A number of aliphatic 2-aminoethanesulphonic acid (taurine) derivatives were tested for their anticonvulsant activity in maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazole seizure threshold tests in mice. Certain piperidino, benzamido, phthalimido and phenylsuccinylimido derivatives were effective. Phthalimidoethanesulphon-N-methylamide, which inhibited the binding of both taurine and GABA to isolated synaptic membranes, appeared the best anticonvulsant among the derivatives tested.

Objectives: This study examined the acute effect of small-sided-game (SSG) and resistance training sequence on neuromuscular, endocrine and mood response over a 24-h (h) period. Design: Repeated measures. Methods: Fourteen semi-professional soccer players performed SSG-training (4vs4 + goalkeepers; 6 x 7-min, 2-min inter-set recovery) followed by resistance training 2 h later (back-squat, Romanian deadlift, barbell-hip-thrust; 4 x 4 repetitions, 4-min inter-set recovery; 85% 1 rep-max) (SSG + RES), and on a separate week reversed the session order (RES + SSG). Physical demands of SSG's were monitored using global positioning systems (GPS) and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE). Countermovement-jump (CMJ; peak power output; jump height) and brief assessment of mood were collected before (pre), during (0 h) and after (+24 h) both protocols. Salivary testosterone and cortisol concentrations were obtained at the same time-points but with the inclusion of a measure immediately prior to the second training session (+2 h). Results: GPS outputs and RPE were similar between SSG-training during both protocols. Between-protocol comparisons revealed no significant differences at +24 h in CMJ performance, mood, and endocrine markers. Testosterone was higher at Oh during RES + SSG in comparison to SSG + RES (moderate-effect; +21.4 +/- 26.7 pg ml(-1) ; p = 0.010), yet was similar between protocols by +2 h. Conclusions: The order of SSG and resistance training does not appear to influence the physical demands of SSG's with sufficient recovery between two sessions performed on the same day. Session order did not influence neuromuscular, endocrine or mood responses at +24 h, however a favourable testosterone response from the resistance first session may enhance neuromuscular performance in the second session of the day. (C) 2020 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Objectives: This study profiled the 24 h neuromuscular, endocrine and mood responses to a single versus a double training day in soccer players. Design: Repeated measures. Methods: Twelve semi-professional soccer players performed small-sided-games (SSG's; 4 vs 4 + goalkeepers; 6 x 7-min, 2-min inter-set recovery) with neuromuscular (peak-power output, PPO; jump height, JH), endocrine (salivary testosterone, cortisol), and mood measures collected before (pre) and after (0 h, +24 h).The following week, the same SSG protocol was performed with an additional lower body strength training session (back-squat, Romanian deadlift, barbell hip thrust; 4 x 4 repetitions, 4-min inter-set recovery; 85% 1 rep-max) added at 2 h after the SSG's. Results: Between-trial comparisons revealed possible to likely small impairments in PPO (2.5 +/- 2.2 W kg(-1); 90% Confidence Limits: +/- 2.2 W kg(-1)), JH (-1.3; +/- 2.0 cm) and mood (4.6; +/- 6.1 AU) in response to the double versus single sessions at +24 h. Likely to very likely small favourable responses occurred following the single session for testosterone (-15.2; +/- 6.1 pg ml(-1)), cortisol (0.072; +/- 0.034 ug dl(-1)) and testosterone/cortisol ratio (-96.6; +/- 36.7 AU) at +24h compared to the double session trial. Conclusions: These data highlight that performance of two training sessions within a day resulted in possible to very likely small impairments of neuromuscular performance, mood score and endocrine markers at +24 h relative to a single training session day. A strategy of alternating high intensity explosive training days containing multiple sessions with days emphasising submaximal technical/tactical activities may be beneficial for those responsible for the design and delivery of soccer training programs. (C) 2019 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

