as excellent pH stability and thermal stability. This study provides technical support for deep processing and functional product development of gluten flour.

Manual identification of cashmere and wool fibers is often laborious, subjective, and time-consuming due to their extremely similar features. In order to non-destructively and accurately detect these animal fibers, this study proposes a novel detection method based on machine learning algorithms by near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Building upon the preprocessing of NIR spectroscopy data of cashmere and wool fibers, both partial least-squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) classifiers are used to distinguish cashmere and wool fibers. First, four data preprocessing methods are applied: mean normalization (MN), z -score standardization (ZSS), mahalanobis distance (MD), and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). Second, following the preprocessing, PLS-DA is used for feature extraction of the spectral data. Finally, based on the criterion of cumulative contribution rate of 80%, determine the number of principal components (PCs) and use the selected PCs as input for LDA. This study compares three feature extraction methods, principal component analysis (PCA), factor analysis, and sparse principal component analysis (SPCA), and two identification models, k -nearest neighbor (KNN) and decision tree (DT). Experimental results indicate that the proposed PLS-DA-LDA model outperforms the other 11 models, offering a new method for the identification of cashmere and wool fibers using NIR spectroscopy.

Uncovering the mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of Edwardsiella piscicida-induced enteritis is essential for global aquaculture. In the present study, we identified E. piscicida as a lethal pathogen of the big-belly seahorse (Hippocampus abdominalis) and revealed its pathogenic pattern and characteristics by updating our established bacterial enteritis model and evaluation system. Conjoint analysis of metagenomic and metabolomic data showed that 15 core virulence factors could mutually coordinate the remodeling of intestinal microorganisms and host metabolism and induce enteritis in the big-belly seahorse. Specifically, the Flagella, Type IV pili, and Lap could significantly increase the activities of the representative functional pathways of both flagella assembly and bacterial chemotaxis in the intestinal microbiota (P < 0.01) to promote pathogen motility, adherence, and invasion. Legiobactin, IraAB, and Hpt could increase ABC transporter activity (P < 0.01) to compete for host nutrition and promote self-replication. Capsule1, HP-NAP, and FarAB could help the pathogen to avoid phagocytosis. Upon entering epithelial cells and phagocytes, Bsa T3SS and Dot/Icm could significantly increase bacterial secretion system activity (P < 0.01) to promote the intracellular survival and replication of the pathogen and the subsequent invasion of the neighboring tissues. Finally, LPS3 could significantly increase lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis (P < 0.01) to release toxins and kill the host. Throughout the pathogenic process, BopD, PhoP, and BfmRS significantly activated the two-component system (P < 0.01) to coordinate with other VFs to promote deep invasion. In addition, the levels of seven key metabolic biomarkers, Taurine, L-Proline, Uridine, L-Glutamate, Glutathione, Xanthosine, and L-Malic acid, significantly decreased (P < 0.01), and they can be used for characterizing E. piscicida infection. Overall, the present study systematically revealed how a combination of virulence factors mediate E. piscicida-induced enteritis in fish for the first time, providing a theoretical reference for preventing and controlling this disease in the aquaculture of seahorses and other fishes.

Under the solvothermal conditions, by using the rigid pi-conjugated connector of H4L (5,5 '-[1,3,6,8-tetraoxobenzo [lmn] [3], [8] phenanthroline-2-7-diyl] bis-1,3-benzenedicarboxylic acid) and the nitrogen-donor auxiliary connector, two novel coordination polymers (CPs) based on Co ions as nodes {([Co(L)(0.5)(bpy)(H2O)]center dot 3.5H(2)O)}(n)(1, bpy = 4,4 '-bipyridine) and {[Co(L)(0.5)(1,4-bib)(H2O)(2)]center dot 2 center dot 5H(2)O center dot DMA}(n)(2, 1,4-bib = 1,4-bis[1-imidazoly]benzene) have been synthesized. Furthermore, the treatment activities of the compounds on the pediatric chronic myocarditis were evaluated. The relative expression of thehs-cTnTin the cardiomyocytes was determined by the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The inflammatory cytokines content resealed by the cardiomyocytes was also determined using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detection kit.

