The activated carbon particles made of Kastanien nuts were applied to the EDLC electrodes by using an alkaline activation method. The capacitance and internal resistance of the assembled EDLC cell were measured with 34% KOH water Electrolyte. The density of capacitance of Kastanien nut cells was approximately 30F/cm3 (4.1Wh/L) in the EDLC cell. The density of capacitance of Kastanien nut cells achieved 1.8 times one of charcoal cells. The surface area per unit weight of activated Kastanien nut particles is also more than 2 times as wide as charcoal. It shows that the density of capacitance of EDLC cells is strongly dependent on the base material of activated carbon.

Many streets in Europe and the US are lined with horse chestnut trees. However, its fruit is inedible and poorly utilized. Therefore, its effective utilization has been a big issue. For recycling of horse chestnut seed, it was separated into "sarcocarp and endodermis" and "outer theca"; each part was finely ground for analysis of its functions. Ground horse chestnut seed showed excellent antibacterial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Streptococcus mutans. Antibacterial activity was particularly strong against E. coli, which is a Gram-negative bacterium. The "outer theca" part showed a higher antibacterial activity than did the "sarcocarp and endodermis" part. It was found that the polyphenol content of the "outer theca" of the horse chestnut fruit was approximately three times that of the "sarcocarp and endodermis"; these polyphenols are believed to play a role in the seed's antioxidation capacity. The ground outer theca of horse chestnut seed showed oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of 531 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g. Antioxidant activity was assumed to contribute to the antibacterial activity. In other words, antioxidant activity was assumed to damage the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall. For possible recycling of horse chestnut seed, compounded paper containing the ground outer theca blended with pulp fibers was prepared. In this study, compounded paper containing ground "outer theca" was prepared using a traditional Washi paper-making method. The compounded paper was found to retain high deodorizing activity of the ground theca. Furthermore, although mechanical properties deteriorated as the proportion of the ground outer theca increased, these parameters remained adequate for practical applications. The compounded paper may be expected to have a wide range of applications as a highly functional paper with high gas permeability, deodorant activity, and antibacterial activity.

Silicone oils have been applied as replacements for mineral oils in transformers and other electrical equipment. Investigations of their electrical and thermo-physical properties have been carried out. Few studies of the measurements of positive and negative ions in these liquids exist. The present paper summarizes the data published. The modes of charge transport in these liquids are discussed on the basis of the Stokes model, which leads to the Walden's rule. Comparison with data of other dielectric liquids leads to the conclusion that Walden's rule is not applicable for a variety of dielectric liquids.

This article is devoted to the 60th birthday of Dr. Hari Singh Nalwa and outlines his outstanding contributions, distinguished scientific career and business accomplishments to date. The January and February 2014 issues of the Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, dedicated to Dr. Hari Singh Nalwa on the occasion of his 60th birthday, provide its readers 134 state-of-the-art review articles contributed by leading experts from around the world focusing on a wide range of nanotechnology-related research areas.

Silicone oils are possible replacements for mineral oils in transformers. Many investigations on their electrical and thermo-physical properties have been carried out. Few reports on the measurements of the mobilities of positive and negative ions in these liquids exist in the literature. The present contribution summarizes data published and discusses the modes of charge transport in these liquids.

für Naturforschung in cooperation with the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Dieses Werk wurde im Jahr 2013 vom Verlag Zeitschrift für Naturforschung in Zusammenarbeit mit der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V. digitalisiert und unter folgender Lizenz veröffentlicht: Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 Lizenz. Photoionization of C60 and C70 in Liquid Alkanes

Few data exist on the change of mobility of ions in nonpolar dielectric liquids by pre-irradiation of the liquid sample with ionizing radiation. Such data are especially important for cases where such liquids are used in devices, which operate under exposure of high-energy radiation. Examples are transformers in nuclear power stations or liquid ionization detectors in high-energy physics experiments. In this short communication we summarize data that were obtained during our fundamental studies of ion mobilities in non-polar dielectric liquids. Some data were obtained in the search for warm liquids suitable for ionization detectors in high-energy physics calorimeters.

The low field ion mobility and the ion-ion recombination coefficient in hexafluoropropene were measured in the density range 1.6–1018 cm−3 (67 mbar) to 1.9.1020 cm−3 (6.52 bar) at 296°K. An anomalous density dependence of the ion mobility was observed, which is discussed on the basis of a transport model involving cluster formation. The effective ionization coefficient (α-η) /N as a function of E/N exhibited also a density dependence. Measurements of the photo ionization threshold did not show anomalous density effects. It is concluded that the attachment process is responsible for the density dependence of (α-η)/N.

