To examine the mediating effect of family structure in the relationship between paternal Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and maternal child maltreatment. The method was quantitative analysis of secondary data. Changes in family structure fully mediated the relationship between IPV victimization and maternal child physical abuse (Δ = .069) and partially mediated the impact of IPV on maternal child psychological abuse (Δ = .051). Households wherein IPV occurs are not only unsafe for children because of potential abuse by the perpetrators, they also create dynamics that increase the risk of child maltreatment by the IPV victim. Treating only substance abuse or managing only child maltreatment may be insufficient if these issues are the direct or indirect result of domestic violence. Programs that integrate services are urgently necessary to address the overlap of child abuse and domestic violence.

The boundary between Hemphillian and Blancan North American Land Mammal Ages has been elusive and equivocal. Our work identifies that boundary at about 4.9 to 5.0 Ma, based on paleomagnetic and radioisotopic dating of strata producing Blancan and Hemphillian mammals in Meadow and Spring Valleys of Lincoln County, eastern Nevada, and in the Pine Nut Mountains of western Nevada. Magnetostratigraphic study of the Panaca Formation in Lincoln County yielded a composite section with six magnetozones. The Healdsburg Tephra was identified near the top of the section in Meadow Valley, thereby placing the Lincoln County composite section relative to the Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS). The arvicolid rodent Mimomys, an indicator of the Blancan LMA, appears near the base of magnetic chron C3n.3r, about 4.98 Ma, in the Panaca Formation. Both Blancan and Hemphillian mammals have been reported from a stratigraphic sequence near Buckeye Creek in the Pine Nut Mountains of western Nevada. Magnetostratigraphic study of this area produced a thick (280 m) section with six magnetozones. A pumice layer near the top of magnetozone D+ yielded an Ar-40/Ar-39 date of 4.96 Ma, thereby correlating magnetozone D+ with Chron C3n.4n (Thvera subchron) of the GPTS. A Hemphillian rhino is recorded below the pumice layer and a Blancan bear is recorded above it. Correlation of the Lincoln County and Pine Nut Mountain sections in Nevada is consistent with placement of the Hemphillian/Blancan boundary in chron C3n.3r or the top of chron C3n.4n of the GPTS, about 4.9 to 5.0 Ma.

Two incidents of partner violence are investigated using qualitative methodology to discover strategies women use to protect themselves and examine women's use of violence. Data were collected from 447 women (age 18 or older) from 7 domestic violence programs and 5 substance use disorder treatment programs in a midwestern state. Women were found to have developed numerous self-protection strategies, some using nonphysical means only, others using physical means only, and others combining nonphysical and physical means. Women often used a variety of strategies in the same incident. Few women initiated violence against partners. Implications for theory and research are discussed.

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the associations between mother physical abuse, mother psychological aggression, father physical abuse and father psychological aggression and women's alcohol dependence while controlling for several demographic variables, childhood sexual abuse and mother and father alcohol problems. Method: Samples of women in treatment for substance use disorders (n = 225) and receiving services for domestic violence (n = 222) volunteered to be in the study. We used the Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scales to assess retrospectively experiences of parental aggression during childhood and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for a diagnosis of alcohol dependence based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) criteria. Results: Logistic regression applied to the data showed that being in the substance use disorder treatment sample, being unemployed and not being black were significantly related to a higher likelihood of lifetime diagnosis of alcohol dependence. Mother psychological aggression was found to be significantly associated with alcohol dependence. Father psychological aggression was found to be significantly related to alcohol dependence for nonwhite women but not for white women. Mother and father physical abuse were both found to be significantly related to alcohol dependence, but only for women who did not report childhood sexual abuse. Conclusions: Associations between experiences of childhood abuse and development of alcohol problems for women are complex. Experiences of mother and father abuse need to be examined separately with samples of women who are of different ethnicities and samples of women who are receiving services for different problems.

We collected data from 447 women (aged 18 or higher) from seven domestic violence programs and five substance use disorder treatment programs in a midwestern state. Women who reported a nonabusive natural/adoptive father or stepfather (N= 185), abusive natural/adoptive father or stepfather (N= 200), or absent father figure (N= 40) were compared on a series of mental health measures with multivariate analysis of variance and pairwise post hoc comparisons using the Bonferroni test. Women with absent father figures were found to have significantly lower mean scores on the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and Trauma Symptom Checklist-40 (TSC-40) than women with abusive fathers. There were no significant differences between women with absent father figures and women with nonabusive father figures on the Beck Anxiety Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, and TSC-40. Implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed.

