The characteristics of sewage effluent and sludge depend upon the degree of treatment. The levels of treatment-primary, secondary, and tertiary-are classified on the basis of removal of constituents, usually biological oxygen demand and suspended solids. Sewage effluent irrigation was continued and immediately a dense cover of herbaceous and shrub vegetation developed. The commonly used methods are slow-rate irrigation, overland flow, and rapid infiltration-percolation. Forest land represents a potential for recycling municipal waste water, due partly to the high infiltration and permeability of the soil found in established forests. Distribution of waste water is usually by fixed or moving sprinkler systems or by surface application. Under the “living filter” concept of land application of waste water, the vegetative cover is an integral part of the renovation system in that it provides for the uptake and removal of nutrients in the waste water.

Journal of Environmental QualityVolume 14, Issue 2 p. 300-300 Book Review Land Surface Reclamation: A Review of the International Literature H. P. Sims, C. B. Powter, and J. A. Campbell. Alberta Land Conservation & Reclamation Council, c/o Alberta Environment, Oxbridge Place, 9820-106 Street, Edmonton, AB T5K 2J6. 1984 William E. Sopper, William E. Sopper Forest Hydrology Institute for Research on Land and Water Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802Search for more papers by this author William E. Sopper, William E. Sopper Forest Hydrology Institute for Research on Land and Water Resources, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 April 1985 https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq1985.00472425001400020029xAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume14, Issue2April‐June 1985Pages 300-300 RelatedInformation

The 1977 Clean Water Amendments to Public Law 92-500 were enacted to ~strengthen the ori@nalpolicy of encouraging the utilization ofinnovative, alternative management techniques far the treatment and disposal of municipal wastewater. These alternative techniquesinclude spmy krigation and overland flow land treatment systems which can be used individual& cr combined with lagoons. The lagoons serve as pre-treatment systems for settling, microbial degradation of BOD, and/or for storage during periods of cold or wet weather. The proper selection and management -of vegetation k ckritical.for the efIlcient renovation of municipal wktewater by slow rate, overland flow, or spray irrigation systems.

Data from forested experimental watersheds in the eastern United States indicate that leaching of nutrients after timber harvesting, especially clearcutting, tends to increase from south to north, while increases in streamwater temperature and sediment loadings tend to decrease. Concentrations of nutrients in streamwater are highest where revegetation of cutover areas is delayed. Also, increased streamwater temperature (in addition to increased light) caused by exposing stream channels may influence water quality by affecting a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Soil erosion losses from harvesting operations can be kept to acceptable levels by following available land-management guidelines, and with supervision by qualified foresters. Buffer strips, in which only light selection cutting is allowed, will help minimize sedimentation as well as nutrient leaching and stream temperature increases.

(1976). Use of the earth's crust for treatment or storage of sewage effluent and other waste fluids. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 111-130.

Serious pollution problems are often created by the disposal of municipal waste water into surface waters. An obvious alternative method is diversion of these waste waters to the land. Such non-aqueous methods of disposal might eliminate or alleviate many water pollution problems and, in some cases, could even provide secondary benefits such as recharge of groundwater reservoirs, and increased production of crops and wood fibre. Research results indicate that, with properly programmed application rates, large volumes of waste water can be satisfactorily renovated through irrigation of forestland, and considerable amounts of high-quality water recharged to the ground-water reservoir. In addition, secondary benefits such as increased tree growth, increased site productivity, and site amelioration have also been obtained. The deliberate reclamation of waste water for potential reuse is one of the keys to optimum utilisation of our water resources. Such reclamation for reuse will receive increased attention in the future as we struggle to improve our environment and maintain an equilibrium with nature.

The first survey of formal instruction in forest hydrology, forest watershed management, and forest influences was made in 1953 by Dils [1954]. This survey was updated in April 1956 and published as part of the Society of American Foresters, Division of Watershed Management committee report on the training of men in forest hydrology and watershed management [ Wilm et al. , 1957]. It appeared again in 1960 in a report by Dils on the status of educational programs in watershed management [ Dils , 1960]. As of 1960 Dils reported that 18 of the 28 accredited forestry schools and 2 of the non‐accredited forestry schools offered one or more professional courses dealing with watershed management under a variety of titles, including water resource management, watershed analysis, forest influences, and forest hydrology.

Stage‐discharge relationships were determined for a sharp‐crested compound 30°–150° V‐notch weir and a sharp‐crested parabolic weir. Measurements were obtained from both laboratory models and field installations. Both weir designs were found to be more accurate and sensitive in detecting small changes in discharge at low flows than the conventional sharpcrested 90° and 120° V‐notch weirs.