A biosafety assessment is a crucial first step in the management of microbial culture collection to screen and determine unexpected potential plant and human pathogenic bacteria. It is common to collect and store as many fresh culture collections from natural resources before being further evaluated for antagonist bacteria. As a result, a bulk of isolates must be preserved which required more effort and budget. Safety evaluations based on the hemolysis and hypersensitive reactions offer simple tests to ease culture collection management of antagonist bacteria. The study aimed to evaluate the safety of bacterial culture collection for their hemolysis and hypersensitive reactions. Ninety-five isolates of rhizosphere and endophytic bacterial isolates from the culture collections of the Department of Plant Protection-IPB University, Indonesian Industrial and Beverages Crops Research Institute, and Indonesian Spice and Medicinal Crops Research Institute, were evaluated their safety using the hemolysis and hypersensitive tests. The hemolysis test was conducted using blood agar media, from which isolates with a negative (?) reaction were then tested for the hypersensitivity reaction on tobacco leaves. Bacterial isolates passed from both hemolysis and hypersensitivity tests were then preserved by the lyophilization method for long-term storage of culture collection. Based on the hemolysis test, 68 out of 95 bacterial isolates (71.57%) were found to be positive (? or ?) reactions. The hypersensitive test showed that 22 of 27 negative hemolysis isolates did not trigger hypersensitivity reactions in tobacco leaves, therefore, they were preserved by lyophilization. The study indicated that a high number of bacterial isolates in the present collection, 68 positive hemolysis, and 5 hypersensitive, need to be re-evaluated due to their safety concerns. The present study highlights the importance of biosafety tests performed in an early stage before the to permanent collection of antagonist isolates.

In oil palm, Ganoderma boninense causes stem rot disease, which is often difficult to control, and soil fertility status is related to the ecology of G. boninense as a soil-borne pathogen. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the relationship between soil fertility and stem rot disease as well as appropriate management methods to control the disease. This was carried out at the Nusantara Plantation Company's 7, Unit Kiwah Rejosari-Pematang from June 2021 to January 2022. The determination of observation blocks was carried out selectively using three blocks of land attacked by Ganoderma boninense with the same criteria for the year of planting and the same soil type. Each block consists of five plots. Each plot consisted of five sub-plots, consisting of 3 oil palms for disease severity assessment and soil sampling. The soil for each subplot was composed of 15 samples, which were analyzed for physical and chemical properties of the soil. Determination of fertility status based on the soil research manual published by the Indonesian Bogor Soil Research Center with parameters from the analysis results. The limiting factor for fertility is the cation exchange capacity of the soil, which ranges from 10.07 meq/100 g to 17.68 meq/100 g, and the C-organic content, which ranges from 0.40 to 1.15%. According to chi-square analysis, this fertility-limiting factor is related to disease severity. Therefore, management needs to be done by adding organic matter to the soil, practicing organic or inorganic fertilization, and following the principles of cultivating healthy oil palm plants.

Produksi bawang merah di Indonesia menghadapi permasalahan hama dan penyakit yang berat. Penggunaan pestisida menjadi andalan petani hingga saat ini untuk pengendalian hama dan penyakit tersebut. Beberapa agens biokontrol hama dan patogen bawang merah terbukti efektif secara individual, namun belum terintegrasi di lapangan. Tujuan penelitian ialah mengevaluasi kombinasi agens biokontrol dengan efektivitas terbaik untuk menekan insidensi penyakit utama bawang merah di lapangan. Percobaan lapangan dilakukan di Tegal, Jawa Tengah, salah satu sentra penghasil bawang merah di Indonesia. Perlakuan yang diuji ialah kombinasi Fusarium nonpatogenik (FNP) + plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)+ khamir antagonis (KA), FNP + KA, PGPR + KA, FNP+PGPR, fungisida sintetik, dan tanpa perlakuan (kontrol). Penelitian disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok dengan empat ulangan sebagai blok. Semua perlakuan kombinasi agens pengendali hayati dan fungisida sintetik menunjukkan perbedaan nyata dengan perlakuan kontrol dalam menekan penyakit busuk batang (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae) dan bercak ungu (Alternaria porri), tetapi tidak berbeda nyata antarperlakuan. Produktivitas bawang merah dengan perlakuan agens pengendali hayati memiliki bobot umbi segar yang cukup tinggi. Tanaman dengan perlakuan agens hayati PGPR + KA dan FNP + PGPR memiliki bobot umbi segar yang paling tinggi di antara perlakuan agens pengendali hayati lainnya. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi kombinasi agens pengendali hayati berpotensi menekan penyakit bawang merah di lapangan.