The Danghe area in western Gansu Province is at the focal point of interaction of the northeastern end of the left-lateral Altyn Tagh Fault and growing ramp thrusts of the Danghe Nanshan Mountains along the northern rim of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. With a thick sequence of Tertiary sediments and associated fossil records, the Danghe area is one of few places on the Tibetan Plateau that can offer integrated studies of its tectonic history, depositional environment, and biological records, including vertebrate and plant fossils. Past studies, however, have not been able to capitalize on the paleontological data or were often misguided by an outdated notion of regional chronology. Incorrect age estimates in these studies often have profound effects on tectonic interpretations. We present new stratigraphic and paleontologic evidence from the Danghe area and demonstrate a new chronologic scheme that indicates a much younger age for the majority of the sediments. We recognize three packages of sediments in the Danghe area: (1) Oligocene Paoniuquan (new name) Formation, basal, predominantly fine-grained, dark purple mudstones and siltstones that include the classic Yindirte Fauna, which forms the basis of the Tabenbulukian mammal age; (2) early Miocene to early late Miocene Tiejianggou (new name) Formation that contains a new platybelodont proboscidean in a coarsening-upward sequence terminating in a massive conglomerate; and (3) an unnamed late Neogene formation that contains another coarsening-upward sequence. In light of our new stratigraphic framework, we reinterpret a previously published magnetic column for the middle sequence in Xishuigou as representing chrons C6n through C4Ar corresponding to a span of about 20–9.3 Ma, much younger than has been realized so far. This new chronological framework suggests a depositional history of the Danghe Nanshan that spans at least the early Oligocene through late Miocene, to possibly Pliocene. Early depositions during the Oligocene through middle Miocene are dominated by fine-grained sediments indicating a distant source of sedimentation. Paleontological data suggest a relatively dry environment, as is typical of northern China today. By late Miocene (around 9–12 Ma), the Danghe area began to receive coarse sediments and was much closer to the mountain front. The new stratigraphic framework indicates an earlier onset of sedimentation than has generally been assumed, but also suggests the presence of sediments much younger than many have realized.

Thirty-five years ago Dick Tedford and Len Radinsky collected the remains of three individuals of a new gerbil in the hill country of Afghanistan. Tedford's gerbil is a new, large species of a widespread late Neogene genus, Abudhabia. The material is extraordinarily complete, including three crania and many of the postcrania. The extinct taxon is clearly a gerbil based on dental and cranial features, while it has a relatively underived basicranium. The long hind limb proportions appear strongly derived. The bulla is enlarged and the mastoid is little inflated, not as inflated as in many gerbils. The fossil form is a primitive taterilline and suggests homoplasy in ear structure and dentition among modern taxa.

Thirty-five years ago Dick Tedford and Len Radinsky collected the remains of three individuals of a new gerbil in the hill country of Afghanistan. Tedford's gerbil is a new, large species of a widespread late Neogene genus, Abudhabia. The material is extraordinarily complete, including three crania and many of the postcrania. The extinct taxon is clearly a gerbil based on dental and cranial features, while it has a relatively underived basicranium. The long hind limb proportions appear strongly derived. The bulla is enlarged and the mastoid is little inflated, not as inflated as in many gerbils. The fossil form is a primitive taterilline and suggests homoplasy in ear structure and dentition among modern taxa.

Chinese Neogene Rhinocerotidae has quite a complete record and its temporal range is the Early Miocene to Late Pliocene. The samples include 25 species in 4 tribes of 2 subfamilies. They are used as a foundation for the study of the evolution of the family and its relation to climatic changes. Taxonomic diversity, new records and extinctions are estimated for each Chinese Neogene mammal faunal unit (NMU). The diversity of Chinese Rhinocerotidae varies noticeably throughout the Neogene and is recognized within five stages: the Middle Miocene and Late Miocene are stages of high diversity and the Early Miocene, early Late Miocene and Pliocene are stages of low diversity. Rhinocerotid diversity and morphology are closely related to environmental factors and particularly sensitive to changes in ambient temperature and humidity. The interpretation of climatic variation reflected in the evolution of Rhinocerotidae corresponds precisely with the conclusions drawn from other workers and provides new evidence for research on the Neogene terrestrial ecosystem in China.

A partial skeleton was recovered from middle Miocene Muruyur sediments near Kipsaramon in the Tugen Hills, Baringo District, Kenya. The specimen, representing much of the upper skeleton, comes from locality BPRP#122 dated between 15·58Ma and 15·36Ma. It is referable to the middle Miocene hominoid taxon Equatorius africanus. Preliminary descriptions of the partial skeleton are provided. While the anatomy of the wrist, thorax and hindlimb in Equatorius is similar to that of Afropithecus and Proconsul, the morphology of the new skeleton confirms earlier interpretations of greater terrestriality in Equatorius.

