Abstract Background Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a significant cereal crop that plays a vital role in global food production. To expedite the breeding of wheat cultivars with high protein quality, it is necessary to genetically analyze the traits related to quality. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted to identify the genomic regions responsible for protein quality traits in winter wheat. Results Six protein quality traits were evaluated across two locations and two years for a total of 341 wheat accessions. Utilizing the wheat 40 K SNP array, GWAS identified 97 significantly stable SNPs at 43 loci for five out of six protein quality traits using a linear mixed model. The 43 loci distribution was four for grain protein content, two for flour protein content, one for wet gluten content, four for gluten index, and thirty-two for Zeleny sedimentation value. The most significant associations were identified on chromosomes 1 A, 1B, and 1D. Haplotype analysis of loci associated with the gluten index in the 412–416 Mb interval on chromosome 1D identified three blocks. Accessions with superior haplotypes showed a significantly higher gluten index than those with inferior haplotypes. Six KASP markers were successfully developed for the gluten index, while five KASP markers were developed for the Zeleny sedimentation value. Additionally, eight candidate genes were identified that may affect protein accumulation during grain development. Conclusions Our study identified 97 SNPs significantly associated with protein quality traits; developed 6 KASP markers for gluten index, and 5 KASP markers for Zeleny sedimentation values; screened 8 candidate genes that may be related to protein quality during grain development. Thise research will offer valuable insights for wheat breeding programs in China and globally.

Flour color influences the quality of end-use products of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). To analyze the genetic basis of flour color, the flour brightness (FL*), red-green level (Fa*), yellow-blue level (Fb*), and whiteness (W) of 341 winter wheat materials grown during the 2019–2020 years and 2020–2021 years in Emin and Qitai were measured. A genome-wide association study was conducted using a wheat 40 K breeding chip with the MLM model. The coefficient of variation and generalized heritability of wheat flour color traits ranged from 0.62% to 22.23% and 55.52% to 83.48%, respectively. There were strong correlations across the flour color traits. GWAS identified 20 significant and stable SNP markers distributed across 16 loci, including 1 for FL* located on chromosome 5D; 6 for Fa*, located on chromosomes 1 A, 5 A, 1B (2), 6B, and 4D; 6 for Fb*, located on chromosomes 2 A (2), 4 A, 4B, 6B, and 5D; and 3 for W, located on chromosomes 2 A, 4 A, and 5D. Two KASP markers were developed for Fa*, which exhibited good genotype and significant phenotypic differences among materials with different genotypes. Seven candidate genes that may affect flour color during grain development were screened, including TraesCS5D02G01340.1, TraesCS5D02G013100, and TraesCS5D02G014300.1 on the 5D chromosome may simultaneously influence W, FL*, and Fa*, TraesCS1B02G269100.1 and TraesCS1B02G269500.1 on the 1B chromosome may impact Fa*, while TraesCS4A02G307200 and TraesCS6B02G034100.1 on the 4 A and 6B chromosomes may affect Fb*.The results provide useful information to enhance the color quality of wheat flour in wheat.

Abstract Starch is the main component of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) flour, and its quality directly affects the processing quality of the final product. To investigate the genetic basis of starch, this study assessed the starch quality traits of 341 winter wheat varieties/lines grown in Emin and Qitai during the years 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. A genome‐wide association study was conducted with the genotype data obtained from wheat 40K breeding chips using the mixed linear model. Wheat starch quality traits exhibited coefficients of variation ranging from 1.43% to 23.66% and broad‐sense heritabilities between 0.37 and 0.87. All traits followed an approximately normal distribution, except for T. There were highly significant correlations among starch quality traits, with the strongest correlation observed between final viscosity (FV) and trough viscosity (TV) (r = 0.748), followed by peak viscosity and breakdown (BD) (r = 0.679). Thirty‐four single‐nucleotide polymorphism markers significantly and stably associated with starch quality traits were identified, clustering in 31 genetic loci. These included one locus for TV, six loci for BD, three loci for FV, two loci for peak time (PT), 12 loci for T, five loci for falling number, and two loci for damaged starch. One PT‐related block of 410 kb was identified in the region of 596 Mb on chromosome 5A, where significant phenotypic differences were observed between different haplotypes. One Kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP) marker for T was developed on chromosome 7B, and two KASP markers for BD were developed on chromosome 7A. Four candidate genes possibly affecting BD during grain development were identified on chromosome 7A, including TraesCS7A02G225100.1, TraesCS7A02G225900.1, TraesCS7A02G226400.1, and TraesCS7A02G257100.1. The results have significant implications for utilizing marker‐assisted selection in breeding to improve wheat starch quality.

