Marine reserves are essential for the conservation of fishery resources. However, marine island reef as a natural reserve is poorly developed, mainly because the ecological patterns of fishes in such areas remain little known. Here, we attempt to uncover the diel and seasonal patterns of fish assemblage in the Zhongjieshan Archipelago, which is a typical marine island reef biotope, located at the junction of the Yangtze and Qiantang rivers in the East China Sea. Fish communities in this area are mainly composed of continental shelf demersal fishes, continental shelf benthopelagic fishes, and continental shelf pelagic-neritic fishes. Among them, continental shelf demersal fishes tend to occur in the daytime or during autumn, continental shelf benthopelagic fishes at night or during summer, and continental shelf pelagic-neritic fishes in the daytime or during spring. Seasonal migratory fishes are mainly observed during spring and summer. Moreover, alternate and migration indices showed the lowest stability of the community in the daytime and during winter, revealing that fishes prefer to occur around the island reef at night or in the day-night time. Such patterns are mainly affected by the seasonal shift, predominant communities, and diel alternation. These findings will greatly help develop the sustainable fishing strategy and construct the marine island reef reserve for the conservation of fishery resources.

为探明浙北近岸典型岛礁瓦氏马尾藻(Sargassum vachellianum)的空间分布格局,于2016年5月底至6月初,分别采用走航观察和水下样方法,对按离岸距离远近的3条岛礁带上12个岛礁瓦氏马尾藻成藻时期的分布特征进行了调查,并从不同空间尺度比较分析了3条岛礁带上瓦氏马尾藻在水平和垂直分布上的差异.结果表明:(1)在地区尺度上,高浊度和高波浪能的水域环境限制了瓦氏马尾藻的分布与生长,导致浙北近岸的瓦氏马尾藻仅分布在第二条岛礁带这一狭窄的分布带上.依据瓦氏马尾藻最低适宜生长水温要高于10℃的特性,我们可以推断出舟山群岛的绿华岛可能是我国特有种瓦氏马尾藻分布的最北部端线.(2)在站点尺度上,岛礁东南向瓦氏马尾藻定生密度明显低于西北向,这与调查站位所受风浪影响的方位和强度相一致.在第二岛礁带上的4个岛礁北向瓦氏马尾藻的平均株高仅为26.3 cm,说明瓦氏马尾藻不适宜在高波浪能生境中生存.(3)在站点尺度内,第二岛礁带上浊度最低的北渔山岛瓦氏马尾藻有较大的垂直分布范围,且定生深度达到了6.4 m,而浊度高的近岸岛礁瓦氏马尾藻垂直分布范围较小.瓦氏马尾藻株高随着水深的增加而逐渐降低,由此推测,瓦氏马尾藻虽不能耐受强光,但光照对瓦氏马尾藻的分布生长起重要作用.与同海区铜藻的垂直分布格局相比,瓦氏马尾藻具有一定适应高浊度、高沉积物环境的能力.因此,在浙北近岸海域瓦氏马尾藻是较适合进行生态移植修复的种类.

This article contains supportive data related to a research article entitled "Annual variation of species richness and lorica oral diameter characteristics of tintinnids in a semi-enclosed bay of western Pacific" (Feng et al., 2018) [1]. This article describes long term data of tintinnid assemblages in Jiaozhou Bay, Yellow sea, a semi-enclosed basin ecosystem of western Pacific, from May 2003 to December 2012. We sum up the whole dataset for each year showing tintinnid species occurrence and abundance at each site by date, as well as the photographic documentation of each tintinnid species. Further interpretation and discussion can be found in recently published by Feng et al. in Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science at Science.

In order to restore the Sepiella maindroni resources in northern coastal water of Zhejiang Province, the large-scale release had been carried out from 2013 to 2016. A total of 7835×104 ind. fertilized eggs were released, and at the same time, the follow-up monitoring survey were carried out. Considering the certain point information and supplementary sample data, we estimated several indicators including growth equation and death coefficient, built the model of fishery stock assessment, finished the simulation analysis of the variation trend of fishery pro-duction and residual rate. Meanwhile, we introduced the supplementary abilities of breeding population to quanti-tatively evaluate the enhancement effect. The results indicate that, the released Sepiella Maindroni in northern area of Zhejiang Province between year 2013 to 2016, its limited body length is 138 mm, the growth parameters K is 2.354, t0 is –0.05237 a., the total mortality coefficient (Z) is 3.04, the natural mortality coefficient (M) is 1.74, the fishing mortality coefficient (F) is 1.09. Under the current fishing intensity, releasing 1×104 ind. fertilized eggs could receive 137.3 kg production, when still supplement 502 ind. sexually mature individuals into study area. Generally speaking, stock enhancement serves the purpose of population restoration and increases both production and income in certain degree. The model estimation analysis shows: if people could postpone the capture two month, the capture production may add 10.0％, and the growth of the sexually mature individuals will also increase 27.5％. On the other hand, if the fishing mortality coefficient could reduce to 0.76, the production may increase to 155.6 kg/a, and the proportion of sexually mature individuals may add 29.4％. Finally, we hope could put forward the suggestions about improving the effect of releasing Sepiella maindroni and using the resources reasonably according to the research.

