Effective resource allocation is a crucial aspect in improving the performance of visible light communication (VLC)/hybrid WiFi networks. This study presents a dynamic resource allocation algorithm for multiuser scenarios. A fuzzy logic technique is employed to select the network resources with higher scores for communication. In this sense, to ensure fairness in the hybrid VLC-WiFi network, an enhanced proportional fairness (PF) algorithm is utilized. The algorithm considers the access delay and the distance to the access point as users move, striking a reasonable balance between fair allocation of user resources and maximizing system resource utilization. Therefore, to enhance the user experience in real-time scheduling, a compensation factor is introduced to compensate users with higher latency, increasing their priority. A thorough analysis is provided for the throughput, latency, utility value, and fairness models of the VLC-WiFi heterogeneous network system. The algorithm proposed in this paper is simulated and compared with four traditional algorithms, namely the Round-Robin algorithm, maximum carrier to interference ratio (Max C/I) algorithm, modified largest weighted delay first algorithm, and PF algorithm, under different metrics. Simulation results show that the proposed method is effective, and the improved algorithm yields better fairness and higher throughput compared to the conventional algorithm. As the number of frames increases, the fairness index of the proposed algorithm increases the fastest and gradually converges to 1. The throughput of this method is significantly greater than that of previous algorithms, reaching a stable rate of roughly 1.3 Mbps. The suggested algorithm is approximately 150% higher than the throughput achieved by conventional PF algorithms. The algorithm improves user satisfaction in different regions, and the utility value remains around 0.975. The packet loss rate is approximately 75% lower than traditional typical algorithms, and the average latency is approximately 60% lower. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has good application prospects in heterogeneous networks.

The pre-coding algorithm is used to reduce channel interference in visible light communication (VLC) system in this paper. After comparing the traditional ZF, MMSE and THP precoding algorithms, it is found that the optimal anti-interference scheme of the system is THP algorithm in 4 x 4 sender and receiver systems. Based on this, the paper proposes an optimized THP algorithm, which alters the row sequence of channel matrix $H$ and controls the emitter power. Simulation results show that the bit error rate (BER) of the system under the power-based THP algorithm is between 10– 5 and 10– 4 , which greatly improves the performance of the system.

[目的]探究不同氮素供应环境下与小麦苗期生物量及氮效率相关性状显著关联的SNP位点,预测相关候选基因,为小麦氮效率的基因克隆及其在育种中的应用提供参考.[方法]以134个小麦品种(系)组成的群体为供试群体,设置低氮、正常氮和高氮3个处理,各处理重复4次,并在2年(2013和2014年)进行了2次完全重复的营养液培养试验.试验对小麦苗期生物量及氮效率相关的14个性状进行了表型鉴定,采用MLM+K+Q混合线性模型,利用90K SNP芯片对小麦生物量及氮效率相关性状进行全基因组关联分析(genome-wide association study,GWAS),获得显著关联的SNP位点.[结果]与正常氮处理相比,低氮处理条件下,根系、地上部及植株氮含量和氮积累量均显著下降,而根生物量和根、植株氮效率均显著增加,高氮处理下,几乎所有鉴定性状均显著增加;14个性状的广义遗传力均在40％以上,其中,植株总干重的遗传力最高(95.73％).利用9329个SNP标记进行关联分析,共检测到838个SNP标记位点与供试材料的14个性状存在显著关联(P≤0.001),分布在21条染色体上.有435个(51.91％) SNP标记位点仅在一个关联分析环境中被检测到;有403个位点至少在2个处理环境(包含均值环境)中被检测到与同一性状显著关联(稳定关联标记).其中8个SNP标记位点至少在3个环境中被检测到.在4个环境下(包括均值环境)均检测到的稳定关联位点有2个:Kukri_c65481_121和tplb0025f09_1052,分别与植株总氮利用效率(total nitrogen use efficiency of plant,TNUE)和根系总氮利用效率(root nitrogen use efficiency,RNUE)显著关联;同时与至少6个性状(生物量及养分效率相关性状)显著关联的SNP标记位点共5个,分别位于1A、1B (3)和2A染色体上;根据小麦基因组注释及LD衰减水平,在同时定位了6个性状的5个SNP位点和2个多环境(4个环境)稳定关联的SNP位点的214 kb的基因组区域中共筛选候选基因84个,根据已知克隆氮效率基因的编码蛋白类型、候选基因功能注释信息及利用植物比较基因组学资源库蛋白序列同源比对分析,筛选到3个候选基因与生物量及氮效率相关.[结论]不同氮素处理显著影响小麦苗期生物量、氮效率相关性状及其相关QTL的表达,大多数SNP位点仅在1个氮素检测环境中被检测到,但也存在环境稳定性较强的位点.生物量及氮效率相关性状之间存在显著相关关系,并在一定程度上受到相同的QTL/基因控制.