为快速、准确鉴别出不育系中混入的保持系种子数量,确保不育系种子繁殖纯度.本研究以3对育性稳定的不育系和其同型保持系为试验材料,采用Illumina wheat 90K芯片技术,对其SNP差异位点进行分析,设计了与不育基因相关的SNP引物,在此基础上开发了 dCAPs标记,并采用杂交小麦杂交种和恢复系为检测材料对dCAPs分子标记的可靠性进行了验证.结果表明,从3对不育系和其同型保持系材料中获得一个共有SNP差异位点.根据差异位点开发了含有内切酶XmnⅠ的dCAPs标记,对含有不育基因材料进行dCAPs标记检测,表明该标记为AL型三系杂交小麦不育基因检测较理想的分子标记,为杂交小麦遗传基础研究及种子纯度检测提供了可靠工具.

提高不育系的异交结实率是杂交小麦制种产量取得突破的重要途径.为明确小麦AL型雄性不育系的异交结实特性,连续3年测定了 2个小麦AL型不育系36A和3235A的柱头活力、柱头外露率、颖间距和自然异交结实率.结果表明,36A和3235A的平均 自然异交结实率分别为113.02％和44.65％,柱头活力分别为104.96％和76.7％,差异均达到显著水平;二者的柱头外露率和颖间距无显著差异.相关分析表明,授粉天数与柱头活力呈显著负相关,柱头活力随授粉天数的延长而降低;柱头活力与柱头外露率和颖间距、柱头外露率与颖间距间均呈显著正相关.随授粉进程推移,柱头活力、柱头外露率和颖间距均呈先增后减趋势,36A的3个指标均高于3235A,综合表现为异交结实率高.花后第4～11天套袋饱和授粉异交结实率最高,授粉后第6～12天,柱头外露率和颖间距均达到最大.因此,小麦AL型不育系的恢复系扬花始期比不育系推迟2～3 d,小花陆续开放、柱头活力也较强,并持续开颖,可保持较高结实率,为最佳授粉时间.

为强筋春小麦'新春38号'优质、高产栽培提供理论依据,研究了'新春38号'在灌浆不同时期喷施叶面肥(磷酸二氢钾和芸苔素内酯)对籽粒黑胚病、产量及品质的影响.结果表明:2次混合喷施磷酸二氢钾和芸苔素内酯小麦产量较对照增产27.9％,千粒重显著提高,不育小穗数减小,黑胚率由原来21％降低到16.8％;一次混合喷施叶面肥后籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉淀值分别较对照增加1％、0.7％和4.54％,单一喷施磷酸二氢钾时面团形成时间和稳定时间较对照增大0.6 min和0.7 min,面团拉伸曲线和拉伸面积增大22 cm2和91 BU,单一喷施芸苔素内酯对其没有显著的影响.因此,在小麦灌浆早期混合喷施叶面肥能有效改善春小麦'新春38号'黑胚的发生,可提高产量和品质.

