Air pollution effects on Indian kharif crop yields remain poorly understood. Integrating satellite observations, model assimilations, and agricultural statistics (2001-2017), this study evaluates the direct and interactive impacts of Ndep, O3, and PM2.5. Ndep increased yields (4.77%), while O3 (5.59%) and PM2.5 (3.37%) reduced them. Antagonistic interactions weakened combined impacts, but effects varied by crop and region, underscoring the need for tailored air quality policies to safeguard food security.

The chemical forms of nitrogen (N) are crucial to soil biogeochemical processes, with soil aggregates serving as the primary reservoirs for these N forms. However, the response of these N forms to different application rates remains inadequately understood in current N management strategies. A seven-year field experiment was conducted on reclaimed soil to evaluate effects on N forms in soil aggregates after application of four N rates (0 [CK], 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha(-1)) under two fertilization regimes: inorganic N fertilizer alone and a combined organic-inorganic fertilizer application (1:1 ratio). The results showed that combined fertilization significantly improved soil nutrient content, microbial biomass, and aggregate stability compared to single fertilizer treatments. At 200 kg N ha(-1), combined fertilization increased transformable N (TF-N) by 99.80 - 201.35% across all aggregate sizes, surpassing the 61.47 - 170.14% increase observed under equivalent sole fertilization treatments. Organic matter-sulfide-bound N (OSF-N) and ion-exchangeable N (IEF-N) were the dominant TF-N fractions, accounting for 62.47 - 70.85% and 10.23 - 20.28%, respectively. These forms exhibited distinct size-dependent distributions: OSF-N, IEF-N, and carbonate-bound N (CF-N) were mainly concentrated in aggregates < 0.25 mm, while iron-manganese-oxide-bound N (IMOF-N) was more abundant in aggregates > 0.25 mm. In addition, sole fertilization lowered soil pH (P < 0.01), suppressing enzymatic activity (P < 0.05) and indirectly limiting TF-N transformation. In contrast,combined fertilization directly enhanced TF-N transformation by improving nutrient availability and microbial biomass. This study highlights the effectiveness of organic-inorganic N application in enhancing N transformation in reclaimed soils, promoting agricultural waste recycling, and offering new insights into soil N cycling.

The initial variations in soil bacteria at the very beginning of reclamation still remains unclear. This study investigates the impact on bacterial communities of eight different treatments, including uncultivated land, unfertilized cultivation, chemical fertilizer, chemical fertilizer + bacterial fertilizer, manure, manure + bacterial fertilizer, manure + chemical fertilizer, and manure + chemical fertilizer + bacterial fertilizer, during the short-term reclamation of coal-mining soils. The results showed that total nitrogen, available phosphorus, soil organic carbon, microbial biomass carbon, and alkaline phosphatase activity were significantly increased in all fertilization treatments compared to uncultivated land (p < 0.05). All fertilization treatments other than chemical fertilizer harbored significantly higher activities of urease, catalase, and invertase than unfertilized cultivation (p < 0.05). The bacterial communities structures in manure-amended treatments significantly differed in uncultivated land and unfertilized cultivation and were phylotypically shifted from oligotrophic to Actinobacteria-dominant copiotrophic traits, accompanied with phenotypic succession of the enriching characteristics of Gram-positive, biofilms formation, and stress tolerance. The co-occurrence network in manure-amended treatments harbored a simple co-occurrence network, indicating more productive soils than in no-manure treatments. Manure amendment, total nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, invertase, catalase, and soil moisture were the key driving factors. Our study underscores the bacterial initialization characteristics promoted by manure at the very beginning of coal-mining reclamation.