Echinoderms are marine water invertebrates that are showing diverse morphologies and grouped in five classes, however the reports on this species from Gili Ketapang Island, East Java is currently limited. DNA barcodes (DNA fragments of the 5' end of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene, COI) have been used to support the morphological examination in identifying evolutionary lineages. This study aims to identify the morphology and supplement of COI sequence and phylogenetic of Echinoderms from Gili Ketapang Island. A total of sixteen samples of Echinoderms were collected from Gili Ketapang, Probolinggo, Indonesia, then identified based on morphological characters, and supports identification was confirmed using molecular data. Subsequently, molecular characterization and identification was conducted based on 503 bp of COI gene similarity, sequence variation, genetic distance, phylogenetic topology, and BOLD System. According to the results, sixteen sample were identified as Diadema setosum ; Macrophiothrix longipeda ; Archaster typicus ; Echinometra mathaei , Holothuria atra ; Linckia laevigata , Bohadschia argus , and Ophiactis savignyi. Each species was associated with a specific DNA barcode cluster and the relationship among these species was clearly revealed. Each species based on morphological identification and COI sequence clusters were congruent. The median joining network and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) analysis showed this Echinoderms population from Probolinggo had relatives of 14 haplotypes and divided into eight haplogroups. Furthermore, the population belonged to the same haplogroup but had different haplotypes. This newly records established sequence reference library for the Gili Ketapang Island.

Soil-borne soil pathogens are pathogens that inhabit the soil and can survive for years in the soil, making them very difficult to control. Control with pesticides and fungicides harms the ecosystem, so other controls are needed such as soil solarization. This study aims to determine the growth response of soil-borne pathogens and soil microbial populations to soil solarization treatment. The study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments consisting of solarization on soil media, solarization on soil and compost media, without solarization on soil media, and without solarization on soil media and compost on plastic trays. Each treatment was repeated 4 times. The soil-borne pathogens used were Sclerotium rolfsii and Rigidoporus lignisus. Each pathogen was planted in each planting medium with a depth of 5 and 10 cm. Then each tray is covered with 0.1 mm thick transparent plastic. Then given solarization treatment for four weeks. At the end of the observation, sclerotia and R. lignosus were grown on PDA media to be tested for pathogen survival and the solarization efficacy against pathogen growth was calculated. Soil samples from each treatment were also taken to calculate the soil microbial population. The results showed that soil solarization was able to suppress the growth of R. lignosus by 80-100% and S. rolfsii by 100%. Meanwhile, the microbes found in the soil solarization treatment consisted of groups of bacteria and fungi, respectively 7.67×104–1.90×107 CFU.mL-1 and 1.00×104–5.82×105 CFU.mL-1.

Penyakit blas merupakan salah satu penyakit penting yang dapat menyebabkan kehilangan hasil pada tanaman padi. Pengendalian penyakit dengan menggunakan varietas tahan dan penggunaan fungisida masih belum efektif karena tingginya variasi genetik patogen blas, yaitu cendawan Pyricularia oryzae. Pengendalian hayati di antaranya menggunakan cendawan endofit diharapkan mampu menjadi alternatif untuk menekan P. oryzae. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji aplikasi perendaman dan penyemprotan cendawan endofit Nigrospora sp. dalam menekan penyakit blas. Percobaan dilakukan di dalam pot yang diletakkan di lapangan terbuka di Bogor dari bulan Februari sampai Oktober 2021. Aplikasi cendawan endofit yang diujikan meliputi perendaman benih, penyemprotan tajuk dan kombinasi keduanya. Sebagai pembanding digunakan tanaman yang diberi perlakuan fungisida berbahan aktif trisiklazol dan tanaman kontrol yang tidak diberi perlakuan. Pengamatan meliputi insidensi penyakit, keparahan penyakit dan kolonisasi cendawan endofit pada potongan daun. Meskipun insidensi penyakit mencapai 100% untuk semua perlakuan pada pengamatan terakhir (7 minggu setelah inokulasi), namun tingkat keparahannya tertekan oleh perlakuan Nigrospora sp. Cendawan endofit Nigrospora sp. mampu menekan keparahan penyakit blas daun sebesar 3.0%–25.3% dan blas leher sebesar 49.5%–61.6% jika dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Penekanan penyakit blas paling stabil mulai dari awal pengamatan sampai akhir pengamatan ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan kombinasi perendaman benih dengan penyemprotan Nigrospora sp. Kemampuan cendawan endofit dalam mengolonisasi tanaman padi pada perlakuan Nigrospora sp. berkisar 40.0%–55.6%.