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the important grain crops that fulfill global food security requirements. Understanding the genetic basis of wheat yield and related traits is crucial for increasing yield through marker-assisted selection (MAS). In this study, a phenotypic analysis was conducted on the yield and related traits of 192 Chinese spring wheat genotypes in six field environments. Based on the 90K wheat SNP iSelect assay, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 84 stable and significantly associated signals at 50 loci for 8 out of the 10 analyzed traits. These traits included grain yield (1), plant height (6), spike length (21), productive spikelet rate (12), kernel number per spikelet (1), kernel number per main spike (2), thousand kernel weight (5), and test weight (2). Seventy-one stable SNP markers were mapped to annotated genes, with 51 of them located in the coding sequences (CDSs) of 47 explanatory genes. Haplotype analysis revealed three blocks on chromosome 5A and two blocks on chromosome 5D associated with plant height (PH). Varieties with different haplotypes at these loci displayed a significant difference in plant height. The performance of traits was improved by increasing the number of superior alleles for productive spikelet rate and spike length. These results provided prospective alleles for controlling yield and yield composition in wheat breeding. These alleles could be used for marker-assisted selection to improve wheat yield.

In order to understand the difference of quality for Chinese and CIMMYT wheat varieties (lines), we selected 153 wheat germplasm from both China and CIMMYT to explore the contribution relationship of different allelic variation combinations to wheat quality through genotyping and phenotyping, including grain hardness, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity, lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, yellow pigment (YP) content and protein content. In terms of flour milling quality, Chinese wheat varieties were mainly carrying Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b, accounting for 32.0% of the total tested varieties, while the CIMMYT wheat lines were mainly carrying Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a with 45.8% of the total collection. The distribution frequencies of subunit 1/2* and 5 + 10 were 47.0% and 42.5%, respectively, in CIMMYT varieties, however they were only 31.4% and 13.7% respectively of the Chinese wheat tested varieties. In addition, the proportion of phytoene synthase (PSY) allele, PPO allele and LOX active allele were roughly the same between Chinese and CIMMYT varieties. Based on the present study, we found that Pina gene had a greater impact on grain hardness value than Pinb gene; The influence of PPO-A1 gene on polyphenol oxidase activity was more significant than PPO-D1 gene. The high protein content of varieties mostly containing hardness genes and 1/2*/5 + 10 subunit combinations. Based on the present study, we found that the quality gene distribution of Chinese and CIMMYT varieties was quite different, for instance, the high-quality HMW-GS subunits of Chinese varieties were lower than CIMMYT lines. It will be much useful for Chinese wheat breeders to develop good quality wheat variety by crossing with 3 good strong gluten CIMMYT wheat lines by molecular marker-assisted selection.

为明确新疆冬小麦品种的叶锈病抗性,2020-2022年以37份新疆审定冬小麦品种为材料,选用9个叶锈菌生理小种(PHDS、PHTT、THNJ、THTS、THHS、FKKQ、FHSS、FGJQ、FHJQ)接种进行小麦苗期抗叶锈性鉴定;选用新疆本地优势小种(PHTT和THTS)接种进行小麦成株期抗叶锈性鉴定,并利用11个与已知抗病基因紧密连锁的特异性分子标记进行分子标记检测.苗期鉴定结果表明,参试品种对叶锈病的抗性普遍不好,且接种生理小种后表现抗病的品种较少,其中仅新冬21号对所有生理小种抗性均达到了中抗(MR)以上水平,新冬 2 号对THNJ、THTS、FKKQ、FHSS、FGJQ、FHJQ等6个生理小种抗性达到了中抗(MR)以上,新冬36号对FKKQ、FHSS、FGJQ、FHJQ等4个生理小种抗性达到了抗(R)或近免疫(NIM),其他参试品种均只对1～2个生理小种表现中抗(MR)以上水平.小麦成株期鉴定结果表明,抗病达到中抗(MR)的品种有12个,达到抗(R)以上水平的品种有8个.分子标记结合成株期抗性鉴定结果表明,参试品种中共检测到6个抗叶锈病基因,即Lr1、Lr10、Lr14a、Lr20、Lr26和Lr34,这些抗病基因单独使用已基本失去抗性.为保障新疆粮食安全、促进小麦产业绿色发展,应重视小麦抗叶锈病育种工作,一是加强品种资源工作,引进或创制含有新的抗叶锈病基因的品种资源,二是利用分子育种技术实现基因聚合,使新疆小麦品种原有的失去抗叶锈病的基因能够重新获得抗病性.