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (SNPP) satellite has been continuously providing global environmental data records (EDRs) for more than one decade since its launch in 2011. Recently, the VIIRS EDRs of cloud features have been reprocessed using unified and consistent algorithm for selected periods to minimize or remove the inconsistencies due to different versions of retrieval algorithms as well as input VIIRS sensor data records (SDRs) adopted by different periods of operational EDRs. This study conducts the first simultaneous quality and accuracy assessment of reprocessed Cloud Top Height (CTH) and Cloud Base Height (CBH) products against both the operational VIIRS EDRs and corresponding cloud height measurements from the active sensors of NASA’s CloudSat-CALIPSO system. In general, the reprocessed CTH and CBH EDRs show strong similarities and correlations with CloudSat-CALIPSOs, with coefficients of determination (R2) reaching 0.82 and 0.77, respectively. Additionally, the reprocessed VIIRS cloud height products demonstrate significant improvements in retrieving high-altitude clouds and in sensitivity to cloud height dynamics. It outperforms the operational product in capturing very high CTHs exceeding 15 km and exhibits CBH probability patterns more closely aligned with CloudSat-CALIPSO measurements. This preliminary assessment enhances data applicability of remote sensing products for atmospheric and climate research, allowing for more accurate cloud measurements and advancing environmental monitoring efforts.

Fertilization is an effective measure to rapidly improve soil quality in reclaimed mining areas. However, the combined effects of fertilization regimes and reclamation age on phosphorus (P) fraction transformation and the pqqC-harboring microbial community in reclaimed soils remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the dynamics of inorganic P fractions and the pqqC-harboring bacterial community under different fertilization treatments (no fertilizer: CK; chemical fertilizer: CF; organic manure: M) and reclamation ages (1, 5, and 10 years) in a coal mining reclamation area of Shanxi Province, using long-term field experiments combined with high-throughput sequencing. Results showed that compared with the CF and CK treatments, the M treatment significantly increased soil organic matter (SOM), available P (AP), and total nitrogen (TN) content, and promoted the conversion of moderately labile P (NaOH-Pi) to labile P fractions (H2O-Pi, NaHCO3-Pi). Meanwhile, the pqqC gene abundance increased with reclamation age, with the M treatment maintaining the highest levels in all fertilization regimes. Co-occurrence network analysis of core species revealed that the number of connections gradually decreased and the network structure simplified with increasing reclamation age. Correspondingly, the microbial community transitioned from an initial stage characterized by rapid response and intense competition to a stable phase. Specifically, Pseudomonas spp. played a key role in P mobilization. Structural equation modeling (SEM) further demonstrated that reclamation age directly promoted the pqqC gene abundance and AP content, whereas fertilization indirectly influenced P transformation by regulating microbial diversity. Our findings reveal that reclamation age and fertilization synergistically shape the inorganic P profile and the associated bacterial community, providing insights for developing targeted P management strategies in reclaimed lands.

The Great Green Wall (GGW) initiative, which started in 2007 and is still in development as of 2024, aims to combat desertification and enhance sustainability over 8000 km across Africa’s Sahel-Sahara region, encompassing 11 key countries and 7 countries associated with the initiative. Because of limited ground measurements for the GGW project, the progress and impacts of the GGW initiative have been a challenging problem to monitor and assess. This study aims to utilize satellite remote sensing data to analyze changes in the key factors related to the sustainability of the GGW region, including land cover type, vegetation index, precipitation rate, land surface temperature (LST), surface soil moisture, etc. Results from temporal analysis of these factors indicate that the deserts along the GGW are retreating and the regional mean of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) has an increasing trend, although the precipitation has a slightly decreasing trend, over the past two decades. Further analysis shows spatial heterogeneity of vegetation, precipitation, and soil moisture changes. Desertification is still a challenging issue in some GGW countries. These results are helpful in understanding climate change in the GGW regions and the impacts of the Great Green Wall initiative.

