Objective To study the protein expression level and clinical significance of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-2 (TFPI-2) in non-small cell lung cancer.Methods The protein expression of TFPI-2 in paraffin specimens of 56 cases of non-small cell lung cancer and 12 specimens of normal lung tissues by SP immunohistochemistry Was detected.Results ①The positive rate of TFPI-2 was lower in non-small cell lung cancer than that in normal lung tissues (21.4％ vs 75.0％,P ＜0.05).②The positive rate of TFPI-2 expression was lower in squamous carcinoma tissues than that in adenocarcinoma tissues (9.4 ％vs 37.5％,P ＜0.05).The positive rate of TFPI-2 was higher in stage Ⅰ+Ⅱ than that in stage Ⅲ + Ⅳ(31.3％ vs 8.3％,P ＜0.05).TFPI-2 expression had no obvious relationship with the differentiation grade.③The positive rate of TFPI-2 expression was lower in patients whose smoking index ≥400 than that＜400 (8.6％ vs 42.9％,P ＜0.05).④ In the 56 cases,the max diameter of the tumer was less than 5 cm in patients whose TFPI-2 expression was positive,it showed obvious difference between the max diameter more than 5 cm and less than 5cm.Conclusions The low expression of TFPI-2 may play an important role in the cancer genesis and development.TFPI-2 expression in non-small cell lung cancer has no obvious relationship with the differentiation grade.It is closely related to pathologic type,clinical stage,smoking index and max diameter.

This paper presents a new and general approach to the theory of irreversible investment. We show that the optimal policy is a base capacity policy and derive general monotone comparative statics results. When the operating profit function is supermodular, the base capacity increases monotonically with the exogenous shock; and firm size is decreasing in the user cost of capital. Last but not least, the paper provides a general existence theorem for optimal policies.

In contrast to insurance companies, regulatory authorities or regulators can obtain only limited information about the companies’ value. It hence leads to some effects on the regulation design, which is however often overlooked in the literature. This article characterizes the limited/imperfect information as Knightian (Risk, Uncertainty, and Profit, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1921) uncertainty (ambiguity). In order to stress the analytical effects of ambiguity on the regulation decisions, we firstly carry out an analysis in a standard immediate bankruptcy regulation where default and liquidation are considered as indistinguishable events. It is noticed that ambiguity-averse regulators require more “ambiguity equity”. We show then that under ambiguity an immediate liquidation policy delivers wrong liquidation with a positive probability. As an illustrative example to fix the wrong liquidation problem under ambiguity, a new regulation rule is developed with a regulatory auditing process. Based on this new model setup, we focus on examining how the riskiness of the firm’s value and the debt ratio affect liquidation probability.

The complete nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial genome of the Great bustard (Otis tarda) was determined by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The genome is 16,849 bp in size, containing 13 protein-coding, 2 ribosomal and 22 transfer RNA genes. Sequences of the tRNA genes can be folded into canonical cloverleaf secondary structure except for tRNA-Cys and tRNA-Ser (AGY), which lose "DHU" arm. Sequence analysis showed that the O. tarda mitochondrial control region (mtCR) contained many elements in common with other avian mtCRs. A microsatellite repeat was found in the 3'-peripheral domain of the O. tarda mtCR. Based on the mitochondrial DNA sequences of 12S rRNA, 16S rRNA and tRNA-Val, a phylogenetic study of Gruiformes was performed. The result showed that Otididae was a sister group to "core Gruiformes" and Charadriiformes with strong support (97% posterior probability values) in Bayesian analysis. The taxonomic status of Rhynochetidae, Mesitornithidae, Pedionomidae and Turnicidae that traditionally belonged to Gruiformes was also discussed in this paper.

In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence (17,962 bp) of the mitochondrial DNA of Amolops tormotus was determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The gene content, base composition and codon usage of A. tormotus conformed to those of typical vertebrate patterns. Among 22 tRNAs, the novel position of the tRNA-His gene was in the D-loop region, which was a novel mtDNA gene rearrangement in amphibians. Phylogenetic analyses were based on a 885-bp sequence of 12S and 16S rRNA for species of Amolops and other related species, concatenated sequences of the 11 protein-encoding genes of 13 species.

The Chinese toad Bufo gargarizans has an extensive range, covering nearly all of China. This study addresses the population genetic structure of this toad and the relation to geographic location. Partial sequences of the mtDNA control region were obtained from 14 populations, 29 haplotypes were defined, and 73 variable sites were found, including 66 parsimony informative sites. All population genetic analyses indicated no clear geographic pattern in the distribution of haplotypes. The genetic divergence between the populations was significant. Phylogeographic analyses suggested that past fragmentation and/or long-distance colonization seemed to have shaped the present-day distribution of the haplotypes of B. gargarizans.

