Objectives: The non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae caused outbreaks or sporadic cases of gastroenteritis that was rarely seen in good sanitary condition. It was described a case of systemic multiple organ lesions that worsened because of non-O1/non-O139 V. cholerae, suggesting that serogroups have a potential virulence in enhancing pathogenicity with patients with underlying diseases compared with a healthy population.Design or methods: Samples are identified by strain culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) virulence identification, and whole genome sequencing.Results: A middle-aged man was diagnosed with cytotoxin-producing and nontoxin V. cholerae nonO1/non-O139 serogroups. Although lacking the CT toxin encoded by ctxAB gene, the pathogenesis of cholera relies on the synergistic action of many other genes, especially virulence genes.Conclusions: This case suggested that the laborers engaging in agricultural production are at potential risk of V. cholerae infection by exposure of open wounds to contaminated water . However, epidemiological investigation should focus on the objective cause of the change of working environment. Furthermore, common diseases can possibly enhance the virulence of non-O1/non-O139 serogroups by attacking the tight junction of small intestinal epithelial cells, further triggering bacteremia, a process that may lead to death within 48-72 hours, which requires great attention.(c) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of International Society for Infectious Diseases. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ )

ABSTRACT The full-length genome sequence of a human enterovirus 71 (EV71) strain (EV71/CZTN01/CHN/2017) was isolated from a throat swab from a child in Changzhou, China, in 2017. According to the phylogenetic analyses, the full-genome sequence in this study belongs to sub-subgenotype C4a.

Norovirus is the leading global cause of epidemic gastroenteritis and responsible for more than 90% of all viral gastroenteritis as well as 50% of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. During February-March 2017, a sharp increase in the number of norovirus outbreaks was reported by the Changzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention in China. A total of 250 anal swabs were collected from 24 outbreaks, and the genotypes were determined by sequencing analysis. The genetic diversity, epidemiological status, and characteristics of the norovirus strains were analyzed. A novel recombinant GII.P16-GII.2 norovirus strain was identified as the primary cause of these outbreaks. Phylogenetic trees showed that the novel GII.P16-GII.2 strains were similar to the GII.P16-GII.4 strains (GenBank accession nos. KX907727.1, USA, 2015; LC175468.1, Japan, 2016) for RdRp gene. It also showed similarity to the GII.P16-GII.2 recombinants (GenBank accession no. LC145787.1, Japan, 2012; KJ407074.2, USA, 2011) for VP1 gene. Thus, the novel GII.P16-GII.2 recombinants might have evolved from GII.P16-GII.4 strains in 2015-2016 and GII.P16-GII.2 in 2011-2012.