Antraknosa merupakan penyakit penting pada tanaman cabai di Indonesia yang disebabkan oleh Colletotrichum acutatum. Antraknosa sangat merugikan karena menurunkan hasil produksi. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendapatkan cendawan laut yang berpotensi menghambat pertumbuhan C. acutatum dan menekan penyakit antraknosa, serta mengidentifikasi isolat cendawan laut yang potensial sebagai agens pengendalian hayati. Potensi agens hayati mengacu pada hasil penapisan seperti uji antagonis dan senyawa organik volatil (SOV), sedangkan penghambatan penyakit antraknosa pada cabai didasarkan pada hasil pengukuran insidensi penyakit dan diameter gejala antraknosa. Hasil uji menunjukkan semua isolat cendawan laut berpotensi menghambat pertumbuhan C. acutatum dan menghasilkan SOV, serta dapat menekan insidensi penyakit antraknosa pada cabai. Empat galur cendawan laut, yaitu 4145, B3st2, GN322, Z521 memiliki potensi menjadi agens pengendalian hayati penyakit antraknosa pada cabai. Hasil identifikasi empat galur tersebut berdasarkan analisis sikuen nukleotida adalah Fusarium proliferatum 4145, Trichoderma harzianum B3st2, fungal endofit GN322, dan Fusarium solani Z521.

Recently, a sudden-death disease caused by Cytospora euginae has been reported in several major clove-producing areas in Indonesia. Previous surveys indicated that drought stress factors are suspected of having an essential role in disease predisposition. This study aimed to know the effect of drought stress and PGPR treatments on disease development. The experiment was arranged in two randomized block designs with two treatments, drought stress, and PGPR. Drought stress treatment consisted of three levels, i.e., W1 = control or without drought stress on 80% field capacity (FC), W2=60% FC, and W3=50% FC, while the PGPR treatment consisted of two levels P1=with PGPR and P2=without PGPR. The results showed that a single treatment of drought stress significantly affected all the indicators of disease development. Meanwhile, its interaction with PGPR treatment only considerably delayed the development of bark canker symptoms. Drought on 60% and 50% field capacity significantly shortened the disease incubation period at 14.4 and 9.7 DAI, increased the disease incidence until 100%, increased area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) namely 505.8 and 572.2, and reduced plant defense response as indicated by a small number of callus formation namely 0.8 and 0.1callus per plants.

Endophytic fungi are fungi that live in healthy plant tissues without causing disease symptoms. Endophytic fungi in chili have been tested as both biocontrol agents and growth promoters, but their colonization has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of colonization of endophytic fungi and its effect on the growth of chili seedlings. A total of 8 endophytic fungi were prepared at a density of 2.8 × 106 CFU mL-1. Then the endophytic fungus was inoculated 2 times, first by soaking the seeds, and secondly by watering the endophytic fungus suspension on chili seedlings aged 3 weeks after sowing. Endophytic fungi were re-isolated on chili seedlings that were 4 weeks old after sowing on the roots and stems to determine their colonization ability. Chili seeds were then maintained for up to 4 weeks after transplanting to observe their growth. The results showed that the endophytic fungal colonization ranged from 26-60% on the chili root, while at the base of the stem it was 20-40% with a different pattern of colonization distribution. In addition, endophytic fungus colonization was also able to increase the shoot height and root length of chili seedlings.

