Abstract Background: Castleman disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder that shares similar symptoms, signs, and pathological features with malignant lymphoma. Diagnosis of CD primarily depends on pathological examinations, and CD can be histopathologically classified into hyaline vascular, plasma cell, or mixed types. The hyaline vascular type of unicentric CD is the most common, accounting for 80%-90% of cases.[3] Treatment of Castleman's disease includes surgical resection, simple chemotherapy, surgery combined with chemotherapy, or chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy, etc. Case Presentation : Here, we report the case of a 68-year-old man with bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy who was pathologically diagnosed with multicentric Castleman disease(mixed type) with plasmacytoma. He underwent a bilateral cervical lymphadenectomy, which resulted in a promising prognosis. Conclusions: Castleman disease with plasmacytoma occurs only rarely, and its pathological features are very special. To date, it has been rarely reported worldwide, and its clinical characteristics are still unclear.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations are common in non-small cell lung cancers, but rare in small cell lung cancers (SCLCs). In previous reports, some SCLC patients with EGFR mutations could benefit from EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). In this study, we reported a case in which an SCLC patient with EGFR exon 19 deletion (19-Del) mutation did not benefit from EGFR-TKIs. Interestingly, the standard treatment strategies for SCLC also failed to control tumor progression. Moreover, we screened 43 SCLC patients in China and found that the frequency of EGFR mutations in Chinese SCLC patients was about 4.65% by next-generation sequencing (NGS). Collectively, this case illustrated a rare subtype of SCLCs which harbored EGFR mutations and was intrinsically resistant to standard treatments and EGFR-TKIs. We also tried to explore the mechanisms underlying drug resistance. The literature concerning SCLCs with EGFR mutations is reviewed.

Rhabdomyoma is a rare benign soft tissue tumor deriving from striated muscle. It can be classified generally into two subtypes according to the location: cardiac rhabdomyoma and extracardiac rhabdomyoma. Cardiac rhabdomyoma manifests as well-defined solitary or multifocal nodules in heart consisting myocardial-like tumor cells with rich cytoplasm, which is more common in kids and associated with tuberous sclerosis (1). Extracardiac rhabdomyoma can be divided into three groups according to morphological features (adult, fetal, and genital types). The adult and fetal types mainly occur in the head and neck region, while the genital type usually occurs in the genital tract. To the best of our knowledge, rhabdomyoma is rarely found in the respiratory system and the visceral pleura. Only one case of pulmonary rhabdomyoma has been reported in the English literature (2). It is difficult to make a correct pre-operative diagnosis. Herein, we report the first case of rhabdomyoma originating from visceral pleura.

Puerarin is an active isoflavones derivatives used for the treatment of ischemic diseases. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of Puerarin on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) through AMPK/Akt/GSK-3 beta/Nrf2 pathway and explore its underlying mechanism. The index of myocardial injury, inflammatory biomarkers were measured, respectively. Proteins levels were investigated by Western blotting. The results demonstrated that puerarin can decline lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), serum creatinine kinase (CK) levels, attenuated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) production. Moreover, puerarin markedly enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced the amounts of malondialdehyde (MDA) in I/R rats. The expression of Nrf2, AMPK, AKT and GSK-3 beta were significantly increased by puerarin. It was assumed that Puerari might be a new therapeutic candidate for the treatment of I/R possibly through the inhibition of the AMPK/Akt/GSK-3 beta/Nrf2 pathway.

According to the 2016 WHO Classification, glioblastoma with primitive neuronal components (GBM-PNC) was added as a pattern in glioblastoma. A 59-year-old woman presented initially with paroxysmal headache at bilateral frontal temporal for a month. Imaging showed a solid cystic mass in the right frontal lobe with a range of 4.7 cmx5.6 cm. She had an operation to excise the occupying lesion in the right frontal lobe. The pathological diagnosis was GBM-PNC by histological and immunohistochemical staining. Also, this case was analyzed for IDH1 (R132) mutation by PCR and pyrosequencing, which showed that it was IDH-wildtype. The prognosis of this type is poor. In addition, literature review was carried out to discuss its clinical manifestation, histological and immunohistochemistry features, differential diagnosis and prognosis.

We recently encountered an unusual case of squamous cell carcinoma in the left of lingual body arising in a 29-year-old woman who had a history of systemic lupus erythematosus. The woman had been diagnosed as systemic lupus erythematosus for five months during which the treatment for lupus was carried out. Five months later, she went to our department of oral surgery for the treatment of "tongue ulcer". Imaging scan revealed the space-occupying lesion in the left lingual body. Biopsy was performed and the disease was diagnosed pathologically as squamous cell carcinoma of tongue via hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining.

Primary carcinoid tumors are uncommon neoplasms in the kidney. The current study presents a case of primary carcinoid tumor of the kidney in a 49-year-old female who suffered from painless gross hematuria for half a month. Left hydronephrosis, a horseshoe kidney and a space-occupying lesion of the left ureter were found by abdominal computed tomography scans and ultrasonic testing. Surgery was performed and an oval tumor was found under the left ureter; the tumor and left kidney were excised completely. The neoplasm was composed of solid nests of cells, trabeculae, adenoid structures and anastomosing cords in a loose and myxoid background. The tumor cells, which were consistent in volume, exhibited centrally oval nuclei with inconspicuous nucleoli, and eosinophilic finely granular cytoplasm. Upon immunohistochemical staining, the neoplastic cells were positive for AE1/AE3, vimentin, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, while being negative for epithelial membrane antigen, inhibin A, cluster of differentiation (CD)99, S-100 and CD10. Based on the histological characteristics, a diagnosis of primary carcinoid tumor of the left kidney was formed. The patient did not receive further treatment. The total follow-up period was 18 months after the surgery and repeated imaging examinations every 6 months revealed no recurrence.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), formerly named cluster of differentiation (CD)4+/CD56+ haematodermic neoplasm or blastic natural killer cell lymphoma, is a rare and highly aggressive haematopoietic malignancy. BPDCN typically occurs in the elderly, with a marked predilection for cutaneous involvement. The present study describes a case of BPDCN occurring in a 79-year-old male. The patient presented with skin lesions alone, with no evidence of extracutaneous involvement during the course of the disease. BPDCN was diagnosed based on histological and immunohistochemical observations and the patient was subsequently treated with local radiotherapy alone. However, rapid disease progression occurred and the patient succumbed five months after being diagnosed. The current result therefore demonstrated that BPDCN is highly aggressive even without systemic dissemination, and that radiotherapy appears to be ineffective in treating this tumor. The present study emphasizes the importance of pathologists and dermatologists being aware of this uncommon disease in order to avoid misdiagnosis.

Squamous cell carcinoma is a common malignant tumor of the uterine cervix. The present study reports the case of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix with osteoclast-like giant cells (OGCs) in an 84-year-old female who had suffered from irregular vaginal bleeding for one month. Colposcopy was performed and a cauliflower-like mass was identified in the front lip of the uterine cervix. Biopsy was then performed, and the tumor was found to be composed of epithelial cell nests, ranging in size. The neoplastic cells exhibited unclear boundaries and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Additionally, the nuclei were atypical and mitosis was observed. Among the epithelial nests, there were numerous OGCs with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, as well as multinucleation with bland nuclei. By immunohistochemical staining, the epithelial cells were positive for cytokeratin, while negative for CD68 and vimentin. By contrast, the immunophenotype of the OGCs was the exact opposite. Based on the histological characters, a diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix associated with OGCs was made. Considering the age of the patient, radiotherapy was administered. The patient succumbed to brain metastasis of the tumor after eight months of follow-up.