小麦是我国重要的粮食作物,筛选养分高效小麦品种是品种推广应用的基础,也可以为养分高效育种提供种质.本试验以黄淮麦区135个品种/系为材料,设置正常氮磷钾(CK)、低氮(LN)、低磷(LP)和低钾(LK)4个处理,研究不同养分处理条件下小麦产量性状和氮磷钾养分效率的基因型差异,建立以产量及产量三要素为基础的养分效率指数评价指标.结果表明,减量施肥处理对小麦产量及氮磷钾养分效率均有显著影响,但是不同小麦品种/系存在显著基因型差异;氮磷钾养分效率指数与小麦籽粒产量和养分效率指标之间高度正相关,能够反映小麦在养分胁迫环境下的养分效率综合表现,可作为养分高效评价指标;根据养分效率指数分别筛选出氮、磷、钾高效种质27份、26份和30份,其中氮磷钾均高效的有LS4697、石新618、冀5265、山农18、烟农19和烟农21,为小麦养分高效育种提供了重要信息和材料.

[目的]探明控制产量及氮效率相关性状的稳定基因关联位点,为高产和氮素高效小麦育种及养分管理提供参考.[方法]采用134个小麦品种(系)为试验材料,依据小麦产量水平600和400 kg/hm2的需氮量设置正常氮(T1)和低氮(T2)2个处理,进行了2年田间试验,共形成4个处理环境.对小麦成熟期与产量及氮效率相关的14个性状进行了表型鉴定,采用GLM+Q一般线性模型和MLM+K+Q混合线性模型相结合的方法,利用群体差异SNP分子标记(90K SNP芯片)对小麦产量和氮效率相关性状进行全基因组关联分析.[结果]与正常氮处理相比,低氮处理条件下小麦籽粒产量、秸秆产量显著下降;所有性状的遗传力均在75％ 以上,其中小穗数的遗传力最高(95.12％).利用9329个SNP标记进行关联分析,共检测到382个SNP标记位点与供试14个性状存在显著关联(P≤0.001),分布在21条染色体上.有305个(79.84％)SNP标记位点仅在一个关联分析环境中被检测到;有77个位点在至少两种处理环境(包含平均值环境)中被检测到与同一性状显著关联(稳定关联标记).其中9个SNP标记位点在至少3个环境中被检测到.在4个环境下(包括平均值环境)均检测到的稳定关联位点有4个:BobWhite_c47168_598、Kukri_c31599_1456、wsnp_CAP11_c1761_958064和Excalibur_c62826_254,分别与穗粒数、籽粒氮含量和小穗数显著关联;同时与至少3个性状显著关联的SNP标记位点共12个,分别位于2A、3A、4A、5B和7B染色体上,贡献率为11.14％～22.97％,其中,标记BobWhite_c47168_598和Kukri_c31599_1456还分别定位了两个多环境(4种环境)稳定位点.根据12个与多性状共同定位位点和4个多环境(4个环境)稳定位点关联的SNP标记位置获得稳定位点附近区域的基因(基于LD block等方式估算的区间大小),使用NCBI中CDD工具和EnsemblPlants网站对这些基因进行基因功能注释,根据功能注释,共得到10个与产量和氮效率性状相关的候选基因.[结论]氮供应水平对小麦成熟期产量和氮效率相关性状均有显著影响,氮素累积量与小麦产量显著正相关.本试验中检测到的与产量及氮效率相关性状显著关联的位点中,79.84％的SNP标记位点仅在一个氮处理环境中出现,环境稳定性较差;4个位点在4个环境条件下均被检测到,环境稳定性较好;12个SNP标记位点同时与至少3个性状显著关联,涉及性状均为产量及氮效率相关性状,反映了籽粒产量与氮素效率之间的显著相关关系,也可能是同时控制这些性状的遗传热点位点.根据这些热点位点和环境稳定性好的位点筛选到10个与产量及氮效率相关性状有关候选基因,值得深入探讨.