Abstract A partial skull and lower jaw with associated postcranial skeleton of Didymoconus berkeyi Matthew and Granger, 1924 was recently collected from the late Oligocene of Lanzhou Basin, Gansu Province, China. Besides being the first discovery of this genus in the Lanzhou Basin, the new material of Didymoconus represents the most complete individual of this species. The new specimen is paleomagnetically bracketed between 27–30 Ma in the Lanzhou section and helps to refine the biostratigraphy of this species elsewhere in eastern Asia. The postcranial skeleton provides valuable insight into its locomotion apparatus and offers possible characters for phylogenetic positioning of this enigmatic form. An enlarged hand and claws, along with a strong forelimb and robust skull, suggest fossorial adaptations.

Research indicates that many forms of violence are prevalent in women\u0027s lives. Both physical and psychological violence can occur from perpetrators who are strangers, acquaintances, family members, or partners. These experiences exist throughout women\u0027s lives. They never outgrow their concerns, fears, and the need to cope with violence. Thus, fear of violence permeates the lives of all women, influencing their decisions, impacting their psychological and physical health, and limiting their options. Violence exists across cultures and women\u0027s perspectives of violence have been shaped not only by this widespread awareness of violence but also by historical events that continue to influence women\u0027s lives. Health care settings have largely been relegated the role of attending to the acute physical consequences with little involvement in prevention or intervention efforts. However, the health care system offers, potentially, one of the most powerful systems for implementing change. Violence remains one of the most important public health crises in many communities.

A partial hominoid skeleton just older than 15 million years from sediments in the Tugen Hills of north central Kenya mandates a revision of the hominoid genus Kenyapithecus, a possible early member of the great ape-human clade, The Tugen Hills specimen represents a new genus, which also incorporates all material previously referable to Kenyapithecus africanus. The new taxon is derived with respect to earlier Miocene hominoids but is primitive with respect to the younger species Kenyapithecus wickeri and therefore is a Late member of the stem hominoid radiation in the East African Miocene.

> The consensus view among geologists is that the Lanzhou Basin sequence of sedimentscontains the Oligocene/Miocene boundary, but where this occurs is unknown. Indeed, this is thecrux of the issues concerning mid-Tertiary paleontology in Asia: what fauna corresponds with thistime? What turnover events or distinctive taxa signal the beginning of the Miocene epoch? Onceknown, this will be of broad usefulness because vertebrate-bearing deposits are widespread in Asiaand can be used to date basin sediments. Lanzhou and other basins permit a means of correlating tothe time scale by using fauna and paleomagnetic data locally, and ultimately radiometric data fromdistant localities, to develop a precise biochronology. Herein, we summarize faunal constraints,primarily those of small mammal taxa, on correlation of the Lanzhou magnetozone sequence to themagnetic time scale. We conclude that the lower part of the Xianshuihe Formation contains theOligocene/Miocene boundary, and that the top of the formation, both in the south and north partsof the basin, is middle Miocene in age. Rodents from lower white sand units of the XianshuiheFormation, correlate to the Xiejia assemblage of the Xining Basin, Qinghai Province, and are early,but not earliest, Miocene age. The implication for rodent faunas of the epoch boundary is that theyretained a mainly "Oligocene" composition, and that other presumed late Oligocene assemblagesmay be, in fact, early Miocene in age. The Lanzhou appearance of Proboscidea is 19-18 Ma, asexpected.

Data were collected from 472 women between the ages of 18 and 45 drawn from five sources: outpatient alcoholism treatment, DWI education programs, a shelter for battered women, outpatient mental health treatment, and randomly from the community. To control for alcohol problems and help-seeking behavior; respondents were classified into three groups: women with alcohol problems and in treatment, women without alcohol problems and in treatment, and women in the random sample. Controlling for respondents'(a) help-seeking behavior; alcohol problems, race, childhood socioeconomic status, and parental alcohol problems, (b) experiences of father-to-daughter verbal aggression and violence, and (c) level of severity of father-to-daughter abuse were found to predict adulthood psychiatric symptomatology. However experiences of mother-to-daughter verbal aggression and violence, as well as level of severity of mother-to-daughter abuse were found unrelated to adulthood psychiatric symptomatology in the multivariate analyses. Explanations for the greater effect of father verbal abuse and violence are discussed.