William, S, Turner, AN, Weston, M, Russell, M, Johnston, MJ, and Kilduff, LP. Neuromuscular, biochemical, endocrine, and mood responses to small-sided games' training in professional soccer. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2569-2576, 2018-The 24-hour responses to small-sided games' (SSGs) soccer training were characterized. Professional soccer players (n = 16) performed SSG's (4vs4 + goalkeepers; 6 × 7-minutes, 2-minute interset recovery) with performance (peak power output [PPO] and jump height [JH]), physiological (blood creatine kinase [CK], lactate, salivary testosterone, and cortisol), and mood measures collected before (baseline), and after (immediately; 0, +2, and +24 hours). For PPO and JH, possibly small-moderate reductions occurred at 0 hour (-1.1 W·kg; ±0.9 W·kg, -3.2 cm; ±1.9 cm, respectively), before returning to baseline at +2 hours (trivial), and declining thereafter (small-moderate effect) at +24 hours (-0.9 W·kg; ±0.8 W·kg, -2.5 cm; ±1.2 cm, respectively). Lactate increased at 0 hours (likely large; +1.3 mmol·L; ±0.5 mmol·L), reduced at +2 hours (likely-small; -0.5 mmol·L; ±0.2 mmol·L), and returned to baseline at 24 hours (trivial). A very likely small increase in CK occurred at 0 hour (+97 μ·L; ±28 μ·L), persisting for +24 hours (very likely small; +94 μ·L; ±49 μ·L). Possibly small increases in testosterone (+20 pg·ml; ±29 pg·ml) occurred at 0 hour, before likely moderate declines at +2 hours (-61 pg·ml; ±21 pg·ml) returning to baseline at +24 hours (trivial). For cortisol, possibly small decreases occurred at 0 hour (-0.09 μg·dl; ±0.16 μg·dl), before likely large decreases at +2 hours (-0.39 μg·dl; ±0.12 μg·dl), which persisted for 24 hours (likely small; -0.12 μg·dl; ±0.11 μg·dl). Mood was disturbed by SSG's at 0 hour (likely moderate; +13.6 AU, ±5.6 AU) and +2 hours (likely small; +7.9 AU; ±5.0 AU), before returning to baseline at +24 hours (trivial). The movement demands of SSG's result in a bimodal recovery pattern of neuromuscular function and perturbations in physiological responses and mood for up to 24 hours. Accordingly, when programming soccer training, SSG's should be periodized throughout the competitive week with submaximal technical/tactical activities.

Objectives: Biochemical (e.g. creatine kinase (CK)) and neuromuscular (e.g. peak power output (PPO)) markers of recovery are expensive and require specialist equipment. Perceptual measures are an effective alternative, yet most validated-scales are-too-long for daily use.Design: This study utilises a longitudinal multi-level design to test an adapted Brief Assessment of Mood (BAM+), with four extra items and a 100 mm visual analogue scale to measure recovery.Methods: Elite under-21 academy soccer players (N =11) were monitored across five games with data (BAM+, CK and PPO) collected for each game at 24 h pre, 24 h and 48 h post-match. Match activity data for each participant was also collected using GPS monitors on players.Results: BAM+, CK and PPO had significant (p <.05) linear and quadratic growth curves across time and games that matched the known time reports of fatigue and recovery. Multi-level linear modelling (MLM) with random intercepts for 'participant' and 'game' indicated only CK significantly contributed to the variance of BAM+ scores (p <.05). Significant correlations (p <.01) were found between changes in BAM+ scores from baseline at 24 and 48 h post-match for total distance covered per minute, high intensity distance covered per minute, and total number of sprints per minute.Conclusions: Visual and inferential results indicate that the BAM+ appears effective for monitoring longitudinal recovery cycles in elite level athletes. Future research is needed to confirm both the scales reliability and validity. (C) 2016 Sports Medicine Australia. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

