Optical remote sensing technology (ORST) has emerged as a pivotal tool across diverse fields, including agriculture, environmental monitoring, and disaster management, owing to its extensive coverage, rich information acquisition, rapid data collection capabilities, and short update cycles. However, simultaneous fulfillment of critical features, such as adaptability to multiple operating scenarios, all-weather functionality, and high-resolution imaging, remain as persistent challenge and an urgent requirement for advancing ORST capabilities. Here, based on common-aperture, freeform surface, and catadioptric method, we propose an integrated optical remote sensing system (ORS-S) featuring a dual-band configuration that combines the visible (VIS)/near-infrared (NIR) spectrum (0.45 to 0.89 mu m) and the mid-wavelength infrared (MWIR) band (2.9 to 5.4 mu m). Our design with three working modes of a CCD imaging in the VIS/NIR band (0.45 to 0.8 mu m), 2 Time-delay integration (TDI) CCD imaging in the VIS/NIR band (0.45 to 0.89 mu m), and MWIR band enables a compact optical mechanical system structure with Phi 900 & times;980 mm. The proposed system, with an entrance pupil diameter of 650 mm, integrates three subsystems: VIS/NIR subsystem (VIS/NIR-S), VIS/NIR TDI subsystem (VIS/NIR-TS), and MWIR TDI subsystem (MWIR-TS). The further environmental analysis indicates that the proposed system has an excellent comprehensive performance. Our design provides new paths to ultra-compact and multispectral information acquisition in the remote sensing domain.

For low-light and high-resolution spectral applications, intensified scientific CMOS(IsCMOS) are often adopted to improve signal-to-noise ratio, but their influence on system performance has not been systematically characterized, making it difficult to ensure design-level performance. In this work, we propose a combined optical-algorithmic approach to ensure both resolution and throughput in ultraviolet spectroscopy. A freeform Czerny-Turner spectrometer incorporating an IsCMOS detector was designed and implemented, achieving a target resolution of 0.1 nm across the 250-310 nm range. By replacing spherical mirrors with freeform reflective surfaces, the numerical aperture was increased by 3.2x, significantly enhancing light collection efficiency while maintaining the designed resolution. However, experimental measurements revealed that the IsCMOS introduced spectral broadening and peak drift. And these degradations were strongly gain-dependent and were attributed to variations in electron trajectories at the microchannel plate output. To address this issue, a non-blind deconvolution method was applied to compensate for the spectral broadening and drift, successfully restoring the system resolution to 0.1 nm across the full spectral range. This study, for the first time, systematically characterizes the gain-dependent effects of IsCMOS, providing new insights and guidance for the calibration of precision ultraviolet spectrometers.

Polarimetric imaging detection (PoID) has become an indispensable tool to acquire information efficiently and realize measurement precisely in a wide variety of fields. However, the quantitative evaluation model to characterize the relationship between system imaging quality and polarization measurement error in polarimetric imaging detection system (PoIDS) has been less explored, which limits further improvement of measurement accuracy. Here, based on scalar diffraction and aberration theory, we propose a quantitative model to evaluate the influence between the ideal and actual optical systems where the aberrations are in the same polarimetric modulation period. The proposed model incorporated the PoID methods based on Stokes parametric characterization is used to analyze the PoIDs for the observed solar magnetic field. The results show that when not being affected by distortion, the polarization measurement error would decrease with the decrease of the monochromatic aberration of the optical system. Furthermore, systematic errors exhibited stabilization when the root-mean-square (RMS) of the optical system aberration was reduced to below lambda/38. Notably, for RMS values below lambda/25, the system not only satisfied but exceeded the specified accuracy thresholds, a polarization background of 0.0005 solar continuum intensity (Ic) and a polarization crosstalk of 0.015. The proposed approach contributes a theoretical model for PoIDS, such as determination of design metric based on measurement accuracy and the evaluation of the measurement accuracy for actual system in the later stage.

A magnetic field sensor based on Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI) with soft gold magnetic composite film (GMCF) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. GMCF is fabricated by Fe 3 O 4 -doped polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film and adhered thin gold membrane via van der Waals force. Applying an external magnetic field, GMCF can vibrate under magnetic forces and cause a change in the cavity length of FPI and hence modulates the interference spectra. Experimental results indicate that the sensor can achieve maximum sensitivity of 390 pm mT −1 under a linear magnetic field intensity ranging from 0 to 65 mT. The proposed sensor could help with magnetic field detection in complex environments.