土壤团聚体作为土壤最重要的结构单元,储存着土壤中大多数的有机碳,对复垦土壤质量和肥力产生重要影响.为了研究不同有机肥对土壤团聚体活性有机碳的影响,依托山西省孝义市采煤塌陷区定位培肥试验平台,研究施用不同有机肥(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪)和化肥对复垦土壤团聚体分布、活性有机碳含量的影响.结果表明,施肥处理和复垦年限影响着土壤团聚体的分布,随着复垦年限的增加,施肥处理提高了土壤>2.00 mm和0.25～2.00 mm团聚体数量,显著降低了<0.25 mm团聚体数量(36.34%～76.46%).施肥处理和复垦年限均影响土壤各粒径团聚体总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、可溶性有机碳、微生物量碳和轻组有机碳含量(<0.25 mm团聚体易氧化有机碳除外),而施肥处理和复垦年限互作仅影响 0.25～2.00 mm团聚体总有机碳含量、>2.00 mm和 0.25～2.00 mm团聚体微生物量碳及轻组有机碳含量;随着复垦年限的增加,有机肥均显著提高了各粒径团聚体活性有机碳含量,其中猪粪处理更显著,且在0.25～2.00 mm团聚体中活性有机碳含量最高.总之,随着复垦年限的增加,有机肥处理下>0.25 mm团聚体数量增加,并且提高了土壤团聚体活性有机碳含量.

[目的]石灰性复垦土壤磷素含量极低且易被其他离子吸附固定,严重影响作物的吸收与利用.研究不同有机肥对石灰性复垦土壤磷吸附解吸特征的影响,为加速培肥煤矿复垦土壤提供技术和理论依据.[方法]在山西省孝义市采煤塌陷区进行了4年的定位培肥试验,共设置了6个处理:不施肥、施鸡粪、施猪粪、施牛粪和氮钾肥、施氮磷钾肥.采集各处理土壤样品进行吸附动力学试验,测定复垦土壤磷最大吸附量、最大缓冲容量、吸附饱和度、解吸率,并分析影响磷吸附解吸的关键因素.[结果]采用Langmuir等温吸附方程可以极好地拟合复垦土壤对磷的吸附(R2=0.924～0.992).复垦年限和施肥处理以及二者的交互作用均对复垦土壤磷吸附解吸产生显著影响.随复垦年限的增加,土壤磷最大吸附量显著降低,而土壤磷吸附饱和度和解吸率显著增加.与复垦第1年相比,复垦第4年各施肥处理的土壤磷最大吸附量降低了12％～26％,土壤磷吸附饱和度增加了218％～885％,土壤磷解吸率增加了86％～118％.与两个化肥处理相比,3种有机肥处理下土壤磷最大吸附量显著降低了30％,最大缓冲容量降低了31％,土壤磷吸附饱和度增加了34％,磷解吸率增加了16％～24％.而且不同有机肥处理间也存在显著差异,有机肥对磷吸附的影响表现为猪粪>鸡粪>牛粪,对磷解吸的影响表现为鸡粪>猪粪>牛粪.冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,全磷和有机质是影响磷吸附-解吸的主要因素,贡献率分别为74％和13％ (P<0.01).[结论]施肥可以降低采煤塌陷复垦土壤对磷的吸附,增加磷的解吸能力,同一磷水平下有机肥的影响效果显著好于化肥.土壤对磷的吸附-解吸主要受土壤全磷和有机质含量的影响.在增加土壤磷有效性方面,鸡粪的效果优于猪粪和牛粪.随着施肥年限的增加磷吸附饱和度逐渐增加,建议持续监测土壤磷吸附-解吸特性,以警惕有机肥长期施用引起的环境磷流失风险.

