Methane diffusion in the coal matrix is a critical factor in the effectiveness of coalbed methane (CBM) exploitation and gas disaster prevention. However, most existing studies rely on the overall diffusion coefficient, an apparent parameter inversely fitted from macroscopic data, which often masks the intrinsic molecular mobility within the pore space. To address this issue, deformed and primary coals from the Pingmei No. 10 Mine were selected as research objects. Molecular-scale models were constructed using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) methods, combined with experimental verification, to systematically reveal the local diffusion characteristics of methane in coal pores. Results show that tectonic stress acts as a structural 'homogenizer', making the pore system more homogeneous and well-connected, which significantly reduces local energy barriers and improves inter-pore hopping efficiency. Increased temperature enhances local diffusion through kinetic activation and matrix expansion, whereas pressure exhibits a non-monotonic 'suppression-promotion' mechanism governed by the interplay between pore confinement and molecular clustering. Crucially, the comparative analysis demonstrates that tectonic deformation bridges the gap between microscopic and macroscopic scales: by minimizing structural heterogeneity, it allows the apparent overall diffusion to asymptotically approach the intrinsic local diffusion limit. This study reveals the microscopic mechanism of gas transport, providing theoretical support for the effective extraction of CBM in tectonically deformed reservoirs.

To address the problems of poor sealing quality, low gas extraction concentration, and frequent borehole failure in gob-side entry, this study takes the Gaohe Energy test working face as the research background. The coupling mechanism between stress evolution and borehole failure under multiple disturbances was investigated. A full-cycle tight sealing technology for gob-side entry gas extraction boreholes was developed, along with a single-channel secondary grouting device for precise leak plugging. The key parameters of the full-cycle sealing process were determined, and its sealing performance was evaluated through field application. The results show that the migration of the stress peak is closely related to the borehole failure modes. Based on this relationship, the borehole failure can be classified into four typical types: (1) failure caused by coal fragmentation under multiple disturbances; (2) failure due to insufficient sealing length; (3) failure resulting from borehole instability, collapse, and blockage; and (4) failure caused by shear damage of the sealing section. The full-cycle tight sealing technology adopts a spatiotemporal sealing concept, integrating the primary sealing process, the single-channel secondary grouting for precise leak plugging, and the post-grouting reinforcement process to achieve long-term and high-efficiency sealing. Field results indicate that during the primary sealing stage, the average gas extraction concentration reached 44.28%, which is 3.29 times higher than that of the traditional “two-plug one-injection” method. During the secondary grouting stage, the average gas concentration increased from 24.65% to 67.61%, an improvement of 3.23 times. During the post-grouting reinforcement stage, the average gas concentration increased from 27.57% to 39.27%, an improvement of 1.42 times. This study provides a theoretical and technical basis for improving gas extraction efficiency and controlling gas disasters in gob-side working faces.

Coal surface modification using surfactants has emerged as an effective strategy for regulating the adsorption-desorption and diffusion behaviors of coalbed methane (CBM), yet the underlying molecular mechanisms remain insufficiently understood. In this study, a lignite molecular model (Wender model, C42H40O10) was employed to investigate the effects of four representative surfactants on methane adsorption capacity, interaction energies, and diffusion kinetics in a coal slit model using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations. The results show that water and surfactants competitively occupy high-energy adsorption sites on the coal surface, significantly reducing methane adsorption capacity and weakening CH4-coal interactions. Surfactants further reconstruct the interfacial electrostatic field, stabilize water films, and introduce steric barriers that reduce available pore volume. These effects collectively promote methane desorption while inhibiting diffusion, with the overall influence following the order: CTAB > CAB-35 > CDEA > SDS. CTAB forms the densest adsorption layer and most strongly suppresses methane mobility, whereas SDS shows the weakest effect due to electrostatic repulsion from the coal surface. This study provides a unified molecular-level explanation for the coexistence of enhanced desorption and suppressed diffusion, offering theoretical guidance for surfactant selection in CBM extraction from low-rank coal seams.

