High-resolution seismic model is crucial for advancing our understandings on geological processes and enhancing seismic hazard mitigation programs. We construct a high-resolution China Seismological Reference Model (CSRM-1.0) in the top 100 km of the crust and uppermost mantle in continental China following a top-down construction process. The employed seismic constraints include P-wave polarization angle from tele-seismic event, short-period Rayleigh wave ellipticity from ambient noise, long-period Rayleigh wave ellipticity from earthquake data, receiver function, empirical Green's function from ambient noise, Rayleigh wave phase/group velocity dispersion curves from regional earthquakes, and Pn-wave travel time extracted from seismic data of 4,435 stations. CSRM-1.0 has a spatial crustal resolution of similar to 60 km beneath the north-south seismic belt and trans-North China orogen regions and similar to 120 km beneath the rest of continental China, and a spatial mantle resolution of similar to 300 km. CSRM-1.0 exhibits prominent velocity heterogeneities in the crust and uppermost mantle and an eastward thinning of the crust, geographically correlating with geological settings. CSRM-1.0 improvements include accurate estimation of shallow seismic structure, increased spatial resolution and improved model accuracy. Crustal composition inferred from CSRM-1.0 exhibits a general transition from a felsic upper crust to a mafic lower crust. Mafic rocks in the lower crust are found predominantly along inter-block boundaries and sporadically within the interiors of blocks, likely resulted from preferential inter-block intrusions of magmas related to various oceanic plate subductions and the Emeishan mantle plume. This study contributes seismic constraints and CSRM-1.0 to the CSRM product center () as a backbone open-access geophysical cyberinfrastructure. High-resolution seismic imaging of the crust and uppermost mantle offers crucial insights into regional geological histories and enhances seismic and volcanic hazard mitigation programs. We construct a high-resolution China Seismological Reference Model (CSRM-1.0) of the crust and mantle beneath continental China with various types of seismic constraints extracted from seismic data recorded by 4,435 stations deployed across continental China since 1990. CSRM-1.0 has a spatial resolution of similar to 60-120 km in the crust and 300 km in the uppermost mantle. CSRM-1.0 improvements include accurate estimation of shallow seismic structure, increased spatial resolution and improved model accuracy. Crustal composition inferred from CSRM-1.0 exhibits a general transition from a felsic upper crust to a mafic lower crust. Mafic rocks in the lower crust are found predominantly along inter-block boundaries and sporadically within the interiors of blocks, likely resulted from preferential inter-block intrusions of magmas related to various oceanic plate subductions and the Emeishan mantle plume. This study contributes seismic constraints and CSRM-1.0 to the CSRM product center () as a backbone open-access geophysical cyberinfrastructure. CSRM-1.0 is constructed with various seismic constraints from data of 4,435 stations using a self-consistent top-down construction process CSRM-1.0 improvements include accurate estimation of shallow seismic structure, increased spatial resolution, and enhanced model accuracy CSRM-1.0 reveals major crustal mafic rocks related to the past subductions, an Emeishan mantle plume and geological inter-block boundaries

This dataset contains the stacked receiver function (time before the arrival time of the Moho-converted PmS phase) estimated from 2,125,021 original receiver functions, calculated based on the waveforms of 9361 tele-seismic events recorded by 3848 seismic stations deployed in continental China. This dataset results from a project of constructing a 3-D seismic model of the shallow crust in continental China (Xiao et al, 2021, GJI) (model link). 本数据集包含了从 2,125,021 条原始接收函数计算的单台叠加接收函数(时间早于 Moho 面 PmS 转换波到时)。原始接收函数的计算基于中国大陆区域 3848 个地震台站接收的 9361 个远震事件的波形。该数据库源于构建中国大陆区域高精度浅层地壳三维地震学模型的工作 (Xiao et al, 2021, GJI) (模型链接) 。 If you face any problem or issue in the usage of this dataset, please feel free to communicate with the corresponding author Xiao Xiao (xiaox.seis@gmail.com).

