Nature-based tourism attractiveness (NBTA) has yet to be assessed by coupling empirical measurement of supply and demand indicators with simultaneous assessment of tourist and tourism expert perspectives. Based on a guiding principle that the overall attractiveness of a tourism destination should combine the evaluation of existing resources or attractions and their perceived attractiveness, the purpose of this study is to develop and apply a novel methodological approach for assessing tourism attractiveness of nature-based destinations. This approach developed here combines an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with a Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method (FCEM). The resulting Fuzzy-AHP approach to NBTA was tested at the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve, a popular nature-based tourism destination in China. The findings confirm that this Fuzzy-AHP approach is a more reliable and comprehensive method for evaluating the destination attractiveness than pre-existing approaches. In addition to theoretical contributions related to the merging of various approaches to assessing destination attractiveness and the development of a tool specific to nature-based tourism destinations, this work will be of interest to decision makers seeking more effective tools for planning, marketing, and developing nature-based tourism destinations.

The purpose of the research presented here was to empirically assess resident perceptions of tourism development around the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve (CMBR), a protected area straddling the China and North Korea border. Several theoretical approaches to the assessment of local resident attitudes towards tourism were reviewed and integrated into a novel factor-cluster assessment of residents in Erdaobaihe, the community most adjacent to CMBR. This analysis quantitatively grouped residents based on their perceptions of tourism’s economic, social, cultural, and environmental consequences for the town. An exploratory factor analysis of resident perceptual items first revealed six perception domains, and a subsequent cluster analysis then identified four distinct groups of residents based on these perceptions. A descriptive profile of each cluster and the significant differences among clusters are provided. Advancing our theoretical understanding of resident perspectives of tourism development, this cluster-based segmentation approach, demonstrated here, holds much promise for elaborating on the many ways that residents respond to new and long-standing forms of tourism in their communities. These theoretical and methodological contributions will be applicable to scholars as well as tourism practitioners and policy makers.

Analysis and study on the characteristics of tourist behavior is very significant for tourism managers to make decision and carry out sustainable tourism as well as government authorities. As the only bird-watching center with natural ecological characteristics, Bird Island, located in Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, is abundant with pristine natural landscapes including forest, shrub, wetland and ponds. This paper analyzed tourists' behavioral attributes, including the demographic characteristics, consumption foci, demand characteristics, and perception of visiting experience of 150 respondents in Shenyang Bird Island, by the methods of questionnaire, observation and in-depth interview. The results of our statistical analysis showed that tourists in Bird Island were different from those in the other common tourism destinations, as for tourist behavior characteristics mentioned above. Finally, based on our findings, some future strategies and directions for the development and promotion of Bird Island tourism are discussed.

Protected areas have become important tourism products that promoted as attractions by the tourism industry. Taking the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve in Northeast China as a case, this study addresses visitor needs as a basis for developing a tourism strategy aimed at enhancing tourist opportunities at this reserve. A factor-cluster approach was employed to identify visitor segment profiles based on their visit motivations. Through random sampling, a pencil-and-paper questionnaire in Chinese language was collected from 637 domestic tourists in the study area. A principal components analysis of motivations revealed eight motivational factors, and four distinct groups of tourists–Nature travelers, Cultural landscape tourists, Food & shopping enthusiasts, and Eclectic adventurers–were identified. Understanding the differences in these visitor segments will help the management authority effectively analyze nature reserve attributes and provide alternative activities and services to tourists. Finally, within the dual framework of market segmentation and destination management some management recommendations and marketing implications are suggested.

Tourism Resources Evaluation and Development is an important part of tourism discipline, and it is also one of the most important courses of tourism major in Colleges and universities. Based on the analysis of the present situation and problems of database construction in China, this paper points out the necessity of constructing the database platform of Tourism Resources Evaluation and Development. Finally, this paper expounds the guiding ideology and concrete construction method of database platform. Through the exploration and implementation of curriculum reform, this paper aims to set up a comprehensive database platform on teaching practice and scientific research which can meet the needs of teachers, students and scientific research workers.

This article seeks to develop a fuller understanding of the social and attraction motives of domestic tourists who visit the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve (CMBR) in Northeastern China. To do so, ecotourists are compared to general travelers visiting this area. A questionnaire was employed to collect data on visitor characteristics and motivations, responses to which were then analyzed via descriptive statistics, T-tests and principal component factor analysis. Results showed that 16% of the visitors to this area were classified as ecotourists, while the remainder general travelers. Five motivations displayed significant differences (P<0.05) between these two types of tourists. Three social motives – boosting self-confidence, feeling at home away from home and being together with family – and two attraction motives – indoor sports and viewing unique landscapes of the CMBR (crater lake, waterfall, gorge and hot spring) – were significantly more important for general travelers (P<0.05); while two social motives of experiencing the tranquility of the natural setting and the natural beauty of the landscape were relatively more important for ecotourists (P<0.1). Results suggest that ecotourists have distinct and complicated attraction and social motives compared to general travelers visiting the CMBR. Results have useful implications for researchers interested in tourist motivations and behavior, as well as for managers who wish to focus their marketing strategies more effectively.

