Collective cellular invasion in malignant tumours is typically characterized by the cooperative migration of multiple cells in close proximity to each other. Follower cells are led away from the tumour by specialized leader cells, and both cell populations play a crucial role in collective invasion. Follower cells form the main body of the migration system and depend on intercellular contact for migration, whereas leader cells indicate the direction for the entire cell population. Although collective invasion can occur in epithelial and non-epithelial malignant neoplasms, such as medulloblastoma and rhabdomyosarcoma, the present review mainly provided an extensive analysis of epithelial tumours. In the present review, the cooperative mechanisms of contact inhibition locomotion between follower and leader cells, where follower cells coordinate and direct collective movement through physical (mechanical) and chemical (signalling) interactions, is summarised. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of follower cell invasion and metastasis during remodelling and degradation of the extracellular matrix and how chemotaxis and lateral inhibition mediate follower cell behaviour were analysed. It was also demonstrated that follower cells exhibit genetic and metabolic heterogeneity during invasion, unlike leader cells.

The demand for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) vaccines was first raised by a committee convened during the 1990s. A comprehensive investigation into the mechanism of viral infection supports the prioritization of developing drugs or vaccines that specifically target receptors and ligands involved in the infection process. As primary targets for neutralizing antibodies to combat HCMV, viral ligands (trimer, pentamer, and glycoprotein B) have crucial roles and exhibit substantial antiviral potential, which could be exploited for breakthroughs in antiviral research.

The complex damping influences on the instability characteristics of the panel aero-thermo-elastic system are theoretically investigated from the energy perspectives. Firstly, by assuming a constant, uniform thermal loading and adopting the piston theory, the panel aeroelastic governing equation is obtained. After deriving the panel buckling and vibration modes, the reduced order model can be built and adopted to investigate the system primary instability in the modal coordinates. Then, introducing the modal damping coefficients ratio η > 0, the critical parameters of the panel flutter oscillation are theoretically evaluated based on the on-conservative energy balance principle, thus the system instability characteristics can be investigated. The results show that the system oscillatory and static buckling instability characteristics are significantly regulated by the thermal loading and modal damping. For the oscillatory instability, there exists the damping paradox, which is associated with the system energy dissipation efficiency, and can be quantitatively evaluated by the ratio . The system static buckling instability characteristics is also affected by the modal damping, and this damping destabilization is clarified based on Hamiltonian energy conservation law. The results agree well with that obtained by Routh-Hurwitz criteria.

Supplementary Figures S1-S2; Supplementary Tables S1-S3.