A new species of Hua, Hua chishuiensis sp. nov., is described from the upper Yangtze River Basin in Yunnan Province, China, based on morphological and molecular evidence. The new species is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of characters, including a smooth shell with 4-6 whorls, central teeth with a triangular pointed major cusp and 3-4 smaller cusps on each side, inner marginal teeth with five denticles and outer marginal teeth with eight flattened denticles, a body width of about 57.1-71.8% of shell height and a large body whorl comprising about 77.8-88.0% of shell height. Molecular analysis based on partial mitochondrial COI and 16S rDNA also supports the systematic position of the new taxon. Furthermore, the article documents the first record of Hua wujiangensis in the Chishui River, where its shell morphology deviates markedly from the type material, a pattern likely reflecting phenotypic responses to the localised environmental conditions prevailing in these isolated habitats. These findings expand our understanding of freshwater molluscan diversity in southwestern China and underscore the karst landscapes as a pivotal centre of endemism and cryptic diversity for freshwater gastropods.

The restoration of endangered fish populations in eutrophic lakes can be challenging despite efforts to reduce nutrient levels, due to the potential toxicity caused by the harmful cyanobacterial blooms. We propose that the differential sensitivity to cyanobacterial bioactive substances may account for the distinct outcomes observed between the endangered Sinocyclocheilus grahami and the invasive Pseudorasbora parva in Lake Dianchi, a eutrophic and blooming lake of China. Following a 21-day exposure to Microcystis aeruginosa exudates (MaE), S. grahami exhibited more pronounced reductions in gonadosomatic and hepatosomatic indices, accompanied by significant testicular and hepatic histopathological changes. Physiologically, MaE exposure resulted in a severer dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal–liver (HPGL) axis in S. grahami, as evidenced by a more substantial increase in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) levels in the testes and elevated activity of cysteine-aspartic protease 3 (caspase-3), along with enzymes 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (17β-HSD1), aromatase (Cyp19a1a), and P450 11β hydroxylase (Cyp11b). In contrast, P. parva exhibited comparatively minor endocrine disruptions. Our findings indicate that MaE induced reproductive endocrine disruption through the HPGL axis, with the endemic S. grahami being considerably more susceptible than the invasive P. parva. This elucidates a physiological mechanism underlying the unsuccessful recovery of this native species and highlights the importance of avoiding the bloom period during the future re-introduction.

Temperature is crucial for fish physiology, as metabolism and related physiological processes are directly influenced by thermal energy. Against the backdrop of global warming, climate-induced variations in water temperature increasingly constrain fish physiology. Consequently, understanding the effects of temperature on fish metabolism is vital for predicting how global warming might impact various fish species. Plateau fish, predominantly cold-water species, exhibit greater sensitivity to temperature fluctuations. However, research on the effects of temperature on plateau fish is currently limited. Consequently, this study employed low-altitude H. nobilis as a reference while D. macrophthalmus and A. grahami were selected from the Yun–Gui Plateau. Following 15 days of temperature acclimation at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C, organ mass, the resting metabolic rate, and mitochondrial function were measured. The results indicated that high-altitude fish exhibit heightened metabolic sensitivity, demonstrating more pronounced increases or decreases in metabolic rates as temperature increases, along with limited plasticity in organ size. This may render high-altitude fish more vulnerable to the impacts of climate warming. Furthermore, physiological differences between altitudes and species were observed, primarily characterized by higher metabolic rates across all measured temperatures in plateau species. Additionally, plateau fish presented greater masses of heart, red muscle, and liver but smaller masses of brain and kidney. We propose that the trade-off between elevated metabolic rates and organ size may represent an adaptive strategy for fish inhabiting high-altitude environments, involving specific ecological costs and benefits. These findings not only address the knowledge gap regarding the metabolic characteristics of fish on the Yun–Gui Plateau but also provide theoretical and experimental foundations for the conservation of high-altitude fish populations.