Reflectance spectra of living wheat’s leaves were acquired by portable radiation spectrometer. Multivariate scatter correction (MSC) method was used to preprocess the spectra, and quantitative analysis detection models were built up by artificial neural networks (ANN). The models of chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b in leaves were built up and tested. In calibration set and predicted set, for chlorophyll in leaves, the correlation coefficient (R) were 0.927 and 0.818, the standard deviation (SD) were 0.252 and 0.470; for chlorophyll a in leaves, the correlation coefficient (R) were 0.780 and 0.627, the standard deviation (SD) were 0.441 and 0.592; for chlorophyll b in leaves, the correlation coefficient (R) were 0.876 and 0.871, the standard deviation (SD) were 0.205 and 0.259. The results show that, using portable radiation spectrometer to acquire the reflectance spectra, multivariate scatter correction to preprocess the spectra, and artificial neural networks to build up the models, the chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b in winter wheat’s leaves may be quantitative detected.

[Objectives]The objective of this study was to detect quantitative trait locus (QTL) for N use efficiency related traits at the seedling stage of wheat under different levels of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) treatments. The results will deepen our understanding of the relationship between N and P/K, and this knowledge could be applied for map-based cloning and marker assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding.[Methods]Population employed for QTL analysis was a set of 131 RILs derived from a Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross. The 131 RILs and their parental lines were grown under hydroponic culture in greenhouse. Nine treatments were designed. The concentrations of the applied P and K treatments were as follows: moderate P and K (MPMK), high P (HP), low P1 (LP1), low P2 (LP2), low P3 (LP3), high K (HK), low K1 (LK1), low K2 (LK2) and low K3 (LK3). Combined with an enriched genetic map, we conducted research on the N use efficiency traits under different P and K treatments in order to map the QTLs (quantitative trait loci) related to N use efficiency of 10 traits at the wheat seedling stage and to conduct genetic analysis at the whole genome level.[Results] A total of 137 QTLs for the 10 seedling traits were detected on 20 chromosomes, with the exception of 3D. Of these QTLs, 122 (89.05%) were detected in only one treatment. Three relatively high-frequency QTLs (QRnue-1A.2, QSnue-1A.1 and QTnue-1A.1) were detected in four treatments at least. Five QTLs (QRnue-1A.1, QTnue-1A.1, QSnc-4A, QRnc-6A.3 and QSnue-6B) were detected in both the low P and low K treatments. Seventeen important QTL clusters (C1-C17) containing at least three or more traits which involved 66 out of 137 QTLs (48.18%) were mapped on chromosomes 1A, 1B, 2B, 2D, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5D, 6A, 6B, 6D and 7A. Most QTL clusters were detected in both P and K treatments, while five QTL clusters only associated with specific phosphorus or potassium treatments. Many QTL cluster sites in this study were also related to the biomass, yield and other nutrients in the predecessors’ investigation.[Conclusions] The supply of P and K significantly affects N efficiency of wheat at the seedling stage and the expression of related QTLs. Most N efficiency related QTLs were only detected in certain treatments, but many QTLs were located at the same hot sites and composed clusters (hot sites). Many of these sites were also co-located QTLs for biomass, yield and other nutrient traits in the previous study. The detection of these QTL/gene hot sites is valuable for further understanding about the genetic control of N efficiency related traits of wheat and their relationship with P and K environment.

