This paper presents the electromagnetic characterization of new carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composite applied in aircraft for tackling the lightning direct effect and enhancing the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. The CFRP composite design is deliberated for ameliorating the electrical conductivity of composite. With the aid of equivalent medium modeling, the inherent electromagnetic properties of CFRP composite have been investigated. The simulated results illustrate that the lightning strike protection (LSP) capability and the electromagnetic shielding behavior of the newly developed aircraft composite have been improved as compared to the original CFRP composite, and comparable to that with copper mesh as a protective layer on top. In addition to simulation, an artificial lightning experiment has been carried out in accordance with SAE ARP5416 by mimicking the natural lightning strike attachment and also the measurement of the shielding effectiveness of the proposed CFRP composite has been conducted by using electromagnetic waveguide transmission line method. The experiment data has validated the simulation results and demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed CFRP composite design.

We proposed a general quantum-computing-based algorithm that harnesses the exponential power of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices in solving partial differential equations (PDE). This variational quantum eigensolver (VQE)-inspired approach transcends previous idealized model demonstrations constrained by strict and simplistic boundary conditions. It enables the imposition of arbitrary boundary conditions, significantly expanding its potential and adaptability for real-world applications, achieving this "from ad-hoc to systematic" concept. We have implemented this method using the fourth-order PDE (the Euler-Bernoulli beam) as example and showcased its effectiveness with four different boundary conditions. This framework enables expectation evaluations independent of problem size, harnessing the exponentially growing state space inherent in quantum computing, resulting in exceptional scalability. This method paves the way for applying quantum computing to practical engineering applications.

Variational quantum algorithms offer a promising new paradigm for solving partial differential equations on near-term quantum computers. Here, we propose a variational quantum algorithm for solving a general evolution equation through implicit time-stepping of the Laplacian operator. The use of encoded source states informed by preceding solution vectors results in faster convergence compared to random re-initialization. Through statevector simulations of the heat equation, we demonstrate how the time complexity of our algorithm scales with the Ansatz volume for gradient estimation and how the time-to-solution scales with the diffusion parameter. Our proposed algorithm extends economically to higher-order time-stepping schemes, such as the Crank-Nicolson method. We present a semi-implicit scheme for solving systems of evolution equations with non-linear terms, such as the reaction-diffusion and the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, and demonstrate its validity by proof-of-concept results.

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are one of the most promising methods that can be implemented on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) machines to achieve a quantum advantage over classical computers. This article describes the use of a VQA in conjunction with the finite difference method for the calculation of propagation modes of an electromagnetic wave in a hollow metallic waveguide. The two-dimensional (2-D) waveguide problem, described by the Helmholtz equation, is approximated by a system of linear equations, whose solutions are expressed in terms of simple quantum expectation values that can be evaluated efficiently on quantum hardware. Numerical examples are presented to validate the proposed method for solving 2-D waveguide problems.

The objective of this paper is to describe and validate a new approach for acquiring images that provides both qualitative and quantitative information on the formation electrical properties using a high-resolution, oil-based mud imager (HROBMI) tool. This new multifrequency imaging tool is able to function at high frequencies (in the MHz range) in oil-based muds. To allow for the quantitative estimation of formation and mud properties from the HROBMI data, a hybrid machine-learning/inversion approach was implemented. In this hybrid approach, machine-learning models corresponding to different candidate mud properties are trained, and the resulting regression functions are stored. For a given measurement data set, predictions of these different models are used to quickly identify an optimum mud candidate. This information is then fed into an inversion algorithm that provides accurate quantitative information on the logging environment of the HROBMI. The accuracy of this algorithm has been verified using a test fixture that enables the change of formation properties in different mud environments. The measurements from the HROBMI are a function of the formation properties: resistivity and permittivity, frequency, and mud properties. The hybrid algorithm can untangle HROBMI data from multiple frequencies to obtain true formation resistivity images independent of the other parameters that affect the tool measurements. In addition, the algorithm provides formation permittivity images as well as a standoff image. The results have been provided from both the controlled experiments in the test fixture and from field logs.