Coal-gas outburst accidents typically exhibit distinct characteristics in terms of outburst hole and roadway behaviors. In outburst experiments, the different size devices are developed to simulate outbursts. Thus, a key question arises: what specific dynamic impacts do the size and shape of pressure-relief roadways exert? With the difined parameter of pressure potential energy release outburst holes. The results indicate that small-caliber roadways and low roadway heights impede the release of outburst energy and induce fluctuations in energy release. The direct release the roadway in outburst accidents. In roadways of different shapes, the two-phase flow velocity is outburst dynamic and the smallest rate of energy release. The increase of similarity ratio will and the similarity ratio should not be lower than 0.1. These findings hold practical guiding sig

Under deep mining conditions,the failure mechanisms of coal gas compound dynamic disasters are highly com-plex and involve strong multi-factor coupling,so accurate early warning is critical for ensuring safe mine production.This study proposes a deep learning-based early-warning approach driven by multi-source information fusion and develops an SCSSA-MSDA-TFT time-series intelligent early-warning model.In this framework,an Sine-Cosine and Cauchy-en-hanced Sparrow Search Algorithm(SCSSA)is employed to adaptively optimize the model hyperparameters,Multi-Source Domain Adaptation(MSDA)is introduced to align the distributions of heterogeneous monitoring data and achieve unified feature representation,and a Temporal Fusion Transformer(TFT)is used to efficiently extract the dynamic evolutionary characteristics of multi-source time-series indicators,thereby enabling risk-level early warning.For multi-source informa-tion such as microseismic monitoring and gas-related parameters,a data-driven risk-level calibration procedure for coal gas compound dynamic disasters is constructed.Taking a Composite Risk Index(CRI)as the core,the CRI series is tem-porally smoothed,and the high-risk threshold is determined based on Receiver Operating Characteristic(ROC)curve ana-lysis.Cluster validity evaluation is then used to assess the consistency between the calibrated risk levels and the intrinsic data structure.Furthermore,a compound dynamic disaster early-warning indicator system is established:an XGBoost multi-class baseline model is trained and global Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP)importance is computed,which,combined with sliding-window robustness checks and subset selection criteria,yields a compact indicator subset that bal-ances physical interpretability and discriminative efficiency.The results show that the proposed model achieves a macro-averaged Fl-score of 0.965 and an accuracy of 0.961 on the test set,significantly outperforming the comparison and abla-tion models.The model can accurately capture multi-scale precursory signals of coal gas compound dynamic disasters and realize precise prediction and early warning of risk levels.The proposed deep learning fusion early-warning approach ef-fectively integrates multi-source information and establishes a coherent risk-level calibration and indicator system,offer-ing substantial engineering application value for improving the accuracy and reliability of risk-level early warning for coal gas compound dynamic disasters.

In the mining of deep coal seams, stress-dominated coal and gas outbursts occur frequently in environments with low gas pressure and high in situ stress, with gas-containing coal-rock composite structures serving as the carrier. The mechanism of such outbursts is significantly different from that of typical outbursts, posing severe challenges to the safe and efficient production of coal mines. Previous research on this type of gas disaster remains extremely limited. To reveal the macroscopic and microscopic failure characteristics as well as the energy mechanism of such disasters, this study comprehensively adopted true triaxial physical simulation tests and three-dimensional discrete element numerical simulation methods to systematically investigate the instability-induced disaster process of the gas-containing coal seam-roof composite system under different in situ stress conditions. The research results indicate that the increase in vertical stress, decrease in horizontal stress, and increase in burial depth are the key factors promoting the transformation of outburst types from typical outbursts to stress-dominated ones. This transformation essentially stems from the increase in the vertical-horizontal stress difference and the level of in situ stress. Macroscopically, stress-dominated outbursts are characterized by hole morphologies with “large opening and small cavity, large upper part and small lower part” as well as more complex delamination failure. Microscopically, they exhibit a wider range of microcrack zones, a tension-shear mixed failure mode dominated by tension, and a strong acoustic emission response. Energy analysis shows that the contribution of coal-rock elastic energy in stress-dominated outbursts is significantly enhanced; under high stress conditions, its magnitude can be comparable to that of gas expansion energy, and the two jointly constitute the main energy source of the disaster. Based on the principle of energy conservation, an energy equation for stress-dominated outbursts was constructed by introducing an outburst type discrimination coefficient. This criterion was verified to be reliable through the case of the “4·19” outburst accident at Huainan Dingji Coal Mine. This study clarifies the incubation mechanism of stress-dominated coal and gas outbursts and provides an important theoretical basis for the accurate identification and effective prevention of such disasters in deep coal mines.