ABSTRACTPotassium is often considered one of the three most important mineral nutrient elements for plant growth, development, and fecundity. In this study, 10 traits related to K use efficiency were investigated in 10 treatments supplied with different N and P concentrations using a set of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) recombinant inbred lines (RILs) under hydroponic culture. A total of 127 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for the ten traits were detected on 20 chromosomes, with the exception of 4D. Of these QTLs, 35, 55, and 37 were associated with the three investigated nutrient concentration traits, four nutrient content traits, and three nutrient utilization efficiency traits, respectively. Six relatively high‐frequency QTLs (RHF‐QTLs) were detected in at least three treatments. A total of 16 QTL clusters (C1‐C16) harboring QTLs for at least three traits were identified, which involved 68 out of the 127 QTLs (53.5%). Some important QTLs/QTL clusters may be the potential targets for the marker‐assisted selection (MAS) of K efficiency in wheat.

A nutrient solution culture experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to investigate the effects of selenium (Se) on biomass and the mineral nutrient efficiency of macroelements phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium (P, K, Ca and Mg) and microelements iron, manganese, copper and zinc (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn) in wheat at the seedling stage using a set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was also performed for all 60 traits. The results showed that 0.1 mmol/L Se can significantly affect the phenotypic traits relation to biomass and nutrient efficiency and the corresponding QTLs. A total of 260 QTLs were located on 19 chromosomes, and 96.54% of these QTLs were only detected in one treatment. A total of 23 important QTL clusters and 31 cooperative uptake and utilization (CUU) loci that colocalized with QTLs for nutrient uptake and/or utilization of at least two elements were also identified. These CUU loci involved 190 out of the 248 QTLs (76.66%) for nutrient efficiency traits, indicating that CUU-QTLs were common for macroelements (P, K, Ca and Mg) and microelements (Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn). Additionally, these loci may be hot spots for genetic control of mineral nutrient efficiency traits.

The effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of NO) on cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) toxicity in ryegrass seedlings (Lolium perenne L.) on plant growth, chlorophyll content, the accumulation of superoxide anion (O 2 ·− ), lipid peroxidation, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes were studied. Cd, Cu, and especially Cd+Cu caused serious chlorosis, inhibited the growth of ryegrass seedlings, and increased dramatically the accumulation of Cd and/or Cu in both shoots and roots. However, the addition of 100 μM SNP alleviated significantly the toxic effects induced by Cd or Cu, and especially by Cd+Cu, which was manifested in the increased plant growth, chlorophyll content, and the activation of antioxidant enzymes. Moreover, exogenous NO improved effectively the absorption of mineral elements. In addition, exogenous NO diminished markedly the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), and proline, but increased the content of ascorbic acid (AsA) and inhibited the translocation of Cd and Cu from roots to shoots. These data also suggested that the alleviating effect of NO may be better when the metal stresses are more serious. NO might act as one of the potential antioxidants to improve plant resistance to the Cd and/or Cu stress.

Accumulation of K in vacuoles creates necessary osmotic potential for cell extension.Rapid cell extension requires high mobility of osmotic pressure.Na is one of the few other ions which can replace K in this role.To further understand correlation and genetic characteristics of potassium(K) and sodium(Na) absorption and utilization at wheat seedling stage,a hydroponics experiment was conducted with different K and Na treatments in greenhouse using a recombinant inbred lines(RILs).Variance and correlation analysis were conducted for shoot and root biomass,K and Na accumulation respectively.QTL mapping for twenty related traits including the biomass and K/Na related traits was also conducted.The results show that the accumulations of K and Na in wheat seedlings are closely related to each other.Compared with the K deficiency treatment,the Na/K ratio is significantly increased when supplied with Na,but the biomass of wheat seedlings is not increased,so Na has poor ability to replace K when K is deficient.On the other hand,when K is efficient,the Na+treatments can significantly promote K+accumulation,but decrease shoot biomass.Therefore,excess amounts of K,Na accumulation are not conducive to the formation of the biomass at the seeding stage of wheat.Total 141 QTLs distributed on all the 21 chromosomes are detected for the tested 20 traits.Fourteen important QTL clusters which including 104 QTLs are identified,and in which,11 QTL clusters are co-located with K and Na related traits.Eight high frequency QTLs(RHF-QTLs) which could be detected simultaneously in different treatments are also identified in this experiment.These important QTL sites provide important references for further investigation of K and Na relations in plant nutrition and their genetic control.

Potassium (K) is one of the most important mineral nutrients limiting plant growth in agricultural systems. This study investigated the effects of low-K treatments and detected quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for K efficiency traits at the seedling and adult stages of wheat.