The ability to tolerate starvation is fundamental for animals inhabiting nutrient-limited environments and serves as a critical indicator of fitness, involving multi-level coordination from phenotypic to genomic adaptations. The genus Sinocyclocheilus is endemic to Southwest China, exclusively inhabiting oligotrophic caves and entrance pools ecosystems during at least one life history stage. Thus, it represents an emerging model of metabolic adaptations to food scarcity and the evolutionary mechanisms underlying starvation resistance. In this study, the phenotypic and molecular responses of Sinocyclocheilus grahami to starvation were systematically investigated using histology, electron microscopy, and intestinal comparative transcriptomics analyses. The results showed that prolonged starvation induced slow weight loss accompanied by significant intestinal atrophy, including a reduced intestinal index and shortened villi. Notably, despite significant reductions in mitochondrial morphometry, cristae integrity was maintained without autophagosome formation, indicating metabolic stability. Transcriptomic analysis revealed a unique starvation adaptation strategy: (1) energy conservation by suppressing or shutting down high energy-demand and basal pathways (glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle, and cholesterol synthesis); (2) selective upregulation of key genes involved in glutamine metabolism and protein synthesis to sustain basal physiological functions; and (3) upregulated intestinal lipogenesis. This orchestrated metabolic reprogramming, exhibits a paradoxical anabolic-catabolic pattern that contrasts with the typical starvation response observed in most vertebrates. These findings strongly suggest that the exceptional starvation resistance of S. grahami evolved through long-term adaptation to nutrient-deprived environments. Furthermore, this study provides crucial insights into the evolutionary mechanisms underlying the remarkable species diversity within the genus Sinocyclocheilus and the adaptive strategies for survival in cave ecosystems and analogous oligotrophic habitats.

Triplophysa baishuijiangensis sp. nov., a new cave-dwelling loach, was collected from an underground river outlet in Xiaoganxi Village, Yiliang County, Yunnan Province, China, situated within the core area of the Baishuijiang National Aquatic Germplasm Resources Reserve for Endemic Fish, part of the Hengjiang-Jinsha River system. The new species is distinguished from congeners by significant genetic divergence and the following combination of characteristics: vestigial eyes, absence of skin pigmentation, pelvic fin tip reaching the anus, complete lateral line, developed posterior chamber of the swim bladder, and dorsal fin rays iii-7. Phylogenetic analysis based on Cyt b positions this new species in the hypogean group of Triplophysa, increasing the documented cave species in the genus from 42 to 43. Triplophysa baishuijiangensis sp. nov. represents the first documented typical cavefish in the Jinsha River basin, underscoring the region's ecological significance for subterranean adaptation and suggesting unexplored cave biodiversity that merits systematic investigation.

Cyprinids, the largest and most economically significant family of teleosts, comprise over 600 polyploid species, whose genomic complexity presents challenges in deciphering the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity. In this study, we generated high-quality haplotype-resolved genomes for two representative Cyprinidae allopolyploids (Cyprinus rubrofuscus and Sinocyclocheilus grahami) by constructing the diploid genome of their hybrid (C. rubrofuscus ♀ × S. grahami ♂, CRSG). The haplotype assembly for C. rubrofuscus contained 50 chromosomes (1.5 Gb, scaffold N50 = 29.64 Mb), while S. grahami contained 48 chromosomes (1.8 Gb, scaffold N50 = 36.04 Mb). Genomic analyses refined the ancestral divergence times and provided new insights into chromosomal fusion events, gene family expansions and contractions, and positively selected genes driving phenotypic divergence between the two species. Comparative analysis of economic traits and gene expression in C. rubrofuscus, S. grahami, and their reciprocal hybrids identified several key genes associated with enhanced growth (e.g., OXPHOS-related genes), optimized fatty acid composition (e.g., tecr, acot1, acsl1, cpt2), and hybrid sterility (e.g., cyp19a1, wt1, dmrtb1). Notably, parental haplotype dominance of those genes were observed, haplotype genes derived from C. rubrofuscus (CR-Hg) predominantly contributed to the accelerated growth of reciprocal hybrids, exhibiting significantly higher expression levels of OXPHOS-related genes compared to those derived from S. grahami (SG-Hg). Conversely, SG-Hg played a central role in optimizing fatty acid composition in CRSG, with genes involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation showing markedly higher expression levels than their CR-Hg counterparts. Parental haplotype genes both regulated the sterility of CRSG, as no significant differences were observed between CR-Hg and SG-Hg in the sex differentiation and meiotic disorder-related genes. This study highlight the potential of C. rubrofuscus and S. grahami as genetic resources for developing hybrids with improved growth rates and optimized fatty acid profiles, provide valuable genomic resources and theoretical insights for aquaculture breeding.