Piper Crocatum Ruiz & Pav leaves often be used to treat various diseases, including cancer, empirically. This study aimed to analyze the anticancer activities of Piper Crocatum bioactive compounds via In Silico analysis. The methods were biological activity analysis, cell line cytotoxicity activity, SwissADME, STITCH, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation. The investigated bioactive compounds were β-asarone, methyl piperonylketone, and coumaric acid. The results showed the biological activities of the compounds related to anticancer were anti-mutagenic, TNF expression inhibitive, and MMP9 expression inhibitive. The prediction of cytotoxicity analysis results showed that investigated bioactive compounds were toxic on various tumor cell lines. Based on swissADME results, almost all compounds have good pharmacological properties, except coumaric acid. Docking analysis demonstrated the presence of bioactive compounds inhibited TNFa, HER2, and MMP9 as the target protein. The molecular dynamic result was confirmed using molecular dynamic and it shows that β-asarone interaction was stable against MMP9 and TNF protein showed by the low RMSD value. The study found the investigated bioactive compounds of Piper crocatum have the activity of anti-cancer via the inhibition of TNFa and MMP9 protein. However, further research still needs to be done to confirm the prediction results of this In Silico study.

Fusarium oxysporum merupakan penyebab penyakit layu dan banyak mematikan tanaman pisang. Cendawan ini diketahui mampu hidup dan bertahan sebagai endofit pada gulma dan menjadi sumber inokulum yang nantinya menyebabkan penyakit pada tanaman pisang. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengisolasi F. oxysporum dari akar gulma yang tumbuh di sekitar pertanaman pisang di Bogor, Jawa Barat, kemudian menguji sifat patogenisitasnya. Identifikasi morfologi dilakukan dengan mengamati koloni, konidium, dan klamidosporanya. Uji patogenisitas isolat endofit dilakukan di laboratorium menggunakan bibit pisang var. Raja Bulu. Sebanyak 9 isolat F. oxysporum berhasil diisolasi dari gulma yang tumbuh di sekitar pertanaman pisang. Semua isolat menunjukkan ciri morfologi sebagai F. oxysporum, yaitu koloni berwarna ungu, makrokonidium berbentuk kano dengan tiga sekat false head pendek, mikrokonidium berbentuk silindris atau ginjal, dan klamidospora umumnya tersusun tunggal. Semua isolat menyebabkan insidensi penyakit sebesar 100% pada bibit pisang var. Raja Bulu dengan keparahan gejala layu pada daun antara 58.33% sampai 77.78% dan nekrosis pada bonggolnya antara 50.00% sampai 69.44%.

Plant stress due to NaCl compound will have an impact on the reduction of plant growth and yield. Tolerant varieties are required to increase plant production in coastal areas since these areas are closely related to salinity. This study aimed to (1) determine the appropriate NaCl concentration for saline tolerance in maize stress selection, (2) determine the response of maize plant to salinity stress in nutrient culture, and (3) determine the response of new hybrid maize having adaptibility in coastal area. Two experiments were run from November 2017 until May 2018. The first experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Laboratory of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture University of Bengkulu to determine the tolerance response of 25 new hybrid maize to salinity in nutrient culture. The second experiment was conducted on the coastal areas in Beringin Raya Village, Muarabangkahulu District, Bengkulu City to determine the response of new hybrid maize having adaptibility in a coastal areas. The concentration of NaCl at which level the LC50 was determined was found to be in 150 mM. This concentration was then used to test the tolerance of 25 new hybrid maize to NaCl stress. The hybrids of CT18, CT19, CT22, CT25, CT31, CT33, CT34, CT40, CT47, and CT50 showed good responses to the concentration treatment of 150 mM NaCl based on plant fresh weight and shoot dry weight. The hybrids of CT17,CT19, and CT20 showed good adaptibility on coastal area based on the length of cob, diameter of cob, seed weight per cob, and cob weight per plant. Among those three hybrids, CT17 and CT20 resulted low fresh weight and low shoot dry weight. The factors other than NaCl in coastal area maybe affect better response. However, CT19 proved as a hybrid which was consistently in a good response to salinity stress both in nutrient culture and in coastal growing area.

White root fungus (Rigidoporus microporus (Fr.) Overeem) devastates thousands of hectare of rubber tree plantation in Indonesia. The information on the presence of inoculum in the soil is important for farmers to make preemptive management action. The objective of the research was to study the use of cassava root as bait to detect R. microporus in soil. Assays were conducted in Plant Clinic, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia from 2012 to 2013. Cassava root was tested as baits, with artificially inoculated soils, at various concentration of inoculum levels (10, 10, 10 cfu/g soil). Frequency of baits colonized by R. microporus and other fungi was examined. Moreover, sensitivity test was also made by testing cassava root cut with soil artificially infested by four soilborne pathogenic fungi. Finally, comparison was made between cassava root baits and plating on Worrall selective medium for detection of white root rot fungus from infested field soil. Cassava root baits was proven to be an effective, selective and fairly sensitive technique for the detection of white root fungus. Cassava root baits technique was able to detect the fungus with minimum propagule density of 10 cfu/g soil. The technique was comparable with plating on selective Worrall media.

Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc), a causal agent of panama disease was reported carrying bacterial endosymbionts. This research aimed to identify the endobacteria in 7 Foc strains and to study their symbiosis effect on the Foc pathogenicity towards Ambon Kuning and Tanduk banana cultivars. The pathogenicity of endobacteria-Foc symbiosis were tested in vitro on banana plantling. Crude filtrate and biomass suspension that were produced by culturing each Foc strains for 21 days in static condition either in PDB (Potato Dextrose Broth) (Foc − ) or in antibiotics supplemented PDB (Foc +) were used as effectors. The Foc pathogenicity was stated as disease severity percentage on leaves and on rhizome. The result showed that all Foc strains contained endobacteria. Enterobacter sp. was hosted by Foc IPBCC 19.1427 and Izhakiella australiensis was in the hyphae of Foc IPBCC 19.1430. Enterobacter sp. affected Foc IPBCC 19.1427 virulence towards banana cv. Tanduk through effectors in the filtrate, while that towards cv. Ambon Kuning was unclear. Izhakiella australiensis did not affect Foc IPBCC 19.1430 virulence towards the two banana cultivars. The pathogenicity of Foc should further be verified, as the antibiotics given could not completely kill the endobacteria.

Phytophthora palmivora, is a deadly pathogen of duku, causing serious problem in the main production area, especially in Jambi Province, Indonesia. The pathogen can infect duku plant in all stage of growth including seedlings. Organic amended media might become a potential alternative option for this disease management. These studies were performed in soil media containing organic fertilizer of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% (v/v), served as treatment, and subjected to completely randomized design with 5 replications. This research found that incorporating 20% of organic fertilizer into media was able to lower disease severity by 23%. The ability of organic fertilizer to increase media bacterial and maintain fungal density and increase chemicals of C-org, P, K, Ca, Mg and Zn played important roles in reducing disease development.

Analysis of Causative Factors for Canker Disease Epidemic on Rubber Plants in South Sumatra. Lasiodiplodia theobromae is the cause of stem canker in the rubber plant (Hevea brasiliensis), this is a new disease and has never been reported in Indonesia. Currently, data on environmental factors and cultivation techniques related to the development of stem canker are not available so research needs to be done on this subject. The objective of the study was to analyze environmental factors and cultivation techniques related to stem canker on rubber trees in southern Sumatra. The study was conducted by collecting data on environmental factors and cultivation techniques and then analyzed the association with stem canker. Field observation was carried out at 21 locations in PT. Perkebunan Nusantara VII Business Unit Padang Plawi Bengkulu, Tulung Buyut Lampung, Musilandas Palembang and Experimental Garden of Sembawa Research Center, Indonesian Rubber Research Institute at Palembang to measure the severity and incidence of this disease. Besides that, the data of cultivation technique and the condition of the garden were taken from the officer at those locations. Soil sample from each location was taken in a composite way, then its physical and chemical components were analyzed. The analysis was conducted to find out the correlation between cultivation and disease severity using chi-square test. The relationship between chemical and physical factors of the soil with the disease severity was analyzed using a multivariate test of principal component analysis/PCA. Regression analysis was conducted to show the possible relation to the incidence and severity of this disease. The location, clones, weed control and the number of plants per hectare showed a correlation with the disease severity. There was a positive correlation between incidence and severity of the disease. The highest disease severity occurred at the Sembawa location on clone BPM 24, with the number of plant population per ha was ≥ 555 trees and weed control using herbicide. Content of soil nitrogen, dust, clay and water as well as cation exchange capacity (CEC)were suggested to significantly contribute to the severity of stem canker.