Much has been written on annual variation of tintinnid assemblages although the mechanism causing the annual variation has been poorly studied either in form of species richness or Lorica Oral Diameter (LOD) size-classes. In the present study, a 10-year (May 2003 to December 2012) survey on species occurrence, abundance, and LOD variation of the tintinnid ciliates was conducted in Jiaozhou Bay, western Pacific. In contrast to previous studies, we found summer peaks in tintinnid species richness in Jiaozhou Bay validated by multi-year investigations. We studied phenology of every tintinnid species and explored the mechanism causing the annual variation. The hypothesis was that tintinnid species richness has a winter baseline, to which warm water species added with the progress of the season. We defined the occurrence types of each species, and found there was only one cold occurrence type species. There was no overlap of cold occurrence type and warm occurrence type in the transitional period between winter and summer. The second aim of this study was to explore annual variations in tintinnid assemblages in form of LOD and redundant species. The species frequency distribution patterns among LOD size-classes were similar all year round. The abundance frequency distribution pattern in LOD size-classes could be divided into two phases: cold phase and warm phase with exception of May and September. The portion of redundant species was about 50% in every month. Our result help understand and predict annual variation of tintinnid assemblages in terms of species richness and LOD in world oceans.

In recent years,the marine organism resources in coastal areas of China have been declining continuously due to many ongoing problems,such as the over-use of the marine fishery resources and environment pollution.Artificial enhancement and releasing had become one of the effective methods to repair the fishery resources,in which the biomarker technology of the releasing species is an important mean to evaluate the effect of releasing the fishery.The Coded Wire Tag(CWT) technology,as a kind of internal sign method of fishery biology,has been widely used in the fields of population density,survival rate,stock recruitment assessment and migratory distribution. In this paper,based on a large number of relevant information and research on CWT,the history of the development of the Coded Wire Tag(CWT) technology were mainly introduced,and its application in the biological release of fisheries were briefly described,and its advantages and disadvantages were analyzed. In summary,CWT has the advantages of high marking speed, small damage to the fish,high tagging retention rate and batch marking with low costs;meanwhile,it has the disadvantage of a relatively low recapture rate. With the continuous development of fishery biomarker technology,the CWT will be more widely used in the field of fisheries resources enhancement and releasing, and become one of the development directions for the study of tagging and releasing.

Seaweed beds are a nearshore marine ecosystem composed of macroalgae and other marine organisms. In recent years, soil erosion, pollution, and other land-based mechanisms have severely reduced nearshore algal populations, particularly in areas influenced by the outflow of the Yangtze and Qiantang rivers. The Ma'an Archipelago is located in the estuary of the Yangtze and Qiantang rivers in the East China Sea. Although the archipelago is relatively distant from the shore, algal populations there have decreased significantly in recent years. The reasons for this decline are unknown, owing to an absence of data on macroalgal spatial distribution in seaweed beds and of long-term monitoring. Numerous environmental factors, operating at different scales, are likely to contribute to the abundance and distribution of macroalgae in seaweed beds. Therefore, it is important to study the beds across spatial scales to understand the ecological factors influencing the beds' presence and decline. During September 2014 and May 2015, we investigated the distribution of Sargassum horneri in germling and adult stages at 12 sites on three islands (Zhongkui, Lvhua, and Gouqi) around the Ma'an Archipelago. Our results showed that: (1) on a whole-archipelago scale, S. horneri density was highest around Zhongkui Island, and lowest around Lvhua Island. Adult plant lengths showed the opposite trend. The ratio of average densities around the three islands was 1 (Lvhua): 3.8 (Gouqi): 13.8 (Zhongkui) at the germling stage, and changed to 1:1.8:4 at the adult stage. (2) At the individual-site scale, wave exposure may explain why S. horneri density is highest in southeastern sites and lowest in northwestern ones. Around Zhongkui Island, S. horneri grew in turbulent conditions, was significantly affected by wave motion, and suffered a high mortality rate between the seedling and adult stages. (3) Within site scale, S. horneri was distributed over a considerably wider depth range around Zhongkui Island than around Lvhua or Gouqi islands. Adult S. horneri was most abundant at 2-m depth. Wave action apparently controlled the upper limit of S. horneri bathymetric distribution, whereas the lower limit depended on sedimentation and light availability.