In order to quantitatively assess the objective impact of light, heat and water agricultural climate resources on food crops during summer drought, this paper uses the assessment methods for light and temperature potential productivity, and light, temperature and water potential productivity of food crops, performs the comparative analysis of the difference between the food production potential and the average climate state during summer drought, and objectively analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of agricultural climate resources in Guizhou Province during summer drought. Studies show that under summer drought in Guizhou Province, the light and temperature potential productivity of rice and corn is generally about 10% higher than in normal climate years, and the strengths of light and heat resources are obvious; the light, temperature and water potential productivity of rice and corn is generally 30% to 40% lower than in normal climate years, and the weaknesses of water resources hamper the crop growth. Rational development and efficient use of water resources and good light and heat conditions for crops during drought, are more conducive to agricultural production.

The five main forest types, i. e. larch forest, birch forest, coniferous mixed forest, broad-leaved mixed forest, and coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, with varied age classes (young, mid-aged, pre-mature, and over mature) were selected to investigate the variation of soil organic carbon density in the forest region of Northeast China. Results showed that both soil organic carbon content and density were relatively larger in the top soil layer across the five forest types, decreased gradually with soil depth, and varied insignificantly with either forest type or forest age class. The forest soil carbon density was concentrated in the top 20 cm of soil which accounted for 84.7% - 86.1%, 51.7% - 59.8% and 51.2% - 53.4% of total soil carbon density in the Daxing' an, Xiaoxing' an and Changbai mountains, respectively. The total soil organic carbon density decreased significantly with increasing latitude, which might be attributed mainly to the thickness of soil layers in forest region of Northeast China.

Days available for tobacco-growing in fields as the basis were provided for the arrangement of its rational distribution and production technical measures.We used the daily data of 84 meteorological stations in Guizhou from 1961 to 2010 to analyze the initial temperature and final temperature for tobacco growing on the GIS platform to determine its available days in field.The results showed the days available for tobacco growing in field varied largely with locations,which reduce with the elevation.According to the length of time,geographical distribution and climatic characteristics,the days available were divided into four types of areas.Apart from the areas above the altitude of 2000 meters,available days in fields can ensure the normal growth for flue-cured tobacco.According to various areas of available days and climate characteristics,use patterns and technical requirements are presented for different types of areas,and arrangement propositions are proposed for the transplanting period and the end of harvest period for all types of areas.

Extensive land-use and land-cover change, triggered by rapid development of tourism and the expansion of townships, has occurred in the area surrounding the Changbai Mountain Biosphere Reserve (CMBR) in northeast China, a reservoir for distinctive ecosystems and biological diversity. The objective of this study was to examine the land-use changes surrounding the reserve in the context of forest and nature reserve management with the aid of maps from Landsat MSS imagery of 1977 and Landsat TM imagery of 1991 and 2007. The total land area and its change over time for each land-use class were calculated and cell-by-cell change data were used to detect, quantify, and determine the trends in land-use conversions. Results showed that there were large increases in land area for residential, commercial, industrial, and transportation land-use types, whereas the forest area decreased considerably. At the same time, the area under jurisdiction of townships has nearly doubled, with the largest increase in Manjiang. Land-use change was caused by regional population growth as a result of tourism development that triggered the expansion of township boundaries and contributed to shifts in forest management policy. Our study offers land and reserve managers within the CMBR and similar areas a basis for making more informed land-use and management decisions to potentially minimize detrimental ecological impacts of land-use change.

Steel corrosion is a major reason for the durability of reinforced concrete structures. The simulation of steel corrosion is the key to predict the life of concrete. This paper summarized the simulation methods of steel corrosion and had an equivalent simulation to steel corrosion based on the principle of thermal expansion and contraction. Finally, according to this method the destructive process of reinforced concrete beams was successfully simulated.

Due to long-term exposure to chlorine ion erosion, the steel corrosion of concrete engineering in marine environment has become the major cause of resistance deterioration. The paper summarizes the reinforcement corrosion mechanism under the condition of the corrosion of the chloride ion and analyzes the chloride ion penetration model. Connecting the steel corrosion rate and the chloride ion environment around the reinforced concrete and based on the FEM, the paper sets up the analysis process of the life of the reinforced concrete structures. And according to this method, the life of a reinforced concrete beam has been successfully predicted under the condition of the chloride ion penetration.

Steel corrosion is one of the major reasons of reinforced concrete structure sabotage. In accordance with the laws of reinforcement corrosion, this paper used the finite element method to simulate stress, strain and displacement state of the concrete structure and established an analysis system of reinforced concrete structure corrosion deterioration over time. Using this method, people also can accurately predict the life of corroded reinforced concrete structures.

The concrete will deteriorate after carbonization, the deteriorate concrete in the surface of concrete structure will cause rebar corrosion, the corrosion grade gradually increases. The material properties in the inner of concrete structure change gradually. Through the analysis of test data, this paper deduces a formula, reflecting the relationship among the cohesion C,internal friction angle 95 value and the time (t) under the carbonization conditions.The FEM is applied to analyze stress/strain and yield of the concrete structure.Based on the calculation,the life of the concrete structure can be estimated.The life of a beam is studied as an example.

In this paper,it introduced some study results of meteorological abnormality before and after the earthquake.The statistics shows that the rate of aridity in the epicenter is bigger 1-4 years before the earthquake.In china,the frequency of earthquake in cold weather is higher than the warm weather,there was calefacient phenomena in the epicenter before the earthquake.After great earthquake happened in the ocean and the edge,the down of temperature is obvious in the northern hemisphere and China,there may be flood disaster in Yellow river and Changjiang river.The relationship between earthquake and weather before,during and after the earthquake,is a area that worth to study.