With the advancement of deep coal mining, the risk of gas-coal spontaneous combustion (CSC) in goafs has increased significantly, while related studies remain limited. To address this issue, a coupled PFC3D-COMSOL modeling approach was proposed to quantitatively evaluate the inerting efficiency of low-temperature nitrogen injection and to achieve three-dimensional identification and reconstruction of gas-CSC composite hazard zones. The results show that, under non-nitrogen injection conditions, the composite hazard zone exhibits an asymmetric extension pattern. In the mining layer, the hazard zone shows continuous accumulation, with its extent on the intake side expanding from 100 to 130 m to 100-180 m. In contrast, the composite hazard zone in the adjacent seam evolves more slowly. Under low-temperature nitrogen injection, CSC hazards in both layers are significantly suppressed. By 40 d, the oxidation-zone volumes decrease by 89.61 % and 83.25 %. Meanwhile, the composite hazard zone in the mining layer is confined near the working face on the return side and no longer exhibits continuous expansion, with a 71.66 % volume reduction, while localized expansion occurs in the adjacent seam due to the upward migration of air leakage. These results can provide some reference for the prevention and control of compound hazards in deep coal mines.

Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) represents a pivotal pathway for establishing a global hydrogen economy and decarbonizing energy infrastructure, yet its practical efficacy remains constrained by complexities in hydrogen microscopic storage and transport mechanisms within subsurface reservoirs. Our review examines H2 adsorption and diffusion processes in subsurface porous media, integrating a comprehensive experimental framework for diffusion coefficient measurement. The results indicate that H2 adsorption is predominantly physical, with capacity modulated by temperature, pressure, moisture, reservoir properties, and competitive adsorption with CH4; Diffusion exhibits multiple mechanisms and influencing factors behavior, where H2 diffusivity exceeds that of CH4 and CO2 by orders of magnitude-though this enhances caprock leakage risks. Optimizing reservoir parameters and ensuring caprock integrity can substantially enhance UHS efficiency and operational safety. Nevertheless, future work must investigate long-term H2 depletion behavior and H2- fluidrock interactions.

With the continued decline in shallow coal reserves, exploiting deeper coal is now increasingly important for maintaining stable energy supply. China’s deep coal seams contain substantial coalbed methane (CBM) resources, yet the accompanying high geothermal temperatures and strong in-situ stresses markedly reduce gas drainage efficiency. Methane desorption and diffusion in coal, which govern gas migration, are highly sensitive to variations in temperature and pressure. In deep reservoirs, these two processes interact and form a coupled system that modifies methane-release behavior. To investigate this coupled response, this study performed orthogonally-designed desorption experiments under combined temperature–pressure conditions and evaluated the corresponding changes in desorption performance and diffusion coefficients. On this basis, a temperature-dependent correction model for the diffusion coefficient is established. The results demonstrated that increasing temperature decreases the total desorbed amount while accelerating the early desorption rate, whereas higher pressure enhances overall desorption capacity and alleviates temperature-induced inhibition. Compared with raw coal, tectonic coal responds more noticeably to pressure and may display an offsetting interaction between temperature and pressure under specific conditions. Temperature exerts the dominant influence on diffusion-coefficient evolution, and pressure plays a secondary role. These findings clarify the mechanism by which temperature–pressure coupling governs methane release and transport in coal, offering a theoretical basis for enhancing CBM recovery from deep coal seams.

To address the problem of spontaneous combustion of residual coal in goaf of gently inclined coal seams, a numerical model of gas migration in goaf was established based on the porous medium model and gas component transport equation. The influences of injection position and flow rate of pure CO2 and CO2-N2 mixture on the distribution range of the “three zones” in goaf were investigated, and the gas migration law under CO2-N2 mixed inertization was analyzed. The results show that when CO2 is injected from the intake air side to inertize the goaf, the area of the oxidation zone first decreases and then increases with the increase of the distance between the CO2 injection position and the working face. With the increase of CO2 injection rate, the oxidation zone area decreases, and the CO2 migration pattern presents a “trumpet shape”, forming “inertization blind zones” near the working face on the intake air side and in the middle of the goaf. When CO2 is injected on the intake air side and N2 on the return air side for mixed inertization, the oxidation zone area first decreases and then increases with the increase of the distance between the N2 injection position and the working face. With the increase of N2 injection rate, the oxidation zone area decreases, and the N2 migration pattern shows a “wave shape”, which reduces the area of the “inertization blind zone” in the goaf. The optimal inertization effect is achieved when the CO2 injection position is 40 m from the working face with an injection rate of 750 m3/h, and the N2 injection position is 50 m from the working face with an injection rate of 750 m3/h. Under these conditions, the CO2 volume fraction in the return airway does not exceed 1.5%, the oxidation zone area decreases from 4 100.445 m2 to 2 463.205 m2, which is 14.84% lower than that under single CO2 inertization. An “isolation zone” is formed in the middle of the goaf, which effectively restrains the migration of O2 to the deep goaf.