贝类标志技术已在贝类种群密度、死亡与资源补充、生长和遗传等研究中广泛应用,并已成为贝类种群估算、资源评估及分布调查的重要手段.目前,贝类标志技术的研究仍相对较少,且由于贝类多变的形态结构和复杂的生存环境,造成了标志技术的应用仍存在问题.本文对近年来国内外在贝类标志技术方面已取得的进展进行了综述,并比较分析了几种标志方法的优缺点,以期为我国贝类标志技术的应用与研究提供依据.

Marine phytoplankton, as the primary producers of the marine ecosystem, which undertake the material cycle and energy flow by converting solar energy into organic energy through photosynthesis, have an important influence on marine fishery resources and global climate change.Based on the data from four seasonal oceanographic surveys in Daiquyang during spring (May), summer (August), autumn (November) of 2010, and winter (February) of 2011, the species composition, dominant species, cell abundance distribution of phytoplankton, the biotic index and their correlations with environmental factors were analyzed.Furthermore, seawater quality was evaluated by means of eutrophication index (E), water comprehensive pollution index (Acom) and phytoplankton diversity index (H′).A total of 116 species of 50 genera were identified, among which, 92 species belonged to 37 genera of diatoms, 20 species belonged to 10 genera of dinoflagellates, 2 species belonged to chrysophyta, and 2 species belonged to cyanophyta.In the whole year, the dominant species were Coscinodiscus jonesianus, Coscinodiscus asteromphalus and Skeletonema costatum.The number of species had a trend decreasing from the inshore to the offshore, and varied significantly among different seasons (p=0.008<0.01) with the least in spring(33 species) and the most in winter (71 species).In addition, on the spatial distribution, the cell abundance was higher in the north than in the south.There was an obvious annual change in the cell abundance, with the highest in summer (67.66×10.6 cells·m-3) and the lowest in winter(0.12×10.6 cells·m-3), which varied very significantly between summer and spring (p=0.003<0.01).Pseudo-nitzschia pungens could multiply rapidly in summer in stations D03 and D05 near Qushan island, but did not cause red tides.In winter, the diversity index was the highest, and the number of species was richer.In spring, the evenness index was the highest among four seasons, but the richness index was the lowest.Correlation analysis demonstrated that the distribution of phytoplankton community had definite correlations with water temperature, salinity, water transparency, chlorophyll a, nutrient and other environmental factors.Eutrophication index (E) showed that eutrophication would not be induced at most investigation stations in summer and winter, but induced in spring and autumn.Worse still, eutrophication was more serious in spring, most stations were in moderate.Water comprehensive pollution index (Acom) showed that the whole area was in the state of slight pollution, water quality in spring was worse than other seasons.Phytoplankton diversity index (H′) showed that autumn was in the state of heavy moderate pollution, and other seasons were basically in light moderate pollution.

为探明渔山列岛海域海藻场的空间分布格局,解析海藻场退化机制,提出海藻场生态修复策略,于2015年6月,采用水下样方法对北渔山岛海藻场的分布特征进行了调查,并比较分析了海藻场在水平和垂直分布上的差异.研究结果显示:(1)北渔山岛海藻场的支撑物种为瓦氏马尾藻和铜藻,且瓦氏马尾藻的平均密度达到了250 ind/m2,远高于铜藻的密度,是海藻场中的优势种,反映了渔山列岛的生态保护效果较好,瓦氏马尾藻海藻场生态系统相对稳定.(2)在水平分布上,瓦氏马尾藻在岛礁东南向分布稀少、而在西北向分布密集,这与岛礁不同方位受风浪影响的强度有关;在垂直分布上,瓦氏马尾藻垂直分布范围较宽,且最大分布水深为6.35 m,这也是在我国瓦氏马尾藻目前记录到的最大分布水深,而2～4 m的水深范围成为瓦氏马尾藻最适宜的栖息水深,但平均株高仅0.38 m,且生物量较低,说明近岸岛礁海域的瓦氏马尾藻藻场也处于濒临灭绝的边缘.研究结果表明,多年生瓦氏马尾藻的营养繁殖方式比一年生铜藻的有性繁殖方式更能适应现今的海洋生态环境,而一旦瓦氏马尾藻资源在外界干扰下受损将很难恢复,因此,我们可通过人工移植多年生瓦氏马尾藻的方法修复近岸海域的海藻场资源.