In previous studies, cyanobacteria have been associated with embryonic toxicity, including teratogenic effects, though the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we explored differential responses to Microcystis aeruginosa by endangered Sinocyclocheilus grahami and introduced Pseudorasbora parva from Lake Dianchi, China. We conducted fish embryo test under Microcystis aeruginosa exudates (MaE) exposure, and developmental responses, cell structure and metabolism were measured. We observed increased malformation, mortality rate and decreased fertilization, hatching rate and heartbeats in both fish species when exposed to MaE. Transmission electron microscopy revealed damage to brain cells of both species. Transcriptomics revealed that mitochondria were a MaE target in both species, with impairment occurring to respiratory enzyme complexes and oxidative stress enzymes. Oxidative stress induced by MaE was mainly associated with hydrogen peroxide, though the underlying mechanism differed: In Sinocyclocheilus grahami, hydrogen peroxide increased owing to its decreased degradation, whereas in Pseudorasbora parva, it increased owing to increased synthesis. All results were consistent in that the Sinocyclocheilus grahami was more vulnerable than Pseudorasbora parva to MaE exposure. Our work highlights that MaE may harm fish in species-specific ways and contribute to replacement of native by invasive species in Lake Dianchi.

In Southeast Asia, mahseer fishes, such as the species ofTorandNeolissochilus, are significant native commercial fish. Their phylogeny and categorization have a convoluted history. In this study, the molecular systematics and divergence ofTorandNeolissochilusfishes from Southeast Asia and South China were examined using the partial or complete sequences of four mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase I, cytochromeb, 16S, and ND4). This study substantiated the monophyly ofTorand supportedN. benasias an independent genus. The result supportedT. laterivittatusas a synonym ofT. sinensisandT. dongnaiensisas a synonym ofT. tambra. In addition, we presented the high diversity and species crypticity of these two taxa in Southeast Asia. The divergent time estimation indicatedTorandNeolissochilusspecies originated in the early Miocene (about 16.73 Ma), and the divergence of the genusTorand other species of the genusNeolissochilusbegan at about 12.86 Ma.

Geological events can strongly affect the genetic structures and differentiation of fish populations. Especially, as an endemic fish of the genus Sinocyclocheilus in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, the effects of key geological events on the distributions and genetic structures remain poorly understood. Examining the phylogeographic patterns of Sinocyclocheilus fishes can be useful for elucidating the spatio-temporal dynamics of their population size, dispersal history and extent of geographical isolation, thereby providing a theoretical basis for their protection. Here, we used single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) method to investigate the phylogeographic patterns of Sinocyclocheilus fishes. Our analysis supports the endemicity of Sinocyclocheilus, but the samples of different regions of Sinocyclocheilus contain multiple ancestral components, which displayed more admixed and diversified genetic components, this may be due to the polymorphism of the ancestors themselves, or gene infiltration caused by hybridization between adjacent species of Sinocyclocheilus. We estimate that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Sinocyclocheilus fish in the Central Yunnan Basin at approximately 3.75~3.11 Ma, and infer that the evolution of Sinocyclocheilus in the central Yunnan Basin is closely related to the formation of plateau lakes (around 4.0~0.02 Ma), and identifies the formation of Dianchi Lake and Fuxian Lake as key geological events shaping Sinocyclocheilus population structure. It is also the first time to prove that the altitude change has a great influence on the genetic variation among the populations of Sinocyclocheilus.

Geological events can have a major effect on the genetic structure and differentiation of fish populations. The relative importance of key geological events on the distribution and genetic structure of endemic fish of the genus Discogobio in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau has not yet been evaluated. Studies of the phylogeography of Discogobio fishes could provide insights into spatial and temporal changes in their population size, dispersal history, and extent of geographical isolation, and the data acquired in such studies can be used to aid their conservation. Here, we used single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) to characterize the phylogeography of Discogobio fishes. Our analysis supports the endemicity of Discogobio. However, Discogobio samples from different regions contained multiple ancestral components, including admixed and diversified genetic components. This might stem from polymorphism of the ancestors themselves or the infiltration of genes caused by hybridization between Discogobio species. We estimated that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Discogobio fish in the Central Yunnan Basin was approximately 4.63-3.83 million years ago (Ma). We also inferred that the evolution of Discogobio in the Central Yunnan Basin was closely related to the expansion and contraction of the lake basin around 2.59-0.13 Ma. We proposed measures that could be implemented to conserve remaining populations and their corresponding habitats to prevent further declines and preserve the biodiversity of this unique genus.