本文介绍了春小麦新春45号品种的特征特性及滴管超高产栽培技术,以为新春45号进一步的示范和推广提供理论依据.

In order to understand the genetic basis of starch pasting viscosity characteristics of Chinese spring wheat, we assessed the genetic variation of RVA parameters determined by the Rapid Visco Analyser in a panel of 192 Chinese spring wheat accessions grown in Er’shi, Shihezi and Zhaosu during 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons. A genome-wide association study with 47,362 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers was conducted to detect marker-trait associations using mixed linear model. Phenotypic variations of RVA parameters ranged from 1.6 to 30.7% and broad-sense heritabilities ranged from 0.62 to 0.91. Forty-one SNP markers at 25 loci were significantly associated with seven RVA traits in at least two environments; among these, 20 SNPs were located in coding sequences (CDS) of 18 annotation genes, which can lead to discovering novel genes underpinning starch gelatinization in spring wheat. Haplotype analysis revealed one block for breakdown (BD) on chromosome 3B and two blocks for pasting temperature (T) on chromosome 7B. Cultivars with superior haplotypes at these loci showed better starch pasting viscosity than the average of all cultivars surveyed. The identified loci and associated markers provide valuable sources for future functional characterization and genetic improvement of starch quality in wheat.

[目的]研究基因型和环境对新疆冬小麦品种蛋白质品质性状的影响.[方法]选用762份新疆冬小麦品种种植于新疆3个地点,检测籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数、沉淀值以及面团揉合特性等8个蛋白质品质性状.[结果]新疆冬小麦品种的籽粒蛋白质含量为14.44％,湿面筋含量为32.37％,面筋指数为61.86％,Zeleny沉淀值为26.25 mL,峰值时间为2.67 min,峰值高度为53.09％,8 min宽度为15.30％,8 min面积为107.16％TQ×min,多数品种属中筋类型.不同地点间小麦蛋白质品质性状存在差异,蛋白质数量性状表现为阿克苏点>石河子点>伊宁点,蛋白质质量性状表现为伊宁点>石河子点>阿克苏点,3个地点间的蛋白质质量性状表现出显著差异.基因型、环境及G×E互作效应对蛋白质品质性状均有影响,但作用大小不同,环境为47.62％ ～68.94％,G×E为23.34％ ～41.38％,基因型为7.71％ ～11.00％.不同类型的蛋白质品质性状稳定性不同,其中籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、Zeleny沉淀值、峰值时间、8 min宽度和8 min面积稳定性表现为石河子点>阿克苏点>伊宁点,峰值高度稳定性表现为伊宁点>石河子点>阿克苏点,面筋指数稳定性表现为阿克苏点>伊宁点>石河子点.[结论]基因型、环境及G×E对新疆冬小麦品种蛋白质品质性状均有显著影响作用,依次为环境>G×E>基因型;新疆小麦品种多属中筋类型,除籽粒蛋白质含量和湿面筋含量外,其他蛋白品质性状均未达到国标优质强筋的标准,且强筋小麦品种较少;不同地点的蛋白质品质特性不同,阿克苏点蛋白质数量性状总体优于石河子点与伊宁点,伊宁点蛋白质质量性状表现总体优于石河子点和阿克苏点;不同品质性状的稳定性不同,籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、Zeleny沉淀值、峰值时间、8 min宽度和8 min面积在石河子点稳定性较好,峰值高度在伊宁点稳定性较好,面筋指数在阿克苏点稳定性较好;小偃54号、小偃22号、百农68、中优206、中麦175等,可供新疆冬小麦蛋白质品质改良利用.