Carbon-fixing microbes can potentially improve soil fertility. However, the potential and function of carbon-fixing microbes remains largely uninvestigated in reclaimed soil of coal-mining subsidence areas. In this study, treatments included UL (uncultivated land), CK (maize cultivation without fertilization), NPK (maize cultivation with chemical fertilizer), M (maize cultivation with manure), MNPK (maize cultivation with manure and chemical fertilizer) after 1-year reclamation in a typical coal mining subsidence area. Quantitative PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-throughput sequencing were employed to investigate the topsoil carbon-fixing microbial biomass, RubisCO activity and community composition. The results showed that the dominant taxa (i.e., Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Devosia and Marichromatium ) were significantly changed after reclamation ( P < 0.05). Carbon-fixing microbial community structure in fertilization treatments (NPK, M and MNPK) obviously differed from non-fertilizer treatments (UL and CK). Soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon were significantly higher in fertilization treatments than non-fertilizer treatments ( P < 0.05). M significantly increased RubisCO activity and cbbL gene abundance ( P < 0.05), MNPK significantly increased carbon-fixing microbial richness ( P < 0.05). Carbon-fixing microbial community structure was strongly influenced by soil moisture, catalase, total phosphorus and dissolved organic carbon. Some environmental factors indirectly influenced SOC by affecting carbon-fixing microbial biomass, diversity and community structure. Our study implies that even short-term (1-year) reclamation and fertilization could significantly influence carbon-fixing microbial community structure and promote soil carbon accumulation, and the fertilization treatments with manure (M and MNPK) were more conducive, which indicated that carbon-fixing microbes were greatly conducive to improve soil fertility in reclaimed mining areas and achieve carbon neutrality.

We present a new version (v5.0) of the NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) mid‐tropospheric temperature (TMT) time series. This data set uses a backward‐merging approach to intercalibrate 16 satellite‐based microwave sounding records. The instrument observations included those from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) during 1979–2004, Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐A (AMSU‐A) during 1998–2017, and Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder (ATMS) from 2011 to present. A TMT time series during 2002–present based on satellite microwave observations in stable sun‐synchronous orbits was used as a reference in the backward merging process in which earlier satellites were adjusted and merged to the reference. Observations from earlier satellites were recalibrated to remove their calibration drifting errors relative to the reference using sequential overlapping observations. This included removal of spurious warming drifts in the MSU observations onboard NOAA‐11, NOAA‐12, and NOAA‐14 and a spurious cooling drift in the NOAA‐15 AMSU‐A observations. Temperature changes resulting from diurnal sampling drifts were corrected using an observation‐based semi‐physical model developed in this study. Other adjustments included channel frequency differences between MSU and AMSU‐A companion channels and instrument blackbody warm target effect on observed radiances. These adjustments resulted in inter‐consistent TMT records spanning MSU, AMSU‐A, and ATMS. The merged time series produced a global mean TMT trend of 0.092 ± 0.043 K/decade during 1979–2021 and a total tropospheric trend of 0.142 ± 0.045 K/decade after removal of a stratospheric cooling effect in TMT. Remarkably, the total tropospheric trends during the latest half period were nearly doubled the earlier half period over the global ocean.

为探究定位培肥矿区复垦土壤过程中不同有机肥对土壤磷素累积状况及环境流失风险的差异.以山西省孝义市采煤塌陷复垦土壤为研究对象,研究不同有机肥(鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪)和化肥在4个施磷水平下(0,25,50,100 kg/hm2)培肥4年后对矿区复垦土壤全磷、Olsen—P、Mehlich3—P、CaCl2—P以及磷饱和度(DPS)的影响及其之间的变化关系.结果表明:(1)施用有机肥增加土壤中磷素含量,且施磷量越大,对磷素含量的影响越明显,特别是土壤全磷、Olsen—P和Mehlic3—P,并使CaCl2—P呈增加的趋势;与不施磷处理和化肥相比,施用有机肥提高了土壤磷饱和度(DPS);总体来看,不同施肥处理对土壤磷素含量的影响均表现为鸡粪≥猪粪＞牛粪＞化肥.(2)各施肥处理土壤Olsen—P与Mehlich3—P、Olsen—P与CaCl2—P、Mehlich3—P与CaCl2—P之间存在显著的线性相关性.(3)与猪粪、牛粪和化肥处理相比,鸡粪处理对矿区复垦土壤磷素流失风险影响最大,当磷饱和度(DPS)≥39.31％、Olsen—P≥26.24 mg/kg、Meh-lich3—P≥49.06 mg/kg时,土壤CaCl2—P含量迅速增加.因此,可将上述指标作为矿区复垦土壤磷素流失的临界值,超过此值,土壤磷素流失风险加大,需要警惕对地表、地下水体的污染.