We describe a new species of Homatula from the Yangtze River in Yunnan, China based on morphological and molecular analysis. Homatula tigris , new species, differs from the other species of Homatula in the following morphological characters: predorsal body scales sparse; axillary pelvic scale present; lower jaw spoon-shaped and without notch; lateral line complete; gill opening small, its upper angle aligned to lower margin of eye; head length 15.0-17.3 % of SL. The Bayesian inference trees (BI) constructed from Cyt b and COI sequences support the hypothesis of monophyly of H . tigris .

Sinocyclocheilus grahami (S. grahami) has been artificially bred since it was domesticated in early 21st century. However, the large-scale breeding has exposed that S. grahami is susceptible to Aeromonas veronii (A. veronii). Herein, the specific immunoglobulin of yolk (IgY) against A. veronii was produced, which showed high specificity and sensitivity to bind with A. veronii. The stability scopes of temperature and pH were 20-60 degrees C and 4-7, respectively. The specific IgY significantly inhibited the growth of A. veronii by direct agglutination. Injection with the specific IgY protected S. grahami coping A. veronii infection by increasing ROS elimination speed and reducing the inflammatory damage, analyzed by activity of antioxidative enzymes (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px) and expression of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma genes, respectively. Our study will contribute to develop a type of antibiotic substitute IgY which could be applied to elevate the culture benefit in S. grahami.

Affected by both increasing human activities and climate change,Yunnan Plateau lakes were faced with threats such as water level decreasing,water-body reducing,and severe pollution.Many indigenous species were endangered or even disappeared.The ecological restorations implemented since 1980s almost all used alien species.As an inevitable result,severe negative impacts from alien species were observed on the Plateau wetland ecosystem and indigenous species.To solve these problems,with the support of relevant projects,an innovative restoration mode mainly with indigenous flag-species"macrophytes–fishes–benthons–birds"was proposed.This innovative mode was implemented respectively in Dianchi and Erhai,and has successfully restored the lost species along the food-chains of energy flowing as well as the integrative functions of aquatic ecosystem.Following the two routines of"algae–fishes–birds(or human)"and"macrophytes–fishes–birds(or human)",the eutrophicate elements Nitrogen and Phosphorus have left the lakes and wetlands.The experiments have achieved additional results.For example,traditional expensive food ingredients are discovered such as flowers of macrophytes Ottelia and the indigenous fishes.Those white petals and yellow stamens of Ottelia floating on water surface have also formed a unique aesthetic landscape in Yunnan Plateau lakes and wetlands.Based on the successful experiments in Dianchi and Erhai wetlands,combined with the characteristics and status of wetland biodiversity,this study proposes innovative restoration modes to be implemented in Yunnan Plateau lakes and wetlands.

Background & Aims:There are 1,591 fish species in China's inland waters,which accounts for 10％of the inland water fish species in the world.However,the development of the fish diversity monitoring in China's inland water has still lagged and the long-term continuous and comprehensive monitoring networks and platforms has been scared.The China inland water fish biodiversity observation network(CIWF-BON)is the first nationwide network built for monitoring fish diversity of the inland waters in China.The purpose of this paper is to give a thorough overview of the achievement and to highlight the operations and duties of CIWF-BON. Progress:The network has established the first national database of the inland water fish biodiversity and collects and preserves more than ten thousand fish specimens and the fish diversity data from important river basins,including the data sets of fish species diversity,early resources,genetic diversity,and biology of important fish species,and so on.The network also has established technical specifications for monitoring fish diversity in inland waters in China based on the synthesis of the conventional and novel monitoring methods to promote the standardization of collecting fish diversity data and enhance the possibility of analyzing large-scale data.The Chishui River Rare and Endemic Fish Conservation and Aquatic Biodiversity Observation and Research Station of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has been built to further monitor the fish diversity of the Chishui River and undertake the research on the protection and restoration of fish resources in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River basin. Findings:Based on the long-term monitoring data,the network has systematically researched the distribution pattern,change,and the impact factors of the fish communities in the important rivers,the characteristics of reproductive biology and reproductive impact mechanisms of the endangered fish Chinese sturgeon(Acipenser sinensis),the environmental conditions of the four major Chinese carps reproduction in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River,as well as the biological characteristics of the endemic fish.The results show that the human activities,such as overfishing,dams,and invasive species,have caused significant changes in fish community structure of the important river basins.Large water conservancy and hydropower projects in the mainstream of the Yangtze River have caused the sharp decline in the population of Chinese sturgeon and seriously influence the breeding activities,making the wild population critically endangered.After the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir,the eggs and larval of the four major Chinese carps(FMCC)are significantly decreased from 1997 to 2012 in the middle Yangtze River.The first spawning dates of FMCC in the Yichang reach delayed by about 21 days and the number of the eggs is changed with first decreasing and then increasing.The results lay the data foundation and provide the scientific evidence for the important national missions and policies,such as assessing the ecological impact of the Three Gorges Project,the ten-year fishing closure on the Yangtze River,the ecological and environmental protection of the Chishui River,and the conservation of the Chinese sturgeon,and so on. Suggestions:To advancing the construction of the national observation network,we suggest to increase investment and establish observation stations,to promote data sharing and regional cooperation,and to conduct research and application of novel technologies and methods.