This paper proposes two-step static hedging strategies for European basket options by using only plain-vanilla options on a subset of underlying assets. The basic idea is stimulated from a static super-hedging strategy dependent on the whole basket. However, it would be too complicated to handle when there is a large number of assets in the basket. It becomes even worse when some of the underlying assets are illiquid or not available for trading. Meanwhile, this strategy completely neglects the correlation structure of the basket which has indeed a great effect on the basket option's price. To solve these problems, Principal Components Analysis is used to figure out the subset of dominant assets through a careful study on the modified covariance of the basket. On this basis, the optimal strikes of those significant assets' plain-vanilla options are obtained in the second step via optimization. The optimality criterion depends on the risk attitude of hedgers and is defined by a certain risk measure, e.g., super-replication, minimum expected shortfall given a constraint on the hedging cost. Through analyzing a numerical example, it is concluded that this static hedging portfolio captures a trade-off between reduced hedging costs and overall super-replication. Even without considering transaction costs, hedging by using only a subset of underlying assets performs well: only a reasonable small hedging error arises when investing the capital required by the super-hedging portfolio which is composed of plain-vanilla options on all underlying assets and hence is difficult to implement or even not available in the market.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Bufo gargarizans was sequenced using overlapping polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons (GenBank Accession No. DQ275350). The genome is 17,277 base pairs in length, containing 13 protein-coding genes (ATP6, ATP8, COI-III, ND1-6, ND4L, Cyt b), 2 ribosomal RNAs (12S rRNA and 16S rRNA), 22 transfer RNAs and a putative control region. We analyzed the sequence using bioinformatics methods comparing the obtained mtDNA sequence with other toads and frogs. Based on the concatenated nucleotide sequences of protein-coding genes, we constructed a phylogenetic tree with maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum parsimony (MP) methods and discussed the phylogenetic relationships among 11 species of Anura.

The evaluation of the ultimate tensile force is one of the most important problems for rock bolts and anchors.Rock,bond,bolt bar,and the cohesion among them influence the result.A numerical code,Rock Failure Process Analysis(RFPA),is developed and introduced.It simulates successfully the processes of some nonlinear and discontinuous mechanics problems in rock failure.Using the software,a series of numerical experiments are performed by orthogonal experimental method to check the influence of 6 main factors on the failure tensile load of the anchors.The results of numerical tests are compared with the results of physical tests and some conclusions are drawn.

To determine the underlying probabilistic distributions of the physical and mechanical property parameters of the mesoscopic representative volume element(RVE) and to form the probabilistic volume element(PVE) models,it is a quintessential problem in the elastic damage analysis of quasi-brittle materials by means of the damage micromechanics.In particular,it is the theoretical basis of initializing the heterogeneous material properties in the famous finite element micromechanics code,rock failure process analysis(RFPA).The RFPA code and its embedded PVE model based on the Weibull distribution are introduced briefly first.Then other two historical studied PVE models based on the quasi-Weibull distribution and the normal distribution in the theoretical research for building the RFPA code are also described briefly.After the discussion and review of these PVE models in detail,a PVE model based on lognormal distribution is proposed to improve the simulation of the heterogeneity of quasi-brittle materials and to provide an alternative type of PVE model for the RFPA code.The rationality that the heterogeneity of rock-like materials is able to be described by the lognormal distribution is proved by the uncertainty analysis of the influencing factors of material properties.The lognormal PVE model is compared with these three PVE models and is verified with the complete stress-strain curves of various rocks obtained in the laboratory simply uniaxial tests.Comparisons and verifications show that,similar to Weibull distribution,the proposed lognormal distribution is suitable for the PVE modeling and agrees very well with the elastic damage constitutive relationship of quasi-brittle materials.This research also provides a circumstantial evidence that it is reasonable to use Weibull distribution in the PVE modeling and the RFPA code.In the PVE modeling in the statistical elastic damage analysis of quasi-brittle materialsl,ognormal distribution is an alternative choice besides Weibull distribution,but the normal distribution and the quasi-Weibull distribution should be excluded.

Numerical simulation and model testing are the main research methods of solving geo-technical and underground problems. In the 1980s, physical simulation (model testing) was one of the most popular methods to solve these types of problems, but since then, with the rapid development of IT technology, numerical simulations have rapidly become dominant. However, the complexity and uncertainty of geological conditions and geo-technical engineering problems represent a great challenge to the numerical method, leading some researchers to question how far numerical simulation can go. In this case, the physical simulations have begun to reappear in research and the use of physical models has seen valuable progress. In the past, problems have been solved either with physical simulation or numerical simulation, or just by comparing the results of these two methods simply. But very little attention has been paid to the question of how to combine the advantages of both and improve them. In the 3-D geo-mechanical model of the underground caverns of the Xiluodu hydropower station, the advantages of the two methods were combined and some of the primary principles of the numerical method were combined with the physical model process. Considering that the boundary condition has a great effect on the stress distribution, a larger test model was set up. The numerical discrete principle was also been used to simulate an initial geo-stress field. The basic principle of cavern excavation according to requires that loading comes first, followed by excavation. According to this idea, we developed a new technique, in which a high fidelity simulation of the excavation process and a very difficult cavern excavation were successfully achieved for the first time. The new method produced test results more satisfactory, and this simulation represents an obvious improvement of existing techniques. We also conducted a numerical simulation with almost the same conditions, and compared the results of the model test and the numerical simulation.