Transient gas transport in heterogeneous porous media subjected to thermal perturbation is a fundamental challenge in fluid dynamics. In this study, we investigated the thermal-driven evolution of pore topology and gas migration kinetics using coal as a representative multi-scale porous matrix. Isothermal adsorption and desorption experiments were conducted across various temperature gradients to quantify temperature-dependent gas–solid interfacial interactions, initial mass transfer rates, and volumetric release capacities. Both exponential and time-varying diffusion models were employed to characterize the non-isothermal gas diffusion kinetics. The results indicate that thermal perturbation significantly alters the geometric fractal characteristics of the solid matrix, leading to expanded pore volumes and increased topological complexity of the interfacial surfaces. Thermodynamically, elevated temperatures suppress the gas adsorption capacity while amplifying both the kinetic release rate and the intrinsic gas diffusion coefficient. Based on these fundamental mechanisms, an explicit mathematical expression for the time-varying dynamic diffusion coefficient during the initial transient stage of thermal perturbation is proposed. This work advances the fundamental understanding of non-isothermal gas transport mechanisms in complex porous networks, providing theoretical constraints for predicting fluid behavior under varying thermal boundary conditions.

Mining-induced seismicity, a type of non-natural seismic event triggered by mining activities, poses a major threat to the safety of coal mine production due to the rapid release of elastic energy and the potential damage to underground structures and surface buildings. Focusing on a seismic event in a coal mine in Heilongjiang Province, where strong ground vibration was observed at the surface but not perceived at the working face, a combined approach of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field monitoring is employed. The study analyzes the mechanism of mining-induced seismicity associated with cooperative fracture of sub-key strata in overlying goaf areas under repeated mining. A three-zone displacement mechanical model based on spring–Maxwell elements is established to represent the distinct mechanical behaviors of different overburden blocks. Multiple numerical simulation schemes are designed to comparatively investigate the propagation and attenuation characteristics of seismic wave carriers under different overburden conditions. The results show that large-scale retreat mining in the underlying working face creates new migration space for the overlying goaf, disrupting the original stress balance. Fracture of the sub-key strata in the uncollapsed roof of the original goaf then releases a large amount of accumulated elastic energy, triggering mining-induced seismicity. After seismic waves propagate through the goaf, the peak particle velocity and acceleration are attenuated by approximately 84% and 90%, respectively, compared with conditions without an overlying goaf, and both parameters approach zero at the underlying coal seam working face. These results indicate that the goaf acts as an effective buffer and energy-dissipating medium for seismic wave propagation. On this basis, a regional protective technology centered on “blasting-induced roof fracturing combined with coal seam borehole pressure relief ” is proposed to pre-fracture the hard roof and relieve stress concentration in advance. Subsequent microseismic monitoring shows that the frequency of high-energy mining-induced seismic events decreases compared with the period before implementation, and the capability for dynamic disaster prevention and control in deep mining is enhanced.

Safe and efficient coal resource extraction is a crucial guarantee for energy security. Over past decades, China’s standard safety protocols focusing on regional geological characteristics have achieved certain results in accident prevention and control. However, the recent increase in accident rates within China's coal mining sector underscores significant deficiencies in existing hazard control frameworks. Accordingly, detailed and differentiated disaster prevention and control represent the trend. The advent of the intelligent era has made differentiate and scenario-based disaster prevention feasible. This study proposes a scenario-based approach integrating Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBN) and Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) to enhance emergency response. By analyzing 468 historical cases, this work constructs a scenario library and evolution network to predict accident probabilities and timings. A scenario matching algorithm is developed to identify optimal solutions from similar historical cases. The proposed model is validated through its application to the "Heilongjiang Xinxing Coal Mine 11.21 Special Grave Accident", demonstrating its effectiveness in supporting emergency decision-making processes. This research offers a novel framework for mitigating risks associated with coal and gas outbursts, serving as an auxiliary reference tool during emergency decision-making scenarios. Furthermore, the methodology proposed herein can be extended to other areas of emergency disposal.

