Blue emission from orthorhombic InOOH nanowires was increased dramatically by 30-fold after doping with 1 mol% Eu. This was attributed to the reduction of Eu(III) to Eu(II), which was localized on the surface and created defects. On the other hand, a larger amount of Eu-doping did not result in strong blue emission. Corundum-type rhombohedral and cubic In2O3 were obtained by post-thermal annealing of the nanowires at 400 and 700 degrees C, respectively. Interestingly, rhombohedral In2O3 remained stable after doping with 10 mol% Eu even upon high temperature thermal annealing at 700 degrees C. The morphology was changed significantly for the undoped and 1 mol% doped samples, whereas the 10 mol% doped sample showed resistance to morphological changes upon annealing at 700 degrees C.

SnO2 has been studied intensely for applications to sensors, Li-ion batteries and solar cells. Despite this, comparatively little attention has been paid to the changes in morphology and crystal phase that occur on the metal oxide surface during chemical reactions. This paper reports anaerobic and aerobic ethanol and CO oxidation reactions over SnO2 nanoparticles (NPs), as well as the subsequent changes in the nature of the NPs. Uniform SnO2@C core-shells (10 nm) were formed by an aerobic ethanol oxidation reaction over SnO2 NPs. On the other hand, metallic Sn spheres were produced by an anaerobic ethanol oxidation reaction at 450 °C, which is significantly lower than that (1200 °C) used in industrial Sn production. Anaerobic and aerobic CO oxidation reactions were also examined. The novelty of the methods for the production of metallic Sn and SnO2@C core-shells including other anaerobic and aerobic reactions will contribute significantly to Sn and SnO2-based applications.

Eu(III), Eu(III)/Ag, Eu(III)/Tb(III) and Eu(III)/Tb(III)/Ag-doped Gd(OH)3 and Gd2O3 nanorods were prepared by a hydrothermal method and then examined by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, UV–visible absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The synthesized nanorods were commonly found to be 40–50nm wide and 250–300nm long. Gd2O3 nanorods with a cubic crystal structure were obtained by thermal annealing of Gd(OH)3 nanorods with a hexagonal phase. We obtained full 2D and 3D-photoluminescence imaging profiles, and the emissions from Eu(III) and Tb(III) activators were assigned to 5D0→7FJ (J=0,1,2,3,4) and 5D4→7FJ (J=6,5,4,3) transitions, respectively. In addition to the effects of Ag-doping, a significant change in photoluminescence was observed as the crystal structure was changed by thermal annealing.

Various indium oxide nanostructures of 1D-wires, 2D-hexagonal plates, 3D-cubes and donuts were synthesized, and their fundamental characteristics and CO oxidation activities were studied in detail. X-ray diffraction and Raman analysis revealed that the as-synthesized wires and cubes are orthorhombic InOOH and cubic In(OH)3, respectively. Upon annealing at 700 °C in air, all the as-prepared samples were recrystallized to cubic In2O3. The direct band gap of various as-synthesized nanostructures was estimated to be ∼2.7 eV from the UV-Vis absorption. Two broad photoluminescence peaks were found at 360 and 450 nm, which are attributed to the oxygen vacancies. The CO oxidation activities were in the order of hexagonal plates ≤ donuts < cubes < wires, tested by temperature-programmed reaction mass spectrometry. The difference in activity is explained on the basis of the surface area and oxygen vacancies of different nanostructures. In particular, the wires showed the CO oxidation onset at around 320 °C, which is 280 °C lower than that of hexagonal plates. The detailed morphology dependent properties and CO oxidation activities of various In2O3 nanostructures presented in this study provide new insights into sensor, energy, and environmental applications.

BiOCl and BiOClxI1-x, were synthesized in two different solvents of ethylene glycol (EG) and water, and their natures were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron transmission microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction, UV-vis absorption and Raman, Fourier-transform infrared, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The Ag and Au-doping effects on the fundamental nature and photocatalytic activity of BiOCl and BiOClxI1-x were investigated in detail. SEM revealed that 3D flower-like and 2D plate-like microstructures were formed with EG and water solvents, respectively. The as-synthesized samples were tested for the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and Rhodamine B, with the flower-like 3D-structure showing superior adsorption performance relative to the stacked 2D plate-like structures. Upon introducing iodine into BiOCl, we observed a dramatic increase in the adsorption ability and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area, with an order of 2D BiOCl < 3D BiOCl << BiOClxI1-x (x = 0.8, 0.6 and 0.4). The dye degradation performance was further markedly enhanced under irradiation by visible light. However, a small amount of Ag and Au-doping drastically negated the adsorption and photocatalytic performance. The photocatalytic mechanism was elucidated by an indirect chemical probe method using active species scavengers, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. On the basis of the results obtained, we propose a dye-sensitized photodegradation mechanism, and the active species play roles in the order of (OH)-O-center dot << O-center dot(2)- approximate to h(+) under visible light irradiation. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Purpose: Doxylamine succinate is an over‐the‐counter drug commonly used in the treatment of insomnia. It is in the ethanolamine class of antihistamine and is frequently involved in intentional overdoses. Seizures are uncommon, but there are potentially serious complications, making early recognition and treatment essential. Methods: We reviewed retrospectively the medical records of patients admitted for seizures after a doxylamine succinate overdose from Jan. 1, 1992 to Dec. 31, 2008. We evaluated them with respect to age, sex, amount ingested, clinical symptomatology, time from ingestion to seizure, complication, and prognosis. Results: Among the 146 doxylamine overdose patients, 11 patients developed seizures. Females accounted for 9 (81.8%) patients and the number aged between 20 and 40 years was also 9 cases (81.8%). The average time from ingestion to emergency room visit was 170 minutes (60‐360). The average time from ingestion to development of seizures was 188 minutes (60‐480). The amount of doxylamine succinate ingested was 750‐4,750 mg (mean = 2,425 mg). The frequent anticholinergic symptoms were tachycardia (63.6%), vomiting (45.5%), mydriasis (36.4%), and hypertension (36.4%). Rhabdomyolysis and drug induced hepatitis were observed in 7 cases (63.6%) and 6 cases (54.5%), respectively. Primary treatment included administration of benzodiazepine and conservative care. After more than a 6 month follow‐up, no patients developed further seizure. Conclusions: The incidence of seizure after doxylamine succinate overdose is uncommon and prognosis is good. However, other serious symptoms are commonly combined, and we have to be aware that seizures are a potential complication and should be actively investigated and vigorously treated.

Linear astigmatism of a confocal off-axis reflective imaging system when the object plane is tilted and located at a finite distance from the imaging system is derived. We show that linear astigmatism can be eliminated by proper configuration of the parent mirror axes in confocal off-axis two-mirror systems. The tilt angle of the image plane is also derived. The developed theory is verified by ray-tracing analysis of an example system.