This dataset contains the manually-picked 95,878 Pn travel times collected from the regional P wave waveforms recorded by 3,446 seismic stations deployed in and around continental China for a total of 6,787 seismic events between 1992 and 2020. This dataset results from a project of constructing an uppermost mantle seismic Pn-velocity in continental China (Ma et al., 2023, JGR: Solid Earth) (Model link). 本数据库包含了人工挑选的95,878个Pn 波到时,这部分到时由中国大陆及周边地区的3,446个地震台记录的区域P波波形挑选而来。该数据库源于构建中国大陆区域上地幔顶部Pn波速度模型的工作 (Ma et al., 2023, JGR: Solid Earth) (模型链接)。 If you face any problem or issue when using this dataset, please feel free to communicate with the corresponding author Jiayu Ma (majy18@mail.ustc.edu.cn or seisbird@gmail.com).

We construct a high-resolution Pn-velocity model in continental China through a new tomographic scheme simultaneously inverting event epicenter location and Pn-velocity and accurately accounting for the Pn propagation effects of irregular crustal thickness variation. The inversion integrates a combined data set of 32,427 absolute Pn travel times and 62,431 interstation Pn differential travel times manually picked from the recordings of 2,989 stations in and around continental China, yielding a model of spatial resolutions ranging from 0.75 degrees x 0.75 degrees-3 degrees x 3 degrees. Major Pn-velocity features revealed by the model and the tectonic processes we attribute to include: (a) high Pn-velocities beneath major cratonic blocks and the southern Tibetan Plateau attributed to low temperatures of cratons, (b) low Pn-velocities beneath the eastern North China craton around the Tan-Lu fault and the central South China block attributed to high temperatures and low-Mg# (100 x Mg/(Mg + Fe) ) peridotites in response to the Mesozoic-Cenozoic subduction of the Pacific plate, and beneath the Trans-North China orogen, most regions of the Tibetan blocks and the central Tianshan orogen attributed to high temperatures after multiple tectono-thermal events in response to the Mesozoic-Cenozoic subduction of the Pacific plate, the Triassic convergence of the North China, Yangtze, and northern Tibetan blocks and the Cenozoic India-Eurasia collision, and (c) intermediate Pn-velocities beneath the marginal regions of the Ordos block and Micang-Daba region attributed to possible extrusion of hot asthenospheric flow from the Tibetan Plateau in response to far-field effects of the India-Eurasia collision. Plain Language Summary Seismic images of the uppermost mantle provide important insights into the thermochemical structure of the uppermost mantle and the physical processes of tectonic events. In this study, we construct a high-resolution seismic compressional velocity model in the uppermost mantle beneath continental China by developing a joint inversion of seismic event location and uppermost mantle compressional velocity. The seismic image shows prominent high compressional velocities beneath the ancient blocks attributed to preservation of ancient cratons, and low and intermediate compressional velocities beneath the tectonically active blocks attributed to multiple tectono-thermal events in response to the interactions between the geological plates or blocks in and around continental China.

This dataset contains a total of 281 Pn travel times in the crust beneath stations (station legs). This dataset results from a project of constructing an uppermost mantle seismic Pn-velocity in continental China (Ma et al., 2023, JGR: Solid Earth) (Model link). 本数据库包含了281个台站下方的壳内Pn波走时数据。该数据库源于构建中国大陆区域上地幔顶部Pn波速度模型的工作 (Ma et al., 2023, JGR: Solid Earth) (模型链接)。 If you face any problem or issue when using this dataset, please feel free to communicate with the corresponding author Jiayu Ma (majy18@mail.ustc.edu.cn or seisbird@gmail.com).