Water inrush events during coal seam mining, especially in the presence of gas, pose a significant threat to operational efficiency and miner safety. Existing models are insufficient to fully capture the complex interactions between fracture networks, mining-induced stress changes, gas presence, and water seepage. To address this gap, we propose a novel fully coupled hydraulic model that integrates the power-law distribution characteristics of the fracture network within the framework of porous media theory. By uniquely combining three interdisciplinary models—a water migration permeability model, a hydro-mechanical coupling model, and a porosity evolution model—we quantitatively characterize the fracture structure and dynamic evolution for coal seam. This integrated approach allows for a more accurate representation of water migration pathways in gas-rich environments. Finite element analysis validates the model’s ability to accurately capture the role of the fracture network in water seepage phenomena. The quantitative analysis of key fracture parameters shows that the fracture density directly affects the water seepage intensity and coal seam stability under hydraulic coupling, with the maximum fracture length being the most important factor affecting the surrounding rock stability. By emphasizing the conditions under which gas is present, this study deepens the understanding of the water inrush mechanism and provides a comprehensive modeling approach that overcomes the limitations of previous models. This improves the accuracy of quantitative risk assessment and provides a reference for developing effective mitigation strategies for coal mining susceptible to gas.

Optimization measures that can improve the effectiveness of fracturing coal-rock composites through separate- layer fracturing under the effect of inter-fracture interference are required. In this context, a reservoir-fracture interference extension model was established for coal-rock composites based on the extended finite element method by embedding cohesive units. Hydraulic fracturing simulations were conducted under different geostresses and fracturing sequences, and a comprehensive assessment of the fracturing effect was provided. The results showed that the high pore stress on both sides of the first fracture can induce the expansion of secondary fractures toward the interface with a greater degree of deflection. The difficulty of fracture initiation in the rock formation increased in secondary fracturing, the fracture initiation pressure decreased in the coal seam during secondary fracturing. An appropriate reduction in the fracture spacing can enhance the inter-fracture interference effect and thus enrich the morphology of the hydraulic fracture network. In the separate-layer fracturing of coal composite reservoirs, the synergistic effect of interlayer physical differences and inter-fracture interference effect can be utilized to fracture the rock formation after fracturing the coal seam; this induces the rock fractures to be captured by structurally weak surfaces. Repeated fracturing of the coal seam and utilization of the rupture expansion effect of the rock roof to form long-term stable fractures can be useful for further strengthening the transformation effect of the coal seam. This study can provide some theoretical support for the stratified co- mining of coalbed methane in deep coal reservoirs.

To solve the problems that gas outburst accidents are prone to occur in the mining process of broken and soft outburst coal seam, and the existing research on the directional roof hydraulic fracturing of broken soft outburst coal seam lacks the analysis of roof bedding and perforation design, this paper uses the method of combining experiment with particle flow code (PFC), investigates the influence of perforation on the directional hydraulic fracturing of roof, and defines the optimal perforation layout scheme under the joint action of bedding and perforation. The results reveal that hydraulic fracture propagation is significantly influenced by the bedding angle and in situ stress conditions of the rock mass. During roof fracturing, once fractures propagate to the coal-rock interface, they induce the formation of a complex fracture network within the coal seam, effectively enhancing its permeability. PFC has accuracy and engineering adaptability in hydraulic fracturing numerical simulation. Under the conditions of different bedding angles, the directional hydraulic fracturing perforation should be arranged in different ways, a vertical perforation configuration is recommended for bedding angles of 0 degrees-15 degrees, while for angles of 30 degrees-60 degrees, perforations should be oriented perpendicular to the bedding direction. At 45 degrees-60 degrees, perforations should avoid alignment with the bedding plane and instead adopt a large-angle orientation. Under the parameter combination of "three perforations-optimized angle-suitable bedding," the effect of directional hydraulic fracturing of bedding rock broken soft coal seam roof is the best. This perforation scheme offers an effective strategy for gas control in outburst-prone soft coal seams.