In the current study, by solvothermal reaction of Cu(NO3)2·3H2O or Co(NO3)2·6H2O with the H4Tdada ligand in a mixed solvent of H2O and DMA, two novel coordination polymers (CPs) were prepared and their chemical formulae are {[(CH3)2NH2]2[Co(Tdada)](H2O)3}n (1) and {[Cu2(Tdada)(H2O)(DMA)](DMA)3}n (2, H4Tdada ​= ​5,5′-((thiophene-2,5-dicarbonyl) bis(azanediyl)) diisophthalic acid). The single crystal X-diffraction studies show that compound 1 shows a 3D 2-fold interpenetrated framework with a 4-connected dia topology and compound 2 shows a non-interpenetrated framework with a 4-connected lon topology. The magnetic investigations indicate that the two compounds possess antiferromagnetic coupling between neighboring metallic ions, and the Curie-Weiss constant is −7.5 ​K for 1 and -6.04 ​K for 2, respectively. Their treatment activity on viral myocarditis was evaluated and the related mechanism was discussed at the same time. First of all, the Cell Counting Kit-8 was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of compounds 1 and 2. The Annexin V-FITC Apoptosis Detection Kit was conducted and the apoptosis of the virus infected cardiomyocytes was measured. In addition to this, the ELISA detection was used to measure the hs-cTnT in the cardiomyocytes after compound 1 or 2 treatment.

The non-specific adsorption of protein has caused many problems in the application of materials. In this paper, a tri-block copolymer PEO-PNIPAAm-PSPMAP with double effects were obtained via atom transfer radical copolymerization (ATRP). The double-effect copolymer is covalently bonded to the hydrophobic material through a photosensitizer to achieve surface modification and applied to analytical chemistry. Sufficient hydratable groups (for instance, ether bonds, amide groups, and sulfonic acid groups) in the copolymer provides a basis for the anti-protein adsorption. At the same time, the interaction of the hydrophilic group and isopropyl group with temperature changes provides the possibility of elastic self-cleaning of the material, which is instrumental in extending the circulate lifetime of materials. Therefore, it is an environmentally friendly coating material. Besides, the effective antifouling performance and elastic self-cleaning function of the coating have been confirmed by the dynamic adsorption experiment of a fluorescent protein. The coating is used in capillary electrophoresis (CE), and its excellent protein separation spectrum verifies the practicality of the coating.

Vancomycin is an amphoteric glycopeptide molecule, and its group diversity and chiral active sites provide a potential basis for its application in chromatographic analysis. In this article, using photosensitive diazo resin (DR) as the coupling agent, vancomycin is modified on the inner wall of the capillary to construct a capillary coating separation system. The highlight of the coated capillary is that it has both anti-protein adsorption and chiral separation properties. Compared with the bare capillary or non-covalently bonded DR/vancomycin-coated capillary, it can not only achieve the separation of four mixed proteins of lysozyme (Lys), bovine serum albumin (BSA), myoglobin (Mb), and ribonuclease A (RNase A), but also shows excellent performance in chiral drugs. The coated capillary effectively solves the problems of low efficiency of the separation column and high sample loss and provides ideas for the development of coated capillaries in the future.

As an amphiphilic macromolecule, protein's non-specific adsorption problem restricts the application of materials in many aspects, especially in biological media. To solve this problem, anti-protein adsorption materials have been extensively studied. Herein, we present a systematic overview of the development of non-specific anti protein fouling material. Several popular anti-protein adsorption mechanisms are proposed first, then we classify the kind of materials according to the functional groups contained in the materials and analyze the advantages of various materials. Moreover, We introduced the preparation and modification methods of antifouling coating on the surface based on numerous research, and also summarized the actual biological anti-fouling design of anti protein adsorption materials in biosensors, drug delivery, medical implants and marine ships in recent years. In the end, some personal opinions on the future development of anti-protein adsorption materials are expected. The discussion demonstrated that anti-protein adsorption properties of materials are significant for their application in biological systems. The anti-protein adsorption properties of materials are crucial to the application in biological systems. The analysis of antifouling materials in this review will guide the design and application of new materials in biological media.

Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has the advantages of higher sensitivity, higher efficiency, and less sample consumption. Moreover, it possesses obvious advantages during the analysis of strongly charged and highly polar samples. CE-MS has been widely applied in life sciences, medicine, and pharmacology. In the past ten years, the main factors affecting its application were system stability, reproducibility, and data accuracy. In order to solve the existing problems of CE-MS, researchers have invested significant effort in technology innovation to further expand CE-MS application. In the fields of medicine and ana. lytical chemistry, substantial research indicates that CE-MS is superior compared to other metabolomic and proteomic approaches. This study aims at reviewing the latest methods and applications developed in the fields of medicine and analytical chemistry since 2015. Furthermore, it also aims at enhancing the tech. nology development-related application value of CE-MS and serving as a reference for future development. Further development of the CE-MS technology is discussed from the aspects of coating. sample interaction, interface types, and data processing methods. Concerning the coating types, neutral coatings had been applied extensively in CE-MS and there should be no limitation to the charge of the analyte. The coating decreased sample adsorption on the inner wall by covering the surface charge, greatly reducing the electroosmotic flow (EOF). A charged capillary coating could modify such an EOF direction. The cationic coating could reduce the hydrophobic interaction between the sample and the capillary column, resulting in higher EOF. If it is applied to the sheathless interface, the resolution could be improved by extending the capillary length. Anionic coatings are predominant among the anionic compounds, shortening the separation time by reducing the interaction between the anionic compounds and the capillary. The coating type should be chosen relative to the analyte characteristics. Concerning the interface technology, all interfaces should be simple, practical, and non. dependent on sheath liquid and background electrolytes. As far as data processing methods are concerned, it is necessary to design and develop a practical method for span space data comparison and processing. The optimized experimental conditions have effectively improved separation efficiency and data comparison analysis. Furthermore, they established a solid foundation for its application development. CE-MS analysis of complex samples in the fields of metabolomics and proteomics (e. g., of tissues, cells, body fluids, etc.) could provide a visualization method for future clinical analysis. It contributes to the development of cancer pathological analysis, drug development, disease surveillance, etc. The characteristic analysis of small molecule metabolites and protein biomarkers directly reflects on enzymatic activity in the biological systems. It could be associated with the development of various diseases/complications. Omics analysis also has an important directive to disease detection and surveillance with obvious advantages in disease diagnosis, staged treatment, drug development, and patient treatment progress. CE-MS is useful in detecting complications and promoting personalized medicine. It provides technical sup. port for future clinical developments. In addition to a comprehensive review of the recent advances of CE-MS research, this paper also indicates the development directions of CE-MS. In order to avoid the problem of omics analysis and obtain the optimized analysis results, future analysis should be improved from the following three aspects: (i) The analysis conditions should be optimized concerning sample preparation methods and separation techniques. (ii) The analytic techniques should be supported to adjust to capillary coating and interface technology. (iii) New ideas should be developed in the fields of clinical research and statistical analysis.

A thermal responsive and reusable capillary column coated with poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate dithiothreitols (PEGDA-DTT-dithiols) was prepared using photosensitive diazo resin (DR) as a coupling agent. DR and PEGDA-DTT-dithiols film were self-assembled on the inner surface of silica capillary with hydrogen bonding. Due to the photo-sensitive effect of DR, the coating will be covalently cross-linked under ultraviolet light irradiation, the application of photosensitive DR can provide a simple and environmentally friendly strategy for preparing covalently coated capillaries. PEGDA-DTT-dithiols coated column, which not only separates the baseline of the four mixed model proteins, but also has good separation effect on real samples, showing excellent anti-protein adsorption performance. The thermal responsive capillary coating can be cleaned up and regenerated facilely with a heating treatment after the column was contaminated by proteins and reused without reducing efficiency. The thermal responsive PEGDA-DTT-dithiols coated capillary has the advantages of environmental friendliness and recycling.