【Objective】 Reclaimed soils are usually poor in nutrients and the aim of this paper is to investigate the efficacy of nitrogen-fixing bacteria combined with different nitrogen fertilizations in improving fertility of reclaimed soils. 【Method】 The experiments were conducted in pots filled with soil collected from a subsidized coal mining. The soil was incubated with nitrogen-fixing bacteria combined with different nitrogen fertilizers. In each treatment, we measured carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass, enzymatic activity, total nitrogen, and ammonium and nitrate nitrogen in the soil. 【Result】 Combining nitrogen-fixing bacteria with ammonium or nitrate nitrogen fertilizer increases carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass, total dissolved nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen in the soil. Compared with treatment with nitrate and ammonium nitrogen fertilization only, their combination with nitrogen-fixing bacteria increases the activity of catalase, sucrase, protease and urease by 4.96%, 17.85%, 12.53% and 6.12% respectively. Correlation analysis shows a close relationship between soil nutrients, enzymatic activity and carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass; the activity of sucrase, protease and urease is positively correlated with total nitrogen, total dissolved nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in the soil (P<0.01); the enzymatic activity is positively correlated with nitrate nitrogen (P<0.05); a positive correlation exists between carbon and nitrogen in microbial biomass and total dissolved nitrogen in the soil (P<0.05). Principal component analysis shows that ammonium nitrogen fertilization combined with nitrogen-fixing bacteria gives the best soil quality. 【Conclusion】 Combining nitrate and ammonium nitrogen fertilization with nitrogen-fixing bacteria can significantly increase soil microbial biomass and nitrogen content, and it can be used as an improved agricultural practice to improve quality of reclaimed soil from coal mining.

为充分利用采煤塌陷区发展草牧业,在山西省孝义市煤矿沉陷区测定老芒麦、狼尾草、披碱草和无芒雀麦四种禾本科牧草的产量、鲜干比及粗蛋白、粗脂肪、可溶性糖、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维含量,计算四种牧草的相对饲用价值并运用灰色关联度法对牧草的产量及品质进行综合评价,筛选适宜采煤塌陷区种植的禾本科牧草.结果 表明:无芒雀麦鲜草产量和干草产量最高,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量最低;综合评价表明,灰色关联度无芒雀麦＞披碱草＞老芒麦＞狼尾草,无芒雀麦适宜作为采煤沉陷区种植的禾本科牧草.

试验探讨煤矿沉陷区不同混播比例及添加剂对紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦混合青贮饲料品质的影响.在山西省煤矿沉陷区将两种牧草按8 ∶ 2、7 ∶ 3、6 ∶ 4、5 ∶ 5、4 ∶ 6、3 ∶ 7和2 ∶ 8的比例混播后混贮,2个添加剂处理,分别为0.5％甲酸和5％麸皮,青贮45d.结果显示,适宜的混播比例和添加剂可以改善矿区紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦青贮饲料的品质.甲酸添加剂可以显著降低青贮饲料的pH值及氨态氮/总氮(NH3-N/TN)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量(P＜0.05);混播比例对各指标均有显著影响(P＜0.05).从感官品质、发酵品质和营养价值综合考虑,在煤矿沉陷区紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦混播青贮时选用3 ∶ 7混播比例,同时添加0.5％甲酸较为适宜,有利于提高青贮饲料的品质.