Airflow induced by falling coal at coal transfer points during transportation is a critical cause of dust dispersion. This paper develops a model based on the on-site coal transportation and transfer system, combining theoretical analysis with numerical simulations to investigate the influencing factors of induced airflow and the migration law of dust within dust-proof enclosures at coal transfer points. The results indicate that during the falling coal particles induce alternating pressure gradients within the gas-solid two-phase flow field, creating induced airflow characterized by significant turbulent fluctuations and vortex structures, substantially enhancing the diffusion flux and escape probability of micro- and nanoscale coal dust particles at the discharge outlet. Compared to the overall coal stream, coal flow rate has a greater influence on induced airflow than the physical properties of individual coal particles, a finding consistent with theoretical predictions. In the initial induced airflow region at the transfer point inlet, fine dust particles (<50 mu m) are more susceptible to entrainment by induced airflow, gradually filling the surrounding air around the coal stream and moving along coal trajectories. In the deceleration and dispersion region, the proportion of particles smaller than 50 mu m at the outlet significantly exceeds that within the system; smaller dust particles exhibit higher outlet concentrations and lower settling tendencies. Installing air-water sprays at positions located 1 m downstream of coal particle impact points and 0.2 m upstream of transfer point outlets effectively mitigates dust escape at the outlet. An average dust suppression efficiency of 71.76 % was achieved.

During the mining stage, high-intensity extraction is required due to gas emissions from adjacent seams; however, this exacerbates air leakage within the goaf and markedly increases the risk of coal spontaneous combustion (CSC). A coupled DEM-COMSOL modeling approach was developed to characterize air leakage migration and identify potential CSC hazard zones in the goaf. The Particle Flow Code (PFC) was used to simulate porosity evolution during the mining process, and a three-dimensional porosity distribution model was constructed. Based on this, a three-dimensional numerical model coupling the flow, temperature, and gas concentration fields in the goaf was established, enabling systematic analysis of air leakage behavior and CSC evolution. The results indicate that air leakage in the goaf exhibits pronounced non-uniform flow characteristics, with block fractures at the intersection of separation gaps and collapsed rock masses acting as the primary channels for air migration into deeper and upper regions. Over time, significant local heat accumulation occurs, and temperature increases more rapidly in the deeper regions of both the intake and return airways, identifying them as high-risk zones for CSC. Additionally, the upper adjacent seam demonstrates a strong tendency for delayed CSC development, warranting heightened attention in field fire prevention strategies. Finally, a three-dimensional CSC monitoring approach, integrating bundle tubes and directional long boreholes, was proposed and successfully implemented in the 15,305 working face of Liyang Coal Mine, enabling rapid identification of CSC-prone zones and effectively safeguarding mine safety.

To address the complex gas flow and significant gas disaster threats in the goaf of deep thick coal seam mining, this study investigates the gas flow patterns and optimizes the spatial parameters for roof directional borehole in the goaf. By combining particle flow code and COMSOL numerical simulations, the study analyzes the stress-permeability evolution in the goaf and the gas migration patterns. The results reveal a strong correlation between the permeability of the goaf and the stress distribution, showing distinct zonal characteristics. The permeability decreases slowly in the coal wall-supported separation zone, drops rapidly in the transition zone, and stabilizes in the compaction zone. Without gas extraction, the gas concentration in the goaf can exceed 40% at 100 m from the working face and surpass 70% in the deepest parts. Additionally, gas accumulation at the upper corner can exceed 0.6%. The optimal spatial parameters for roof directional boreholes were determined as a 25 m from the return airway, a vertical height of 25–35 m, a horizontal spacing of 6 m, and an extraction pressure of 20 kPa. Field implementation confirmed that these parameters significantly improve gas extraction effect and reduce gas concentrations in the upper corner of the return airway, providing a reliable reference for gas control in similar mining conditions.

Investigating the damage and permeability characteristics of gas-bearing coal-rock composites is essential for understanding the mechanisms driving dynamic disasters in coal and rock gas composites. This study focuses on the uniaxial compressive strength of natural coal-rock specimens, from which similar natural composites with transition interfaces were created using the pouring-core sampling method. We conducted mechanical-seepage experiments on gas-bearing coal-rock composites under various confining stresses, gas pressures, and stress paths. The results show a positive correlation between the specimens' compressive strength and confining stress; as confining stress increases, both total input energy and elastic strain energy of the specimens increase, while dissipated energy decreases. When specimens reach instability, they require more energy to maintain this state. At peak strength, the stored elastic strain energy in the specimens gradually increases. Furthermore, higher gas pressure reduces the specimens' bearing capacity. At peak strength, specimen strain decreases, resulting in diminished deformation capacity. Among different testing paths, specimens exhibit the highest strength under the loading axial stress path, while the lowest strength occurs under the compound loading axial and unloading confining path, exhibiting significant deformation and expansion. In contrast, under the unloading confining stress path, specimen strain is minimal, and the overall energy required for specimen instability-including elastic strain energy and dissipated energy-remains relatively low.