Sinocyclocheilus grahami is an economically valuable and famous fish in Yunnan Province, China. However, given its slow growth (40 g/2 years) and large growth differences among individuals, its growth performance needs to be improved for sustainable future use, in which molecular breeding technology can play an important role. In the current study, we conducted muscle transcriptomic analysis to investigate the growth gaps among individuals and the mechanism underlying growth within 14 fast- and 14 slow-growth S. grahami. In total, 1,647 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained, including 947 up-regulated and 700 down-regulated DEGs in fast-growth group. Most DEGs were significantly enriched in ECM-receptor interaction, starch and sucrose metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, pyruvate metabolism, amino acids biosynthesis and metabolism, peroxisome, and PPAR signaling pathway. Some genes related to glycogen degradation, glucose transport, and glycolysis (e.g., adipoq, prkag1, slc2a1, agl, pygm, pgm1, pfkm, gapdh, aldoa, pgk1, pgam2, bpgm, and eno3) were up-regulated, while some genes related to fatty acid degradation and transport (e.g., acox1, acaa1, fabp1b.1, slc27a1, and slc27a2) and amino acid metabolism (e.g., agxt, shmt1, glula, and cth) were down-regulated in the fast-growth group. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified col1a1, col1a2, col5a1, col6a2, col10a1, col26a1, bglap, and krt15 as crucial genes for S. grahami growth. Several genes related to bone and muscle growth (e.g., bmp2, bmp3, tgfb1, tgfb2, gdf10, and myog) were also up-regulated in the fast-growth group. These results suggest that fast-growth fish may uptake adequate energy (e.g., glucose, fatty acid, and amino acids) from fodder, with excess energy substances used to synthesize collagen to accelerate bone and muscle growth after normal life activities are maintained. Moreover, energy uptake may be the root cause, while collagen synthesis may be the direct reason for the growth gap between fast- and slow-growth fish. Hence, improving food intake and collagen synthesis may be crucial for accelerating S. grahami growth, and further research is required to fully understand and confirm these associations.

Geological events and historical environmental change can strongly affect the genetic structures and differentiation of fish populations. Although the central region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau contains the highest concentration of rift-subsidence lakes in China, the effects of key geological events on the distributions and genetic structures of the regional fauna remain poorly understood. Fishes of the genus Sinocyclocheilus are endemic to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, where they are found in karst landforms. As a result of environmental pollution and other human activities, Sinocyclocheilus populations have decreased sharply, and the genus is currently listed under Class II of the nationally protected animals classification in China. Examining the phylogeographic patterns of Sinocyclocheilus fishes can be useful for elucidating the spatio-temporal dynamics of their population size, dispersal history and extent of geographical isolation, thereby providing a theoretical basis for their protection. Here, we used Restriction Site Associated DNA Sequencing (RAD-seq) to investigate the evolution of Sinocyclocheilus fishes. Our analysis supports the endemicity of Sinocyclocheilus, and identifies the formation of Dianchi Lake and Fuxian Lake as key geological events shaping Sinocyclocheilus population structure. We estimate that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Sinocyclocheilus fish occurred in the Central Yunnan Basin 3.75~3.11 Ma. It is the first time to prove that the altitude change has a great influence on the genetic variation among the populations of Sinocyclocheilus. We discuss the implications of our results for the protection and management of Sinocyclocheilus grahami and other cave fishes.