We develop a post‐millennium mid‐tropospheric temperature time series from continuous observations by advanced microwave sounders onboard satellites in stable sun‐synchronous orbits. Such observations have high radiometric stability and do not experience diurnal sampling changes over time, allowing us to develop merged time series from multiple satellites with an accuracy better than 0.012 Kelvin/Decade. With such high accuracy, the resulting time series can be used as a reference measurement of climate variability and trends in atmospheric temperatures. The warming rate from this time series for the atmospheric layer between surface and 10 km is 0.230 ± 0.134 Kelvin/Decade during the period from 2002 to 2020, which is ∼14% higher than the existing satellite microwave sounder datasets. Our finding provides new insight on trend differences among microwave sounder temperature data sets developed by different research groups, and is also helpful in reconciling trend differences between satellite observations and climate model simulations.

采煤塌陷土地复垦是补充耕地资源的有效途径之一,然而土壤磷有效性低是限制矿区土地复垦和作物生产的重要因子之一.为了解施用有机肥后矿区复垦土壤中磷的有效性变化,基于作物磷素需求的有机肥施肥模式,进行采煤塌陷复垦土壤(山西省孝义市偏城村)田间试验,分析连续两年施用相同磷量(100 kg/hm2)的鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪和化肥对玉米产量和磷肥利用效率的影响.结果表明:(1)有机肥处理显著提高了玉米的籽粒产量和地上生物量.施肥第一年鸡粪处理增产效果显著高于猪粪和牛粪处理,第二年各施肥处理间差异不显著.玉米产量增加主要是提高了百粒重.(2)各施肥处理0-60 cm土壤剖面有效磷(Olsen-P)含量随土层深度增加呈下降趋势.其中0-20 cm土层有效磷含量鸡粪处理显著高于猪粪和牛粪处理,20-40 cm土层鸡粪和猪粪处理显著高于牛粪处理,40-60 cm土层处理间差异不显著.(3)连续两年施用有机肥及化肥后玉米磷肥利用效率为鸡粪≥猪粪≈牛粪≈化肥.施鸡粪处理磷肥回收率最高,2017年和2018年分别为23.97％和26.99％.鸡粪处理农学磷有效性系数最高(1.47),明显高于猪粪处理(1.00)和牛粪处理(0.89).总之,施用鸡粪显著提高了玉米产量和磷肥利用效率,可作为培肥矿区复垦土壤或与本研究区土壤类型相似的低产农田改良的推荐有机肥.

The Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership (S-NPP) satellite continually provides global observations used to retrieve over 20 VIIRS Environmental Data Record (EDR) products. Among them, the cloud mask product is essential for many other VIIRS EDR products such as aerosols, ocean color, and active fire. The reprocessed S-NPP VIIRS Sensor Data Record (SDR) data produced by NOAA/Center for Satellite Applications and Research (STAR) have shown improved stability and consistency. Recently, the VIIRS Enterprise Cloud Mask (ECM) has been reprocessed using the reprocessed VIIRS SDR data. This study assesses the reprocessed ECM product by comparing the reprocessed cloud mask types and cloud probability with those from the operational VIIRS ECM product. It found that the overall differences are small. Most of the discrepancies occur between neighboring types at the cloud edge. These findings help lay the foundation for the user community to understand the reprocessed ECM product. In addition, due to the better quality of the reprocessed VIIRS SDR data that are utilized to generate the reprocessed ECM product, it is expected that the reprocessed ECM product will have better stability and consistency compared to the operational ECM products. Therefore, the reprocessed ECM product is a useful benchmark for the user community.