This paper presents a compact wideband equivalent circuit model for electrical modeling of through-silicon vias (TSVs) in 3-D stacked integrated circuits and packaging. Rigorous closed form formulas for the resistance and inductance of TSVs are de rived from the magneto-quasi-static theory with a Fourier-Bessel expansion approach, whereas analytical formulas from static solutions are used to compute the capacitance and conductance. The equivalent-circuit model can capture the important parasitic effects of TSVs, including the skin effect, proximity effect, lossy effect of silicon, and semiconductor effect. Therefore, it yields accurate results comparable to those with 3-D full-wave solvers.

In this paper, we investigate the localized field enhancement of optical nanoantennas consisting of different types of coupled gold nanoparticles and fed by a silicon nitrite slab waveguide. The optical nanoantenna is mounted on the surface of the waveguide, and the incident blue-violet light is guided in the slab waveguide and then reflected to the nanoatenna at the end of the waveguide. We also study the performance of the slab waveguide with different optimized parameters and also the field enhancement achieved by different shapes of nanoantennas.

Multi-physics modeling offers rich opportunities for studying the properties of through-silicon vias (TSV). Results of a TSV study with the theories of electromagnetics, semiconductor physics, and thermal physics are presented. Equivalent circuit models are used to draw together the three different theories to perform the TSV modeling. Moreover, a single TSV is examined for high-speed signal transmission with surface waves. Some pertinent questions are posed regarding multi-physics modeling of TSVs.

We investigate, at the visible violet wavelength of 400 nm, the localized field-enhancement properties of an optical antenna consisting of two coupled metallic nanoparticles placed on the silica substrate. Compared to other shapes of optical antennas such as bowtie and coupled elliptical rods, the coupled semi-nanocapsules exhibit a stronger field-intensity enhancement in the gap and relatively weak field intensity at the outer-ends. Furthermore, the intensity enhancement of the semi-nanocapsules antenna can be further enhanced by choosing the suitable direction of illumination. These proposed structures can be used for the design and the applications of an optical antenna at the visible violet wavelength.

This paper presents a number of plasmonics based nanosensors that is currently being investigated in IHPC. In the first case, the influence of external magnetic field and electron on the field distribution of active semiconductor microcavity with elliptical shape is studied. It is observed that high amount of electron pumped into the elliptical microcavity demonstrate the plasmonics field distribution, which can be used to sense the change in wavelength and electron/holes densities. The second case will discuss about using plasmonics to enhance the electromagnetic wave from metallic waveguide slot. The enhancement is more than 100 times and this is important for the generation of electron-holes pair in PIN based photo-detector. The third case will discuss using the metallic nanowire to sense different surrounding materials. The small differences in the refractive index of the surrounding materials show the different plasmonics resonance frequencies.

We demonstrate how light can be controlled and guided in various dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides which consist of a dielectric nanowire suspended above a gold film. The different shapes of the dielectric nanowires on the gold film are characterized by means of the mode profile. Results show that the shapes of nanowires play a significant role on the performance of the waveguides. In addition, the plasmonic wavelength selective device is also discussed which is based on hetero-surface plasmons in layered structures where a hetero-dielectric nanowire is loaded on a metallic film. Our proposed structures can efficiently route and filter the light where the selective wavelength can be tuned by different geometries or refractive indexes of the hetero-dielectric nanowires.

We numerically show that it is easy to tune, both passively and actively, the transmission power delivered at different output ports of two coupled-bent dielectric-loaded plasmonic waveguides by varying the gap distance and refractive index of driven material between two dielectric stripes. We also investigate the near-field intensity to demonstrate that the power transmitted at different output ports can be varied to realize either equal or unequal levels, depending on the design specifications. A simple expression is proposed to predict the power transmitted to different output ports for a set of given dimensions and refractive index of the driven material.

In summary, we have presented an H-shaped plasmonic coupler which is based on the metal-dielectric-metal based nano-slot waveguides. The analyses of the plasmonic coupler have been carried out by using the volume integral equation method. The parametric studies of several geometry parameters have also been performed. From the results we obtained, it is found that light can be efficiently coupled into different ports and the operating wavelength of the coupler can be effectively tuned by varying the ratio between width a and b.