Ionic and electronic charge carriers are usually injected into dielectric liquids either by ionization by high energy radiation or by photoelectric effect at an electrode. Here, we summarize and discuss data on the drift velocity as a function of applied electric field obtained with these methods. While the drift of ions can be described by Stokes' law of laminar motion up to the highest field strengths measured, the drift of electrons at higher electric field strengths is characterized by an increase of their energy above the thermal energy of the liquid, which enables them to initiate electronic reactions. The importance for the description of electric breakdown processes will be discussed.

The structure of negative ions in liquid 4He is analyzed. The possibility of cluster or bubble formation around impurity ions of both signs is discussed. It is shown that in superfluid helium, bubbles form around negative alkaline earth metal ions and clusters form around halogen ions. The nature of "fast" and "exotic" negative ions is also discussed. It is assumed that "fast" ions are negative ions of helium excimer molecules localized inside bubbles. "Exotic" ions are stable negative impurity ions, which are always present in small amounts in gas discharge plasmas. Bubbles or clusters with radii smaller the radius of electron bubbles develop around these ions.

Structure and properties of positive and negative ions in liquid 4He are analyzed. The possibility of clusters or bubbles formation around impurity ions of both signs is discussed. It is demonstrated that in superfluid helium around negative alkaline-earth metal ions bubbles are formed and around halogen ions clusters are formed. The nature of “fast” and “exotic” negative ions is also discussed. It is assumed that the “fast” ions are negative ions of helium excimer molecules localized inside bubbles. The “exotic” ions are stable negative impurity ions, which are always present in small amounts in gas discharge plasma. Around such ions bubbles or clusters are created with radius smaller the radius of electron bubbles.

The structure and mobility of positive and negative ions in non-polar liquids are analyzed. The possibility of clusters and bubbles creation around ions of both signs is discussed. It is demonstrated that complexes formed around negative metal and halogen ions in superfluid helium have qualitatively different structures, although the measured values of the mobility were similar. In the case of Ba−and Ga− ions, which have low electron affinities, a bubble is formed around the ion; this bubble is similar to an electron bubble. In the case of Cl−, F−, and I− ions, which have high electron affinities, a cluster is formed near the ion; this cluster is similar to the well-studied cluster at the He+ ion.

The mobility of defined positive and negative ions in liquefied xenon is discussed from a microscopic point of view. The effects of electrostriction and spatial variation of viscosity around the ion have a profound influence on the mobility. In the case of negative ions, in addition, the repulsive exchange interaction between the lone electron and the closed electron shells of the xenon atoms has to be taken into account. Generalization of these findings allows to explain qualitatively the difference between positive and negative ion mobility in non-polar dielectric liquids.

A simple model is used for estimating of the bottom energy of the electron conduction band and the electron-forbidden gap energy. It is shown that electrons in fluid hydrogens are localized not in electron bubbles, as was considered previously, but in molecular negative ions surrounded by voids about 0.5 nm in radius. The conductivity of fluid hydrogens at not very high pressures is connected to transfer of positively charged clusters and negatively charged bubbles. As the pressure and density increase, molecular dissociation occurs and electron localization on atoms becomes more favorable, also with the creation of a void around atomic negative ions. At a sufficiently high concentration of atoms, the probability of tunnel transition of an electron from one atom to another becomes closed to unity, the energy levels of the negative ions degenerate in the band, and the conductivity is caused by the transfer of these quasifree electrons. It is supposed that this charge transfer mechanism may play an important role in the region of the fluid hydrogens metallization.

In this key-note lecture we summarize briefly the physical and chemical properties which make non-polar liquids suitable as detection media for liquid ionization chambers. For fast detectors, a high electron mobility and a high ionization yield are necessary while for slower ionization chambers and imaging detectors, liquid with smaller electron mobilities and ionization yields are tolerable. In liquefied rare gases, the collected charge can be increased by converting excitation light into charge carriers by photoionization of solutes. In liquid xenon, charge carrier multiplication by electron avalanches is possible. The limitations of these two internal amplification processes is discussed.

Dissociative electron attachment (DEA) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is studied by two independent electron beam experiments using mass spectrometric detection of the product ions. The fragments OH− and O− are observed from a prominent low energy resonance peaking near 0.4 eV. The partial absolute DEA cross-sections are 6.8×10−17 and 1.7×10−17cm2 for the OH− and the O− channels, respectively. These numbers are several orders of magnitude higher than for the corresponding DEA processes in simple OH containing organic compounds. These numbers are also important from the point of view of radiation damage in biological tissues.