小麦细胞质雄性不育是利用其杂种优势育种的重要工具.小麦AL型不育系的不育性稳定、异交结实率高、易恢复,但不育胞质对种子发芽率的影响尚不清楚.本研究以AL18A、新冬18号和99AR144-1为材料,组配6个杂交组合,分析了不育胞质对种子室内发芽率和田间出苗率的影响.结果表明:当不育系为母本时,生产出的不育系种子或杂交种种子的室内发芽率和田间出苗率均在85％以上,符合小麦良种发芽率国家标准规定,表明不育胞质对种子发芽率无不利效应.

为探讨杂交小麦强优势组合制种混播不同比例恢复系对制种产量、纯度及F1代产量的影响,以3个AL(Alborubrum Korn)型CMS(cytoplasmic male sterility)小麦杂交组合为材料,在不育系(母本♀)种子中混入不同比例的恢复系(父本♂)种子播种,研究了杂交制种的产量、纯度和F1代产量优势变化.结果表明:组合36A×2014AR5和002A×99AR142-1在混播不同比例恢复系制种时,混播混收制种产量随父本混入比例增加而提高,相应杂交种的种子纯度逐渐降低.当父本的混播比例为5％时,可生产出纯度为96％的杂交种,混播混收制种产量也较高;对2个杂交组合不同混播比例制种的F1代进行产量比较,混播混收制种产量均高于同组合行比制种的杂交种对照,混播比例分别为12％和9％时的F1代产量表现更显著;利用与位于染色体2A上的恢复基因(qRf-2A-1)连锁的SSR分子标记Wmc474检测,预测了不同混入比例下混播混收杂交种的种子纯度,同时与前期位于1B染色体上的恢复基因(qRf-1B-1)连锁的SSR标记Xbarc8建立的AL型三系杂交小麦杂交种纯度检测回归方程预测结果进行了比较,表明用2个分子标记建立的2个回归方程在混播恢复系制种的纯度鉴别中均可使用.

本文介绍了冬小麦新冬51号的品种特征特性以及新疆北疆地区滴灌栽培模式下该品种的播前准备、水肥施用、田间管理及收获等高产栽培技术.

为了降低杂种小麦生产用种量,加快新品种新冬43号的示范推广,设置了机械精量穴播和条播两种播种方式3个种植密度,进行田间取样考种和实收产量核算.结果 表明,新冬43号精量穴播较传统条播降低播种量50％～62％,田间出苗率提高24％～28％,增产579～639 kg/hm2,节本增收2655～3090元/hm2;精量穴播有利于杂种小麦个体优势与群体优势协调,表现出明显的节种增产效果.

小麦白粉病和锈病是新疆小麦产区的主要病害,为得到抗白粉病、锈病的小麦种质资源及品种,通过2018—2020年采用诱发行的方法,对36份新疆冬小麦高代稳定品系进行鉴定,得到5份高抗白粉病品系,4份慢条锈病品系,1个抗白粉病且成株慢条锈病品系,针对抗病品系的亲本组合配制进行分析,为今后新疆小麦抗病品种选育提供理论依据.

