BackgroundExisting epidemiological studies investigated the association between a single vitamin and hypertension. However, the potential relationship between the level of circulating multivitamins and blood pressure has not been explored. We aimed to investigate the association between multiple fat-soluble vitamin levels and blood pressure.MethodsA total of 2052 participants with essential hypertension were sampled nationwide. The plasma concentrations of fat-soluble vitamins (A, E, D, and K) were assessed using liquid chromatography coupled with the mass spectrometry method. Participants were categorized into different co-exposure patterns using the unsupervised K-means clustering method. The multiple linear regression model was used for subsequent analyses.ResultsParticipants were classified into two co-exposure patterns of fat-soluble vitamins. The levels of vitamins were relatively low in pattern 1, compared to pattern 2. Participants in pattern 2 had no significantly different blood pressure levels compared to pattern 1. However, the plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) levels were negatively associated with SBP (logarithmic 10 transformed) (β = −0.002, 95% CI: −0.004, 0); participants in the fourth α-tocopherol quartile had mean SBP levels that were 1.02% (95% CI: 0.43, 1.61%) greater than those in the lowest quartile (p for trend <0.01). In addition, no significant relationships were found between plasma VA/VK concentrations and blood pressure.DiscussionAlthough no significant association between fat-soluble vitamin co-exposure patterns and blood pressure was found, further analyses could imply that plasma α-tocopherol levels may offset the potential protective effect of plasma VD3 on blood pressure among hypertensive adults. This provided a novel perspective for exploring the joint effects of fat-soluble vitamins on blood pressure. Further studies are warranted to better understand the implications.

Objective The relationship between plasma copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes in adults with hypertension is unclear. We aimed to determine the association between plasma copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes in Chinese adults with hypertension. Methods A total of 2,579 participants (697 cases and 1,882 controls) was included in this cross-sectional study. Plasma copper concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Multivariable logistic regression model was used to determine the association between plasma copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes. Results According to the logistic regression analyses, the adjusted OR for the prevalence of diabetes in participants with plasma copper concentration ≥109.4 μg/dL was 1.26 (1.00, 1.58) compared with those with plasma copper concentration <109.4 μg/dL (P = 0.048). The association was no longer significant following further adjusting for serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration as a potential confounder. Stratified analyses demonstrated that serum HDL-C concentration significantly modified the association between plasma copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes (P-interaction = 0.043). In the strata of serum HDL-C concentration ≥1.2 mmol/L, a 56% increased prevalence of diabetes was observed in participants with plasma copper concentration ≥109.4 μg/dL compared with those with plasma copper concentration <109.4 μg/dL (P = 0.008). No significant relationship between plasma copper concentration and prevalence of diabetes was found in other strata. Conclusion Our findings suggested that high plasma copper concentration (≥109.4 μg/dL) was associated with increased prevalence of diabetes in Chinese hypertensive adults with serum HDL-C concentration ≥1.2 mmol/L.

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace metal element required for optimal human health. However, few studies have assessed the Mn status in hypertensive patients, especially in China. Moreover, factors associated with Mn status have not yet been thoroughly explored. Therefore, we aimed to assess the serum Mn status of adults with hypertension in China and its association with demographic factors. An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted to assess serum Mn concentrations in 14 provinces of China. A total of 2597 patients with hypertension were randomly identified by sex, age, and district, and serum Mn concentrations were quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In our study population, the median serum Mn levels were 1.60 (interquartile range (IQR), 0.94–2.85) µg/L for males and 1.51 (IQR, 0.86–2.69) µg/L for females. In adjusted linear regression models, significantly higher serum Mn concentrations were found in summer (compared with spring, β, 1.06 µg/L, 95

Manganese (Mn) is an essential trace metal element that is associated with diabetes; however, the results of previous studies are inconsistent. Furthermore, few studies have been conducted in a hypertensive population. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between manganese and diabetes in a population with hypertension. A cross‐sectional study was conducted, including 2575 hypertensive individuals from 14 provinces in China. Serum manganese concentrations were measured by the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) method. And logistic regression models were used to analyze the association between serum manganese and the risk of diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes was 27.0% in this hypertensive population. In logistic regression models, the odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for diabetes in tertile subgroups were 1.40 (1.12, 1.76) and 1.32 (1.05, 1.65) for tertiles 1 and tertiles 3, respectively, compared to tertile 2 (reference). Additionally, an interaction between sex and manganese was observed. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) for diabetes were 1.29 (0.95, 1.75) and 0.96 (0.70, 1.31) for tertiles 1 and tertiles 3 among males, and 1.44 (1.01, 2.04) and 1.81 (1.29, 2.55) for tertiles 1 and tertiles 3 among females, respectively, compared to tertile 2. In conclusion, a U‐shaped association between serum manganese and diabetes was observed in a Chinese population with hypertension, and the association was modified by sex.

Background: Copper is an essential micronutrient and plasma copper plays an important role in the development of myocardial infarction and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-specific mortality. However, nationwide data on the plasma copper concentrations and determinants in Chinese adults with hypertension is limited. Aims: We aimed to assess the range of plasma copper concentrations and its associations with demographic, environmental, lifestyle and dietary factors in a nationwide cohort of Chinese adults with hypertension. Methods: A cross-sectional study including 2599 adults (1389 males and 1210 females) with hypertension was conducted from February 2017 to May 2018 in 14 provinces in China. Plasma copper concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: The mean concentration of plasma copper was 95.3 ± 18.9 μg/dL for all participants, and 90.8 ± 18.2 μg/dL in males and 100.4 ± 18.5 μg/dL in females, respectively. In adjusted linear regression models, those living in areas with daily mean temperature (Tm) < 14.5 ℃ were positively associated with plasma copper concentrations compared with those in areas with Tm ≥ 24.7 ℃ (β = 4.55, 95% CI = 2.83, 6.27; P < 0.001). Similar associations were observed in patients who were female, aged ≥ 65 years, currently smoking and currently drinking alcohol. Conclusions: The mean plasma copper concentration of Chinese adults with hypertension was 95.3 ± 18.9 μg/dL. Participants who were female, aged ≥ 65 years, living in areas with Tm < 14.5 ℃, or currently smoking or drinking alcohol were positively associated with plasma copper concentrations, indicating the potential impact of demographic, environmental, lifestyle and dietary factors on plasma copper concentrations.