The aim of the experiment was to study the ameliorating effects of exogenous nitric oxide on growth of ryegrass seedlings under cadmium stress.A hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside(SNP),a NO donor,on physiological characteristics of ryegrass under 100 μmol/L CdCl2 stress.The results showed that exogenous sodium nitroprusside(SNP) significantly alleviated the stress damage to ryegrass under 100 μmol/L CdCl2 stress,and increased the growth amount,the contents of chlorophyll and proline,the net photosynthetic rate(Pn),the transpiration rate(Tr),the stomata conductance(Gs),reduced H2O2 content,O2·-generation rate,intercellular CO2 concentration(Ci),significantly inhibit the transportation of Cd from root to shoot.When treated with 50 or 200 or 400 μmol/L of SNP,ameliorating effects on ryegrass were obviously decreased compared with 100 μmol/L of SNP treatment.It is proposed that exogenous NO as chemical activator could induce stress resistance,and alleviate damage degree of Cd stress to ryegrass seedlings.

Nutrient use efficiency (NuUE), comprising nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency, is regarded as one of the most important factors for wheat yield. In the present study, six morphological, nine nutrient content and nine nutrient utilization efficiency traits were investigated at the seedling stage using a set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs), under hydroponic culture of 12 treatments including single nutrient levels and two- and three-nutrient combinations treatments of N, P and K. For the 12 designed treatments, a total of 380 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on 20 chromosomes for the 24 traits were detected. Of these, 87, 149 and 144 QTLs for morphological, nutrient content and nutrient utilization efficiency traits were found, respectively. Using the data of the average value (AV) across 12 treatments, 70 QTLs were detected for 23 traits. Most QTLs were located in new marker regions. Twenty-six important QTL clusters were mapped on 13 chromosomes, 1A, 1B, 1D, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5D, 6A, 6B, 7A and 7B. Of these, ten clusters involved 147 QTLs (38.7%) for investigated traits, indicating that these 10 loci were more important for the NuUE of N, P and K. We found evidence for cooperative uptake and utilization (CUU) of N, P and K in the early growth period at both the phenotype and QTL level. The correlation coefficients (r) between nutrient content and nutrient utilization efficiency traits for N, P and K were almost all significantly positive correlations. A total of 32 cooperative CUU loci (L1–L32) were found, which included 190 out of the 293 QTLs (64.8%) for the nutrient uptake and utilization efficiency traits, indicating that the CUU-QTLs were common for N, P and K. The CUU-QTLs in L3, L7, L16 and L28 were relatively stable. The CUU-QTLs may explain the CUU phenotype at the QTL level.

The effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of NO) on cadmium (Cd) toxicity in ryegrass seedlings (Lolium perenne L.) were studied by investigating the symptoms, plant growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation, H+-ATPase enzyme and antioxidative enzymes. Addition of 100 μM CdCl2 caused serious chlorosis and inhibited the growth of ryegrass seedlings, and dramatically increased accumulation of Cd in both shoots and roots, furthermore, the absorption of macro and micronutrients were inhibited. Addition of 50, 100, 200 μM SNP significantly decreased the transport of Cd from roots to shoots, alleviated the inhibition of K, Ca, Mg and Fe, Cu, Zn absorption induced by Cd, reduced the toxicity symptoms and promoted the plant growth. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) significantly increased in ryegrass seedlings exposed to Cd, and resulted in the lipid peroxidation, which was indicated by accumulated concentration of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. Addition of 50, 100, 200 μM SNP significantly decreased the level of ROS and lipid peroxidation. Activities of antioxidant enzymes also showed the same changes. Addition of 50, 100, 200 μM SNP increased activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in ryegrass seedlings exposed to Cd. Addition of 100 μM SNP had the most significant alleviating effect against Cd toxicity while the addition of 400 μM SNP had no significant effect with Cd treatment.