The spatiotemporal mean rain rate (MR) can be characterized by the rain frequency (RF) and the conditional rain rate (CR). We computed these parameters for each season using the TMPA 3-hourly, 0.25° gridded data for the 1998–2017 period at a quasi-global scale, 50°N~50°S. For the global long-term average, MR, RF, and CR are 2.83 mm/d, 10.55%, and 25.05 mm/d, respectively. The seasonal time series of global mean RF and CR show significant decreasing and increasing trends, respectively, while MR depicts only a small but significant trend. The seasonal anomaly of RF decreased by 5.29% and CR increased 13.07 mm/d over the study period, while MR only slightly decreased by −0.029 mm/day. The spatiotemporal patterns in MR, RF, and CR suggest that although there is no prominent trend in the total precipitation amount, the frequency of rainfall events becomes smaller and the average intensity of a single event becomes stronger. Based on the co-variability of RF and CR, the paper optimally classifies the precipitation over land and ocean into four categories using K-means clustering. The terrestrial clusters are consistent with the dry and wet climatology, while categories over the ocean indicate high RF and medium CR in the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) region; low RF with low CR in oceanic dry zones; and low RF and high CR in storm track areas. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis was then performed, and these results indicated that the major pattern of MR is characterized by an El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal while RF and CR variations are dominated by their trends.

为研究有机肥培肥复垦土壤过程中磷的有效性如何变化、不同有机肥在什么施磷水平下能使作物取得最大生产效率以及合理培肥土壤，依托采煤塌陷定位培肥试验基地（山西省孝义市偏城村），在4个磷水平下（0，25，50，100 kg/hm2）研究不同肥料（鸡粪、猪粪、牛粪和化肥）对玉米产量及土壤速效磷含量的动态变化。经过2年的田间试验，结果表明：（1）施用有机肥和化肥均能显著提高玉米籽粒产量，随着施磷量的增加，玉米籽粒产量呈先增加后基本不变的趋势，通过构建2年磷肥效应方程发现，化肥、鸡粪、猪粪和牛粪处理的最佳施磷量范围分别为67.54~83.02，24.91~38.65，26.10~29.26，50.33~58.38 kg/hm2，可见，3种有机肥推荐施磷量均小于化肥处理；（2）玉米吸磷量和磷肥利用率在各施磷水平下均表现为鸡粪 ≥猪粪>牛粪>化肥。玉米吸磷量随施磷水平的增加呈先增后基本不变的趋势，磷肥当季回收率表现为随施磷水平的增加呈下降趋势；（3）连续施肥2年后，不同施肥处理在采煤塌陷区复垦土壤上影响的土壤有效磷深度不同。其中，化肥处理在50，100 kg/hm2磷水平下显著提高0—60 cm土层Olsen—P含量；鸡粪处理在50 kg/hm2磷水平下显著提高0—40 cm土层Olsen—P含量，而100 kg/hm2磷水平下显著提高Olsen—P含量到60 cm土层；猪粪处理在50，100 kg/hm2磷水平下显著提高0—40 cm土层Olsen—P含量；牛粪处理仅对表层Olsen—P含量有影响。总之，不同有机肥处理之间对作物生长和土壤Olsen—P含量的影响均表现为鸡粪 ≥猪粪>牛粪，且不同有机肥对于新复垦土壤的推荐施肥量不同，鸡粪和猪粪的推荐施磷量最少，其次为牛粪处理。

Surface soil moisture (SSM), the average water content of surface soil (up to 5 cm depth), plays a key role in the energy exchange within the ecosystem. We estimated SSM in areas with vegetation cover (grassland) by combining microwave and optical satellite measurements in the central Tibetan Plateau (TP) in 2015. We exploited TERRA moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Sentinel-1A synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations to estimate SSM through a simplified water-cloud model (sWCM). This model considers the impact of vegetation water content (VWC) to SSM retrieval by integrating the vegetation index (VI), the normalized difference water index (NDWI), or the normalized difference infrared index (NDII). Sentinel-1 SAR C-band backscattering coefficients, incidence angle, and NDWI/NDII were assimilated in the sWCM to monitor SSM. The soil moisture and temperature monitoring network on the central TP (CTP-SMTMN) measures SSM within the study area, and ground measurements were applied to train and validate the model. Via the proposed methods, we estimated the SSM in vegetated area with an R2 of 0.43 and a ubRMSE of 0.06 m3/m3 when integrating the NDWI and with an R2 of 0.45 and a ubRMSE of 0.06 m3/m3 when integrating the NDII.