As the acceleration and deceleration demands of soccer are currently not well understood, this study aimed to profile markers of acceleration and deceleration capacity during professional soccer match-play. This within-player observational study required reserve team players from a Premier League club to wear 10-Hz Global Positioning System units throughout competitive matches played in the 2013-14 competitive season. Data are presented for players who completed 4 or more games during the season (n = 11), and variables are presented according to six 15-minute intervals (I1-6:00:00-14:59 minutes, 15:00-29:59 minutes, 30:00-44:59 minutes, 45:0059: 59 minutes, 60:00-74:59 minutes, and 75:00-89:59 minutes, respectively). During I6, the distance covered (total, per minute, and at high intensity), number of sprints, accelerations (total and high intensity), decelerations (total and high intensity), and impacts were reduced compared with I1 (all p <= 0.05). The number of high-intensity impacts remained unchanged throughout match-play (p> 0.05). These findings indicate that high-intensity actions and markers of acceleration and deceleration capacity are reduced in the last 15 minutes of the normal duration of match-play. Such information can be used to increase the specificity of training programs designed for soccer players while also giving further insight in to the effects of 90 minutes of soccer-specific exercise. Interventions that seek to maintain the acceleration and deceleration capacity of players throughout the full duration of a soccer match warrant investigation.

The movement demands of the soccer extra time period are unknown despite the importance of this period of play. Data are presented for five English Premier League reserve team players who wore GPS ( 10 Hz) monitors during an official soccer match that required extra time to be played. Countermovement jump performance ( peak power output ( PPO) and jump height) and creatine kinase ( CK) concentrations were assessed before (- 24 h; baseline) and after (+ 24 h, + 48 h) match play. Players covered 14,106 +/- 859 m ( 109 +/- 7 m center dot min- 1) throughout the game. From 90 to 120 min, 3213 +/- 286 m were covered and 12 +/- 6 sprints, 221 +/- 14 accelerations and 207 +/- 16 decelerations occurred. From 105 to 120 min, acceleration and deceleration parameters reduced by > 10% compared to the opening 15 min. At + 24 h and + 48 h, PPOreduced by 416.1 +/- 199.9W( 10.9% +/- 4.4%) and 155.1 +/- 34.8 W ( 4.1% +/- 0.8%), jump heights decreased by 0.064 +/- 0.046 m ( 17.8% +/- 11.2%) and 0.025 +/- 0.009 m ( 7.4% +/- 3.2%), whereas CK increased by 586.6 +/- 85.1 mu center dot l- 1 ( 236% +/- 92%) and 266.8 +/- 134.7 center dot l- 1 ( 107% +/- 89%) versus baseline, respectively. Physical performance markers reduced throughout match play and countermovement jump performance was impaired, while CK remained elevated, for at least 48 h after the game. Interventions which maintain performance throughout a game and which enhance recovery in the days after 120 min of soccer match play warrant further investigation.

The specific movement demands of soccer that are linked to post-match recovery and readiness to train are unclear. Therefore, we examined the relationship between Global Positioning System (GPS) variables and the change (Delta; from baseline) in Creatine Kinase (CK) concentrations and peak power output (PPO; during the countermovement jump) at 24 h and 48 h post-match. Fifteen English Premier League reserve team players were examined over 1-4 matches. Measurements of CK and PPO were taken before (24 h prior to match-play) and after (+24 h and +48 h) each game during which movement demands were quantified using 10 Hz GPS data. High intensity distance covered (r = 0386, p = 0.029; r =-0349; p = 0.050), high intensity distance covered.min(-1) (r = 0365, p = 0.040; r =-0.364, p = 0.040), high speed running distance (r = 0.363, p = 0:041; r =-0.360, p = 0.043) and the number of sprints.min(-1) (r = 0.410, p = 0.020; r =-0.368, p = 0.038) were significantly related to Delta CK and Delta PPO at +24 h post-match, respectively. No relationships were observed between any match variables and Delta CK and Delta PPO after +48 h of recovery. These findings highlight that high intensity match activities are related to Delta CK and Delta PPO in the 24 h, but not 48 h, following soccer match-play. Such information is likely of interest to those responsible for the design of soccer player's training schedules in the days following a match. (c) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.