Reflectance spectra of winter wheat leaves specimens was acquired with portable spectroradiometer and integral sphere, after pretreatment with the method of multiplicative scatter correction(MSC), the principal components calculated were used as the inputs of artificial neural networks to build the Back–Propagation artificial neural networks model(BP-ANN), which can be used to predict moisture content of winter wheat leaves very well. In the article we made a study of quantitative analysis for moisture content of winter wheat leaves in booting and milk stage. The correlation coefficient(r) of predicted set in booting stage was 0.918, the standard deviation(SD) was 0.995 and the relative standard deviation(RSD) was 1.35

以“山农483×川35050”组合衍生的小麦重组自交系(recombinant inbred lines,RIL)群体的131个株系及其亲本为试验材料,于2008年和2009年采用盆栽土培法,对低、中、高钾处理条件下[0、0.1 g(K2O)·kg-1、0.3 g(K2O)·kg-1]小麦RIL群体的株高、单株穗数、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、粒长、粒宽和单株籽粒产量共9个农艺性状进行了鉴定和统计分析.结果表明,在2008-2009年3个钾处理中,9个农艺性状在RIL群体中的表型变异均呈近似正态分布,其遗传力分别为80.6％(株高)、44.7％(单株穗数)、69.9％(穗长)、71.4％(小穗数)、76.0％(穗粒数)、74.8％(千粒重)、64.9％(粒长)、40.0％(粒宽)和33 2％(单株籽粒产量).株高、小穗数、穗粒数和粒长4个性状的表型变异以基因型控制为主,千粒重和粒宽以基因型×年份互作效应为主,穗长以基因型和基因型×年份互作效应为主,单株穗数以基因型×钾水平互作效应为主,单株籽粒产量的表型变异则主要受基因型×年份×钾水平互作效应控制.在不同钾处理条件下,RIL群体的平均单株籽粒产量与单株穗数、穗长和穗粒数呈极显著或显著正相关,但与千粒重的关系不稳定.千粒重与穗粒数.单株穗数无关或显著负相关(r为-0.07～-0.28);穗粒数与单株穗数的关系不稳定(r为-0.03～0.27).千粒重、穗粒数和单株穗数在遗传过程中的相关系数较低,彼此具有较强的相对独立性,不存在绝对的顾此失彼现象.单株籽粒产量与小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、粒长和粒宽间的相关系数受年份间环境差异的影响较大.

Compared to the traditional laboratorial measure method, the spectroscopy method is more excellent and non-destructive to measure the content of chlorophyll. The aim of the paper was to determine the contents of chlorophyll in winter wheat by reflective spectroscopy. Pretreatment method of orthogonal signal correction (OSC) was used to reject uncorrelated variables in the original spectrums before building the Partial least squares method (OSC-PLS). The correlation coefficient( r ) of calibration set was 0.8379, the standard deviation(SD) and relative standard deviation(RSD) were 0.3626 and 10.02% respectively, and the correlation coefficient( r ) of predicted set was 0.9407, the standard deviation(SD) and relative standard deviation(RSD) were 0.3299 and 9.59% respectively. It shows the OSC-PLS is a useful method to set the model to predict the content of chlorophyll in winter wheat accurately, which meets fast analysis of agricultural products.

For the purpose of detecting QTLs associated with photosynthetic related traits, a set of 168 doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from the cross between Huapei 3 and Yumai 57 was tested with 324 SSR markers covering the whole genome of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The net photosynthetic rate, gas changes, chlorophyll content, and chlorophyll fluorescence in leaves were investigated in both DH population and the parents at seedling stage. QTL analysis was carried out using QTLNetwork version 2.0 based on the mixed linear model. A total of 17 additive QTLs and 20 pairs of epistatic QTLs were detected for the photosynthetic related traits. All additive QTLs and 16 pairs of epistatic QTLs had interactions with environments. In agreement with the high correlations of phenotypes, several traits shared common QTL regions, and showed tight linkages of these QTLs or pleiotropisms. In the interval between Xwmc215 and Xgdw63 on chromosome 5D, three major additive QTLs for chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotinoid contents explained the phenotypic variations by 18.23%, 10.40%, and 27.25%, respectively, whose positive alleles were all originated from Huapei 3. These QTLs are favorable for marker-assisted selection. In addition, this region was near the QTLs for net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), and the ratio of Ci to gas conductance (Cr). The QTL for Ci on chromosome 5B was a minor locus but explained relatively great phenotypic variation in the interactions between QTLs and environments.