Geological events and historical environmental change can strongly affect the genetic structures and differentiation of fish populations. Although the central region of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau contains the highest concentration of rift-subsidence lakes in China, the effects of key geological events on the distributions and genetic structures of the regional fauna remain poorly understood. Fishes of the genus Sinocyclocheilus are endemic to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, where they are found in karst landforms. As a result of environmental pollution and other human activities, Sinocyclocheilus populations have decreased sharply, and the genus is currently listed under Class II of the nationally protected animals classification in China. Examining the phylogeographic patterns of Sinocyclocheilus fishes can be useful for elucidating the spatio-temporal dynamics of their population size, dispersal history and extent of geographical isolation, thereby providing a theoretical basis for their protection. Here, we used Restriction Site Associated DNA Sequencing (RAD-seq) to investigate the evolution of Sinocyclocheilus fishes. Our analysis supports the endemicity of Sinocyclocheilus, and identifies the formation of Dianchi Lake and Fuxian Lake as key geological events shaping Sinocyclocheilus population structure. We estimate that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Sinocyclocheilus fish occurred in the Central Yunnan Basin 3.75~3.11 Ma. It is the first time to prove that the altitude change has a great influence on the genetic variation among the populations of Sinocyclocheilus. We discuss the implications of our results for the protection and management of Sinocyclocheilus grahami and other cave fishes.

TLR5, as a member of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) family in mammals, is responsible for recognizing bacterial flagellin and initiating innate immunity, but its function is still unclear in fish species. In this study, two family members of TLR5 were cloned and identified from Sinocyclocheilus grahami (S. grahami), named sgTLR5a and sgTLR5b. The length of coding sequence of sgTLR5a and sgTLR5b is 2,622 bp and 2,658 bp, encoding 873 and 885 amino acids, respectively. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that sgTLR5a and sgTLR5b have the closest genetic relationship with TLR5M (membrane-type) of Cyprinus carpio and Schizothorax prenanti, respectively. sgTLR5a and sgTLR5b were widely expressed in various tested tissues, of which the expression levels were the highest in skin tissue. After stimulations of Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) and flagellin, the expression levels of sgTLR5a and sgTLR5b in liver, spleen and head kidney tissues were strongly up-regulated, but LPS stimulation only increased the expression of sgTLR5b in these tissues. The luciferase reporter assay displayed that sgTLR5a and sgTLR5b could specifically recognize bacterial flagellin and A. hydrophila and activate the downstream NF-κB signaling pathway in HEK293T cells. Moreover, the overexpression of sgTLR5a and sgTLR5b in EPC cells up-regulated the expression levels of IL-8 and TNF. sgTLR5a and sgTLR5b were observed to locate in the intracellular region by confocal microscope. Interestingly, we found that the NF-κB signaling pathway was positively regulated by co-transfecting sgTLR5a or sgTLR5b with TLR trafficking chaperone sgUNC93B1. In conclusion, our results reveal sgTLR5a and sgTLR5b may play an important role in antibacterial response by activating the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Global warming significantly affects plateau glaciers and surface runoff, and fish are bound to be severely affected. Additionally, an increasing number of human activities (e.g., free captive animals, aquaculture) have led to vulnerable plateau ecosystems being affected by invasive species. To address the above issues, we collected the currently published fish distribution data, and for the first time constructed a richness and fluvial system distribution map of the Yarlung Zangbo River fish (4 orders, 10 families, and 61 species). Based on fish richness and the fluvial system, the native fish in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin were divided into three clusters, and the non-native fish were divided into six clusters by using Ward’s minimum variance clustering and non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS). Environmental factors related to native or non-native fish richness were selected by the random forest model from 21 environmental factors. Then, the relationship between fish richness and environmental factors was explained by the generalized linear model (GLM). Our results showed that the native fish distribution pattern was different from the non-native fish distribution, but their high richness areas were overlapped. Furthermore, native fish richness responds differently than non-native fish richness to environmental factors. The results provided eco-solutions for the conservation and management of fish biodiversity and natural resources in the Yarlung Zangbo River.