对照国外海洋牧场建设,中国仍处于初期建设阶段,尚未形成系统.首批20个国家级海洋牧场示范区的确定将是具有里程碑意义的正确决策,它标志着中国海洋牧场建设进入了新的轨道.未来一段时间内浙江省将会高起点、高标准地推进海洋牧场建设工作.本文分析了中国和浙江省海洋牧场建设的现状,重点介绍了东极海洋牧场建设的实践经验,并展望了浙江省海洋牧场建设的未来.

通过潜水调查枸杞岛铜藻的分布特征,并统计西北太平洋近65年台风生成的波浪对枸杞岛产生的影响以及近3年枸杞岛日常风力和风向的变化规律,分析了枸杞岛铜藻分布格局与风浪影响之间的关系.结果表明:铜藻主要分布在枸杞岛西北侧沿岸,且集中分布在平均海平面以下1～4m较浅的水深范围内,而枸杞岛东到南侧则无铜藻分布,这与85.1％台风生成的波浪影响枸杞岛的东到南侧有关;近年来枸杞岛铜藻数量减少,但近年来台风生成的波浪对枸杞岛产生的影响并没有显著增强,说明铜藻数量的减少并不是由于近年来台风的显著增强而引起;虽然枸杞岛日常风力以西北-北向最强,西北-北向风向的发生频次也较多,但铜藻却集中分布在枸杞岛西北侧沿岸,说明枸杞岛西北侧大面积贻贝养殖筏可能对风浪的影响起到一定缓解作用,保护了近岸岩礁区铜藻的分布与生长.因此,在铜藻垂直分布上移的趋势下,风浪的影响加剧了对铜藻的破坏作用,风浪对枸杞岛铜藻的分布格局起到重要作用.

Large-scale shellfish aquaculture had a significant influence on the carbon cycle process of coastal waters, and formed a"removable carbon sink". Based on the data of tracking survery of one-year-old Mytilus cor-uscus from April 2013 to February 2014 in the raft culture zones of Dongji marine ranching, the carbon sequestra-tion of M. coruscus and fouling organisms were estimated, and the carbon sequestration rates were standardized. The result showed that the carbon sequestration of M. coruscus and fouling organisms in one year culture cycle were 102.24 t and 4.88 t, respectively, and carbon sequestration rates were 5.43 tC/ (hm 2·a) and 0.26 tC/ (hm2·a), respectively. The ecological service value of CO2 emission reduction in the raft culture zones was estimated to be 371 700 RMB. There were no significant difference on wet weight ratios, water content and carbon content of shells and soft tissue, which could simplify the procedure of accounting the carbon sink capacity of cultured shellfish. In addition, the methods and conclusions of this study could be used to evaluate carbon sequestration of cultured M. coruscus in other waters. The carbon content removed by fouling organisms was estimated to be 4.77 percent of M. coruscus, and the role of fouling organisms in ecosystem carbon cycle of the raft culture zones couldn ’t be ignored.

根据2013年4月-2014年2月厚壳贻贝Ⅰ龄个体跟踪调查和2013年8-12月Ⅱ龄个体取样调查数据,利用Taylor公式、线性函数和Von Bertalanffy生长方程对中街山列岛海域厚壳贻贝生物学特征及生长规律进行了分析.结果表明:雌雄样本间壳长、壳高、壳宽、体重、贝壳重和软组织湿重差异不显著;壳长与壳高、壳宽之间有极显著的线性正相关关系,壳长与体重、贝壳重、软组织湿重之间有极显著幂函数关系;壳长生长方程为Lt=87.48(1-e-0.348(+0.913)),体重生长方程为Wt=79.51(1-e-0.348(+0.913))3;8-10月是厚壳贻贝生长旺季,8月下旬为性成熟拐点,建议厚壳贻贝春季苗的最佳收获期为10月中旬.

Ciliated protozoa have many advantages in bioassessment of water quality. The ability of tintinnids for assessing water quality status was studied during a 7-yearcycle in Jiaozhou Bay of the Yellow Sea, northern China. The samples were collected monthly at four sites with a spatial gradient of environmental pollution. Environmental variables, e.g., temperature, salinity, chlorophyll a (Chl a), dissolved inorganic nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphate (SRP), and soluble active silicate (SRSi), were measured synchronously for comparison with biotic parameters. Results showed that: (1) tintinnid community structures represented significant differences among the four sampling sites; (2) spatial patterns of the tintinnid communities were significantly correlated with environmental variables, especially SRSi and nutrients; and (3) the community structural parameters and the five dominant species were significantly correlated with SRSi and nutrients. We suggested that tintinnids may be used as a potential bioindicator for discriminating water quality status in marine ecosystems.