We investigate the plasmonic properties in terms of plasmonic resonances, near field intensity, and charge distribution of interacting nanowires chain which consists of small and large numbers of coupled silver nanowires. We show that the dominant resonance wavelength increases monotonically as the number of nanowires increases. On the other hand, the near field intensity is not only dependent on the chain length but also on the plasmonic resonances in the same chain length. The charge distribution is also demonstrated to fully understand the dependence of plasmonic properties on the chain length.

The characteristics of plasmonic nano-slot waveguides, in terms of different metallic materials and geometries, are presented in this paper. We numerically investigate how efficiently light can be guided in straight and bend types of metallic waveguide at nanoscale. For numerical simulation the Drude model incorporated finite difference time domain (FDTD) method is used to handle the dispersive nature of the metals such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum at visible and near infra-red (IR) wavelengths. It is demonstrated that the plasmonic waveguide with nano-slot is an efficient candidate for optical interconnects at the visible and near-IR range of electromagnetic spectrum. The performance of straight, 90deg and Z-bend nano-slot waveguides is discussed by means of transmission and near-field characteristics.

In this paper, we study the multiple scattering by electrically small (the radius of the cylinder is much smaller than the wavelength) plasmonic nanocylinders near surface plasmon resonance. The cylinders are assumed to be identical in dimension and composition. The incident plane wave is assumed to be TE polarized so that the plasmon resonance of two-dimensional cylindrical structures (for both individual and group of cylinders) can be excited. It is found that multiple plasmonic cylinders enhance the near-field magnetic field intensity due to mutual coupling. When the electrical dimension q of the cylinders (q=k0R, where k0 is the wave number of the free space and R is the radius of the cylinder) is fixed, the magnitude of the field distribution primarily depends on the positions of the cylinders at normal incidence.

The propagation performances of a double-chain splitter waveguide consists of coupled silver nanowires are investigated for different structures. We show that the efficiency of energy transport along the waveguide and split at a Y-junction due to surface plasmonic coupling is significantly depends on the parameters chosen for the structure such as radius of nanowire, opening angle of splitter and illuminating wavelength. The optimal structure for efficiently guiding and splitting the light at 600 nm is discussed in detail.

A fast solution to the electromagnetic scattering by large-scale three-dimensional magnetodielectric objects with arbitrary permittivity and permeability is presented. The scattering problem is characterized by using coupled field volume integral equation (CF-VIE). By considering the total electric and magnetic fields, i.e., the sum of incident fields and the radiated fields, by equivalent electric and magnetic volume currents, the CF-VIE can be established in the volume of the scatterers. The resultant CF-VIE is discretized and solved by using the method of moments (MoM). For large-scale scattering problems, the adaptive integral method (AIM) is then applied in the MoM in order to reduce the memory requirement and accelerate the matrix-vector multiplication in the iterative solver. The conventional AIM has been modified to cope with the two sets of equivalent volume currents.

The adaptive integral method is utilized to solve electromagnetic scattering and radiation problems of conducting surface-wire configurations. The method of moments (MoM) is applied to establish the integral equations where triangular type basis functions are used to represent the currents on surfaces and wires. Attachment mode has been used to model the surface-wire junction to ensure the current continuity. The resultant matrix system is then solved by an iterative solver where the adaptive integral method (AIM) is employed to reduce memory requirements and to accelerate the matrix-vector multiplications. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the present technique for the arbitrary surface-wire configurations

This paper investigates the interactions between incident electromagnetic wave and nanoparticles, especially metallic nanoparticles. The scattering of nanoparticles is characterized by using volume integral equation. By considering the total electric field, i.e. the sum of incident fields and the radiated fields by equivalent electric volume currents, the volume integral equation can be established within the scatterers. The resultant volume integral equation is discretized using appropriate basis functions and is solved numerically using a matrix solver. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the application of volume integral equation to analyze the plasmon resonance.