[目的]检测新疆春小麦品种Pins等位变异分布规律,分析不同Pins基因型春小麦品种籽粒硬度的差异,探讨Pins对春小麦品种主要品质性状和新疆拉面加工品质的影响,明确籽粒硬度影响新疆拉面加工品质的分子遗传基础及机理.[方法]以386份新疆春小麦品种资源为材料,用分子标记检测籽粒硬度Pins,测定品质性状(籽粒性状、磨粉品质、面粉品质、面团特性、淀粉糊化特性等),制作新疆拉面并进行评鉴.[结果]Pins等位变异分布规律:在新疆春小麦品种资源中,Pina有2种等位变异,分别为Pina-D1a(占比86.79％)、Pina-D1b(13.21％);Pinb有3种等位变异,分别为Pinb-D1a(64.77％)、Pinb-D1b(32.12％)和Pinb-D1p(3.11％);Pina/Pinb有6种基因型组合,分别为Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a (58.81％)、Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1b(25.39％)、Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p(2.59％)、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a ( 5.96％)、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b( 6.74％)和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p (0.52％).Pins对春小麦品种品质性状的影响:Pina-D1a的籽粒蛋白含量、灰分含量、白度、湿面筋含量、Zeleny沉淀值均显著高于Pina-D1b;籽粒硬度、黄度(b*值)、面筋指数、峰值时间、8分钟面积、稀懈值均显著低于Pina-D1b.与其他等位变异相比,Pinb-D1a的白度、湿面筋含量,Pinb-D1b的出粉率、黄度(b*值),Pinb-D1p的籽粒硬度、面筋指数均最高且达显著差异水平.与其他基因型组合相比,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1a的白度,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p的籽粒硬度、面筋指数、8分钟面积,Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b的淀粉稀懈值,Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p的籽粒蛋白含量、出粉率、面粉的湿面筋含量均最高且达显著差异水平.Pins对新疆拉面加工品质的影响:Pina-D1a的拉面手感、粘弹性、总分极显著低于Pina-D1b;Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1p的拉面手感最好,Pina-D1a/Pinb-D1p、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a和Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b的粘弹性最高;Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b的总分最高.[结论] Pina突变会使新疆春小麦胚乳质地变硬、主要品质性状显著升高,促进新疆拉面的拉面手感和粘弹性等性状得到显著改善,最终促使新疆拉面的加工品质(总分)显著提升;Pinb变异对新疆拉面加工品质的影响不显著.Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1a、Pina-D1b/Pinb-D1b是优质新疆拉面小麦品种品质改良中重点选择的基因型组合类型.

为了明确不同生态型杂交种的最佳播种时期,以6个冬、春小麦亲本材料和8个杂交组合为研究对象,设置3个播期(2014年10月2日、2014年11月3日和2015年3月21日),采用两因素裂区设计,筛选强优势杂交组合进行农艺性状及其产量的杂种优势变化研究.结果表明,不同生态型杂交组合及其亲本均能正常越冬,冬性亲本春播均不能抽穗.不同播期下的产量及农艺性状差异均达到显著水平.随着播期的推迟,杂交种和亲本产量均显著降低,杂交种产量下降幅度大于亲本,春性亲本较冬性亲本产量下降幅度小,冬、春正反交组合间产量差异不显著.小麦生态型间杂交种在正常秋播时才能发挥其高产潜力.筛选出4个强杂种优势组合新春38号 × 新冬41号、新冬41号 × 新春38号、巴春02-509× 新冬33号和新冬33号 × 巴春02-509.相关分析揭示了强优势组合小区产量表现为T1>T2>T3.冬、春小麦生态型间强优势组合的筛选,可通过调节播期来解决冬春性的适应性问题.

本研究以15份春小麦新品种为研究对象,设置2个播期,即2015年11月3日和2016年3月21日,对不同春小麦新品种在晚播和春播条件下的生长发育和产量差异进行了分析.结果表明:随着播期的推迟,在同一播期内,不同春小麦品种抽穗期表现出明显差异,收获期没有发生显著变化;品种间产量比较发现,除宁春45号外,其余材料在春播条件下较晚播表现出减产现象,其中,新春6号、新春11号和新春17号在春播条件下较晚播减产超过了5％,新春37号和新春38号春播时较晚播麦增产10％以上;通过相关分析揭示了在不同播期内小区产量表现出T1>T2的具体原因;从作用力分析可以得出,除茎秆产量外,播期对其他性状的影响最小,主穗粒数和收获指数主要受品种类型的影响;株高、单株穗数、单株粒重、收获指数及小区产量主要受品种类型和播期的共同作用影响较大.因此,选择主穗粒数和收获指数高的品种在临冬播种形成包蛋麦,可以解决北疆地区棉粮轮作的种植模式中粮食产量低的问题,提高新疆地区小麦生产水平.