Both the regional earthquake surface wave and seismic ambient noise provide important constraints on the Earth's structure, and yet no study satisfactorily combined them for the best imaging of subsurface seismic structure. In this study, we address this issue by developing a new method to simultaneously determine surface wave phase velocity and earthquake centroid parameters in three steps: (a) preliminary phase velocity inversion based on seismic ambient noise, (b) preliminary earthquake relocation based on earthquake surface wave data, and (c) simultaneous inversion for phase velocity and earthquake centroid parameters with constraints of interstation phase velocity measurements based on seismic ambient noise and event-station phase velocity measurements based on earthquake surface wave data. Application of the method in the North South Seismic Belt region in China results in high-resolution Rayleigh wave phase velocity maps and accurate earthquake centroid parameters. The additional earthquake data notably improve resolution of the inverted phase velocity model in west Yunnan and central Tibetan blocks, the regions with sparse seismic station coverage. The inverted phase velocity model exhibits high-velocity anomalies in cratonic regions and the Emeishan Large Igneous Province, and low-velocity anomalies in the interior and surrounding regions of the Tibetan Plateau. Relocation places earthquakes in shallow depths with geotherm above the crustal rock's brittle-ductile transition temperature of similar to 400celcius $\sim 400\textdegree$, revealing thermal control on thickness of the seismogenic zone. With earthquake centroid parameters constrained, earthquake data are expected to provide further constraints on the deep seismic structure that is beyond the sampling limit of seismic ambient noise.

SUMMARY Using data from 3837 seismic stations deployed in or around continental China, we construct high-resolution models of crustal thickness (H) and seismic compressional and shear velocity ratio (Vp/Vs or κ) in continental China by analysis of 150 543 receiver functions. We group the receiver functions in cells with a spatial resolution of 0.25° × 0.25° in the North–South China Seismic Belt and parts of the North China Craton, and of 0.5° × 0.5° in other regions, classify the receiver functions based on their characteristics, and develop a modified H–κ stacking method to construct models in the regions where the receiver functions are significantly affected by sedimentary basins and by Moho architecture. The inferred crustal thickness model displays an eastward thinning trend from the thickest crust (>80 km) beneath the Qiangtang Block to the thinnest crust (<26 km) beneath the southern part of the Cathaysia Block. Crustal thickness is 26–50 km in several major basins and 26–55 km in the Precambrian cratonic blocks. The inferred Vp/Vs model in the crystalline crust displays moderate-to-high values (1.75–1.85) in the southeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, the Tengchong volcanic field, the Emeishan large igneous province, the north-central areas of the Bohaiwan and Songliao basins, the western margin of the Taikang Hefei Basin and the southeastern margin of the Cathaysia Block. Lower values (≤1.72) characterize the major regions of the Cathaysia Block and the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt, and the hinterlands of the Ordos Block and Sichuan Basin. We discuss possible tectonic processes, secular crustal evolution and crustal compositions that are consistent with our inferred crustal thickness and Vp/Vs structure in continental China. This study establishes a framework of seismic data sharing for future studies in the seismological community in one of the first steps of developing a China Seismological Reference Model.

SUMMARY We construct a high-resolution shallow 3-D seismic model in the top 10 km of the upper crust in the continental China, with constraints of P polarization, Rayleigh wave ellipticity and receiver function obtained from records of 3848 seismic stations. Our 3-D seismic model has a spatial resolution of 0.6–1.2° in the north–south seismic belt and the trans-north China orogen, and 1–2° in the rest of the continental China (except the Tarim basin and the southwest Tibet). The seismic model exhibits low velocity anomalies of deposits in major sedimentary basins and high velocity anomalies of crustal bedrocks in young orogenic belts and old tectonic blocks. The inferred sediment thickness maps display thick deposits in major sedimentary basins, some compacted sediments in the intermontane basins in young orogenic belts and little sediments in old tectonic blocks. We also discuss compaction effects of the sediments and implications of tectonic history and geological evolution of the major basins in the continental China based on the inferred seismic models. This study provides an effective mean of seismic imaging through joint inversion of various seismic constraints and establishes a framework of seismic data sharing for future studies in the seismological community in a first step of developing a China Seismological Reference Model.