Sea cucumber is marine biota with a high economic value and also has potential for anti-cancer. The purpose of this study was to explore the mechanism of active compound of Bohadschia argus on regulating cancer cell survival. The B. argus samples were collected from the sea of Kamal Village, West Seram Maluku, then extracted by water. The constituents of water extract of B. argus were examined by LC-MS. The network among active compound and its protein target were determined by Cytoscape app. The result shows that B. argus has several active compounds, such as chondroitin sulfate, holothurin A, holothurin B, and scabraside that might play a role in cancer cell apoptosis, proliferation, and metastasis.

Identity of Botrytis Species on Horticultural Crops In West Java, Indonesia Botrytis species are economically important pathogens with a very broad host range including more than 200 horticultural crops. The identity of these fungus found in Indonesia has not been investigated and need to be reconfirmed due to the species variations of Botrytis found worldwide. The aims of this research were to identify Botrytis species infecting crops in West Java based on its morphology and molecular characteristics, as well as its pathogenicity traits. Based on morphological characters, all 25 isolates found were identified as B. cinerea. ITS-based sequences of the 8 isolates showed 96-100% similarity to reported B. cinerea in GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis confirmed that all collected B. cinerea were grouped in the same cluster with Australia, Netherlands, and other Asian region isolates. Pathogenicity tests using strawberry fruits demonstrated that all isolates were pathogenic as indicated by grey mold symptom development; the isolates from orchid showed the highest virulence. This research is the first report confirming Botrytis cinerea identity based on morphology and molecular methods in Indonesia, and also confirmed B. cinerea as the only species of Botrytis found in West Java.

Abstract. Hayati I, Wiyono S, Widodo, Sobir. 2019. Variability of agronomic characters related to resistance to stem canker (Phytophthora palmivora) on duku (Lansium domesticum) along Batanghari River, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 1127-1132. Duku (Lansium domesticum Correa) is a tropical favorite fruit in South East Asia, including Indonesia. However, currently stem canker disease caused by Phytophthora palmivora Butler (Butler) has been a serious problem on duku plant in Indonesia, especially in Jambi Province. Since duku is vegetatively propagated, selecting resistant mother trees is an effective approach to overcome the disease. This research was aimed to identify mother trees and their progenies that resistant to stem canker pathogen. The research was conducted in two stages. The first one was morphological identification of healthy-looked mother trees grown at four locations: three in Batanghari and one in Muaro Jambi District. The second stage was analyzing resistant seedling progeny of mother trees identified at the first stage. At the second stage, 3 month old seedlings were inoculated with P. palmivora, isolated from rhizosphere of trees grown at the researchs location using Completely Randomized Design. The research found 19 healthy mother trees, and showed similarity index of 0.40 based on eleven identified agronomic characters of mother trees. Cluster analysis revealed 2 identified clusters of mother trees with the identified clusters were independent of plant growth locations. Seedling resistant analysis showed that there were only 5 seedlings expressing resistant traits. Correlation analysis showed that the resistant seedlings were originated from mother trees which tend to have longer leaves, more fruits per branch, more yields, and bigger canopies. This information of the characters can possibly become future reference to choose resistant plant as sources of mother trees to develop and maintain duku populations along the Batanghari River.

Lasiodiplodia theobromae merupakan cendawan penyebab kanker batang pada tanaman karet (Hevea brasiliensis Muel Arg.), penyakit ini merupakan penyakit baru dan belum pernah dilaporkan sebelumnya di Indonesia. Banyak cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengendalikan penyakit kanker batang. Strategi pengendalian yang terbaik adalah dengan pengelolaan penyakit yang membutuhkan pengetahuan mengenai ekobiologi patogen, inang, dan interaksinya dengan lingkungan biotik dan abiotik. Pengendalian patogen harus didasarkan pada pengetahuan tentang bioekologinya. Diharapkan dengan pengetahuan bioekologi bisa dijadikan dasar untuk bisa menghambat perkembangan atau menurunkan populasi inokulum di lapangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan pengaruh pH secara in vitro terhadap pertumbuhan patogen kanker batang dan laju penurunan viabilitas tubuh buah akibat penyimpanan. Kisaran pengaruh pH media meliputi 3, 4, 5, 6 dan 7. Penyimpanan tubuh buah dilakukan dalam wadah tanpa diberi tanah, diberi tanah steril dan tanah tidak steril. Penentuan viabilitas dilakukan pada 30, 60, 90 dan 120 hari masa penyimpanan. Semakin rendah pH menyebabkan pertumbuhan miselia terhambat.