Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, and the mechanism underlying PD pathogenesis is not completely understood. Increasing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a critical regulatory role in the pathogenesis of PD. This study aimed to explore the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network for PD. The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmis) and genes (DEGs) between PD patients and healthy donors were screened from the miRNA dataset GSE16658 and mRNA dataset GSE100054 downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Target genes of the DEmis were selected when they were predicted by three or four online databases and overlapped with DEGs from GSE100054. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were then conducted by Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) and Metascape analytic tools. The correlation between the screened genes and PD was evaluated with the online tool Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD), and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were built by the STRING platform. We further investigated the expression of genes in the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network in blood samples collected from PD patients and healthy donors via qRT-PCR. We identified 1505 upregulated and 1302 downregulated DEGs, and 77 upregulated and 112 downregulated DEmis were preliminarily screened from the GEO database. Further functional enrichment analysis identified 10 PD-related hub genes, including RAC1, IRS2, LEPR, PPARGC1A, CAMKK2, RAB10, RAB13, RAB27B, RAB11A, and JAK2, which were mainly involved in Rab protein signaling transduction, AMPK signaling pathway, and signaling by Leptin. A miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was then constructed with 10 hub genes, and their interacting miRNAs overlapped with DEmis, including miR-30e-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-101-3p, miR-32-3p, miR-508-5p, miR-642a-5p, miR-19a-3p, and miR-21-5p. Analysis of clinical samples verified significant upregulation of LEPR and downregulation of miR-101-3p and miR-30e-5p in PD patients as compared with healthy donors. Thus, the miRNA-mRNA regulatory network was initially constructed and has the potential to provide novel insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of PD.

Purpose Dyskinesia-hyperpyrexia syndrome (DHS) is a rare but life-threatening disease. The clinical manifestations of this syndrome overlap substantially with Parkinson hyperpyrexia syndrome and serotonin syndrome and are often confused by clinicians. The purpose of this review was to enable clinicians to recognize this syndrome and thereby reach a correct diagnosis and provide optimal treatments to improve prognosis in clinical practice. Methods Using the methodology described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, we conducted a literature search of the PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE databases using keywords in titles and abstracts of published literature. Quality assessment was performed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results A total of 11 patients obtained from nine publications were included in this systematic review. All of the cases occurred in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) of long disease duration. High ambient temperature was the most common trigger of this syndrome. Hyperpyrexia and dyskinesias were present in all cases. The consciousness disturbances of this syndrome included confusion, hallucination, and lethargy or stupor. Autonomic dysfunction (except for hyperpyrexia) is uncommon in DHS, and only two patients presented with tachycardia. The treatment of this syndrome included supportive interventions (including rehydration, anti-pyretic and anti-infection treatments, and maintaining electrolyte balance), dopaminergic drug reduction and sedation. Two patients died due to DHS. Conclusions We summarized the triggers, clinical features, and treatments of all reported dyskinesia-hyperpyrexia syndrome cases, proposed guiding diagnostic criteria, and established a flow chart to guide diagnoses to quickly identify these three syndromes in clinical practice.

Abstract Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and lacunar infarcts are common manifestations of cerebral small vessel disease. However, the association between the location of CMBs and lacunar infarcts is unclear. Our study aimed to clarify the relationship between the location of CMBs and lacunar infarcts. This study retrospectively analyzed 166 patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attacks admitted in the Geriatric Neurology Department of Chinese PLA General Hospital between February 2010 and December 2012. We collected clinical characteristics and risk factors of CMBs. The location of CMBs on T2*-weighted angiography was assessed by the Microbleed Anatomical Rating Scale. The number of lacunar infarcts and the severity of white matter hyperintensities were also recorded. The association between the location of CMBs and lacunar infarcts parameters was examined. CMBs were present in 77 (46.4%) patients. The presence [odds ratios (OR), 2.14; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02–4.48], number (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.02–1.36 per lesion), severity (OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.07–2.42) of lacunar infarcts, and hypertension (OR, 5.76; 95% CI, 2.01–16.55) were independent risk factors for CMBs. Stratified by the location of CMBs, lobar CMBs and infratentorial CMBs did not show significant association with lacunar infarcts. Deep CMBs were significantly associated with the number (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.03–1.36) and severity (OR 1.71, 95% CI 1.11–2.63) of lacunar infarcts. Moreover, the percentage of deep CMBs increased with the increased severity of lacunar infarcts (P = .003). Deep CMBs rather than lobar and infratentorial CMBs are associated with lacunar infarcts.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of CMBs in elderly Chinese patients.Methods A total of 217 elderly patients,aged 60～96 and consecutively hospitalized in the Department of Neurology of the PLA General Hospital in Beijing between February,2010 and February,2012,participated in the study.MRI assessment of CMBs and routine laboratory tests were performed on all participants.Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factor associated with CMBs.Results CMBs were detected in 85(39.2%) cases,and the incidence rate of CMBs increased with the age of the patients(23.3%,28.9%,44.4% and as high as 50% in the age group of 60～69,70～79,80～89 and over 90 years respectively,P<0.05).CMBs were highly correlated with age(95% CI 1.202~2.322,P=0.014),previous hypertension(95% CI 1.143~4.927,P=0.020) and previous cerebral infarction(95% CI 1.108~4.439,P=0.024) of the patients.Conclusions CMBs occurs in nearly 40% of elderly Chinese patients over the age of 60 years.Age,previous hypertension and previous cerebral infarction are independent risk factors of CMBs in these patients.