根据2011年2、5、8、11月(Ⅰ年度)和2012年2、5、8、11月(Ⅱ年度)对中街山列岛海洋保护区4个采样带的定置刺网调查数据,结合多样性、相对资源丰度、相对重要性指数、更替和迁移指数,对该保护区的鱼类组成、多样性特征和群落稳定性进行了分析.各季节调查共采集鱼类58种,隶属8目31科48属,其中,鲈形目鱼类26种,占44.8％.保护区鱼类以暖温性和暖水性为主,趋礁性鱼类占所有种类的79％;底层、近底层和中上层鱼类各为21、23和14种,其中褐菖鲇(Sebastiscus marmoratus)、皮氏叫姑鱼(Johnius belengerii)和鳀(Engraulis japonicus)分别为各水层的绝对优势种,褐菖鲉在秋季和冬季对丰度贡献最大,而鳀在春季和夏季对丰度贡献最大.对群落多样性和稳定性的分析显示,Margalef丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性和更替指数均为夏季最高,冬季最低;Pielou 均匀度呈现相反特点,且在冬季与夏季差异极显著(P＜0.01).研究结果表明:中街山列岛海洋保护区鱼类生物量受温度影响较大,鱼类群落组成格局主要受季节变化影响,过度捕捞导致了岛礁生境鱼类多样性下降,因此,需加快海洋牧场建设和加强岛礁生境的管理工作.

音响驯化作为一种控制鱼群行为的技术,在海洋牧场开发中的应用前景广阔.在室内控温和投饵条件下,用300 Hz和400 Hz正弦波交替音对黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus)进行音响驯化实验.结果表明,黑鲷对交替音的驯化效果经历了适应期、变化期和维稳期3个阶段;黑鲷的反应时间逐日缩短并逐渐接近对照组,第1～4天黑鲷的反应时间显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),第5天开始对刺激产生正反馈,第10天低于对照组并出现实验期最小反应时间;聚集率则逐日增加并从第5天开始显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),第7天后聚集率稳定在100％;驯化后的黑鲷在饥饿状态下对音响刺激的兴奋度比饱食后相对更高.由此可见,300 Hz和400 Hz正弦波交替音对黑鲷的反应和聚集具有明显的效果,交替音可作为黑鲷音响驯化的一种有效手段,结合投饵可以在控制鱼类行为中发挥出更大作用.

Based on the data from Zhongjieshan Islands MPA and nearwaters by using setting gillnet in 2012-2013, to analysis the diversity and stability of nekton community that resides in reef island area.The result showed that 40 species belonging to 27 families, 35 genus,2 orders of fish,14 species belonging to 9 families,10 genus, 2 orders of crustaceans and 1 specie of nekton were caught. The mean value of Shannon-Wiener index and Margalef richness index were 5.87 and 2.57, respectively. Both index indicated the same trend: summerautumnspringwinter. The Pielou evenness index was almost the same in every season and the mean value was 0.8. The abundance and biomass curves(ABC) showed the order of successively decreasing community disturbance in autumn, summer, spring and winter. The community seasonal replace index and migration index indicated that the maximum AI value in winter was 221 and the minimum in summer was 111.

以枸杞岛铜藻垂直分布特征为基础,并通过现场实验分析了环境因子(沉积物、暴波强度(wave exposure)、光照强度)对铜藻幼苗阶段垂直分布及生长的影响.结果表明:铜藻的主要繁殖群体集中分布在潮间带低潮区121-240 cm的水深范围内,水深大于480 cm没有发现成藻植株;光照对铜藻的生长起重要作用,低光照强度可能不会导致铜藻的大量死亡,但明显抑制了铜藻的生长,248 μmol m-2 s-1的光照强度为铜藻快速生长提供了有利条件,而并没有导致铜藻幼苗大量死亡;低暴波强度虽降低了铜藻被移除的风险,但为沉积物和附生生物在铜藻附着基上的积累创造了条件,进而影响了铜藻早期定居阶段的存活;随着水深的增加,沉积物在附着基上的沉积水平显著增多(P＜0.01),沉积物长时间的覆盖导致了铜藻幼苗大量死亡.因此说,沉积物可能是影响铜藻垂直分布格局的主要因子.