S-polarization light and p-polarization light are mutually cross orthogonal, which can be used as signal light for emitting and receiving in the polarization-modulated space laser communication, respectively. Due to the retro reflection characteristics of the corner cube retroreflector (CCR), it is widely used as a calibration reflector system in the polarization-modulated space laser communication. The polarization states of the incident light will be change owing to the total internal reflection (TIR) of uncoated rear surface, in addition, each of the six propagation trips will in general produce a different output polarization. For the calibration reflector system in the polarization-modulated space laser communication, the polarization state of the received light, especially the intensity ratio of the p-polarization component, needs to be clarified. In this paper, a framework is presented to calculate polarization by ray tracing through CCR with arbitrary input polarization states and incident angles. On this basis, the relationships between intensity ratio of the p-polarization component in the received light of each propagation trip and the incident light with different polarization states at normal incidence as well as the circular polarized light at incident angles within ± 15°analyzed. Theoretical analysis and experiments have guiding significance for the development of the polarization-modulated space laser communication.

According to the characteristics of the reflective optical microscope lighting system, an improved Kohler illumination system for the full-field optical coherence tomography system (FFOCT) was designed to realize the illumination of biological samples and living biological tissues. The illumination system differs from the conventional Kohler illumination system. The filament of the halogen lamp is imaged on the back focal plane of the microscope objective, then parallel light is incident on the sample plane. The improved Kohler illumination system uses a halogen lamp as the light source and is divided into two parts: the condenser front and rear groups. The front condenser group uses two double -glued structures, and the rear group uses a double-coupled lens. The optical design software Zemax was used to optimize the design, and the illumination analysis software Tracepro was used to trace the ray and simulate the imaging of the light source in the front focal plane of the microscope objective. The entire improved Kohler illumination optical path has a total length of 594 mm, the diaphragm is 122 mm from the front group of the condenser, 99 mm from the rear group, and the working distance is 292 mm; the luminous efficiency of the receiving surface is as high as 60.38%, and the edge of the light spot is smooth and clear. The illumination system makes full use of the optical power emitted by the light source and facilitates the placement of a device such as a splitting prism between the condenser and the microscope objective, which satisfies the requirement of the entire machine well.

Full-disc vector magnetograph (FMG) is one of the main loads in the Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory. FMG is used to realize scientific goals of observing full-disk vector magnetic field with center wavelength of 532.4 nm. The optical system of FMG consists of polarized optical system and imaging optical system, and the imaging optical system composes of the front window and telescope system. The front window has the capability for providing proper situation for scientific observation by absorbing high energy of solar irradiance coming from space while reflecting wavelength of non-scientific investigation beyond wavelength of 532.4 +/- 5 nm. The study analyzed the influence of complex space environment on optical glasses. As a result, the material of fused silica, while two pieces of flat glass parallel with 3mm separation structure and thickness of 15mm are determined. Finally, the results show that design for the front window meet the required specifications.

The academic meanings of infrared imaging fiber bundles were researched and their fabrication technologies were given.A kinds of flexible chalcogenide infrared imaging fiber bundles were fabricated,and their characteristics were tested.By taking As40S58Se2 and As40S60 as the rod and tube materials,the fibers were drawn by rod-in-tube technique.The infrared imaging fiber bundle with a core diameter of 40μm and a cladding diameter of 50 μm was prepared by man-machine-integration technique and it shows squared arrangement which incorporates 576 individual fibers.A special experimental equipment was constructed.The properties of this imaging fiber bundle including spatial arrangement and shaping,blind-fiber ratio and optical transmission efficiency were measured,and the decrease of Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) in the system caused by infrared imaging fiber bundle were measured.Experimental results indicate that the fiber bundle shows a good spatial arrangement and shaping.The blind-fiber ratio is 2.7％,fiber attenuation loss is lower than 0.5 dB/m,and the optical efficiency is almost 31％.Moreover,The decrease of MTF resulted from the fiber bundle in the system is less than 10％.Finally,an infrared imaging experiment was implemented,and the result shows that fine infrared thermal images have been delivered through this system.