Background and Objective White blood cells (WBCs) and their subpopulations play critical roles in detecting blood cancers due to their distinct biological and biochemical characteristics. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy offers a rapid, label-free, and non-destructive approach to probe molecular composition, making it a promising tool for biomedical diagnostics. The objective of this proof-of-principle study is to investigate the possibility of IR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics to differentiate leukemia from lymphoma, and to assess the capability of whole WBCs and their subpopulations in distinguishing the two diseases. Methods We based our study on 21 pediatric patients including 11 leukemia and 10 lymphoma cases, with in total 86,016 IR spectra measured from whole WBCs and the subpopulations. Data pipeline was established, including steps of spectral preprocessing, classification, and data fusion. Particularly, data fusion was implemented via low-, middle-, and high-level strategies, with the aim of combining spectra from different cell types and investigating their capability of differentiating the two blood cancers. Results The classification, both with and without data fusion, was benchmarked via the patient-wise cross-validation. A balanced accuracy of 80.0% was achieved based on IR spectra of whole WBCs. Further improvement was observed when combining whole WBCs and its subpopulations, with the best performance of 90.0% from combining whole WBCs and granulocytes with high-level data fusion strategy. The performance was observed consistent for both linear and nonlinear classifications based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM), respectively. Conclusions The results indicate the promising potential of IR spectroscopy of blood samples to distinguish leukemia and lymphoma with the help of chemometric approaches. Further, WBC subpopulations, particularly granulocytes, were proven to contain complementary information to whole WBCs for differentiating leukemia from lymphoma. This provides critical insights for biomedical practice in blood cancer diagnostics.

Infrared circularly polarized detection is a key tool for directly identifying chiral fingerprints of substances, widely used in many cutting-edge fields from life sciences to deep space exploration. Narrowband circularly polarized filters are usually composed of multiple layers, and their phase delay characteristics vary with wavelength. The combination of polarization selective layers and narrowband filtering layers can lead to a decrease in overall transmittance. Here, we propose a high-performance infrared chirality modulation strategy based on symmetry-protected bound states in the continuum (BICs) metasurfaces. Through multipole decomposition and coupled-mode theory, we reveal an electric quadrupole (EQ)-dominated mechanism that governs chiral evolution. Adjusting the in-plane rotation angle (theta) or introducing dimensional symmetry breaking, the symmetry-protected BIC mode is converted into a quasi-bound state in the continuum (quasi-BIC) mode. This planar chiral design effectively overcomes the resistive loss limitations of plasmonic structures and bypasses the fabrication complexities of out-of-plane symmetry breaking. The metasurface achieves a resonant response at 1456 nm with a high-quality factor (Q) of 233 and a significant circular dichroism (CD) of 0.6. Our findings provide a robust solution for integrated infrared photonic chips.

Full-Stokes real-time detection, an important polarization detection method, can capture the polarization, spectrum, and intensity information on vector light field simultaneously and improve the ability to accurately identify complex targets significantly. However, in existing systems, the components required for obtaining full-Stokes polarization and circular polarization are often difficult to integrate, relying on multiple parameter adjustments, resulting in time-consuming and heavily dependent on computational resources. In this article, we combine a phase-controlled metasurface with a two-dimensional material detector to design a multidimensional detector with wavelength and full-Stokes polarization selection characteristics. We proposed a spectral phase prediction network based on a convolutional neural network-gated recurrent unit, which effectively addressed the time-consuming and labor-intensive problem of searching for appropriate phase-corresponding structures in phase-regulated metasurface design. This innovation can reduce the design time by a factor of 106. The experimental results show that the circular dichroism of the design achieves 0.8 at the design wavelength, with transmission over 87%. According to the characteristics, the spectra can be improved by combining the designed device with the Fabry-Perot cavity. Finally, we combined van der Waals materials with the metasurface to achieve a highly integrated full-Stokes polarization spectroscopic photodetector and circular polarization imaging. This study provides a reliable technological approach for the development of next-generation spatial sensing technology and holds promise for future high-dimensional sensing devices to achieve multidimensional detection and recognition of targets.

Twisted van der Waals heterostructures formed by stacking monolayer materials offer a simple and exciting platform in condensed matter physics, where many novel physical effects have been observed. In the present work, a twist angle-dependent resonant tunneling electron transfer (RTET) effect, which was verified by giant quenching of WS2 photoluminescence (PL), is found in the WS2/WSe2/MoSe2 heterostructures (HS) by using PL measurements. Two types of interlayer excitons (IXs) are clearly observed, and the PL spectra measured under different excitations imply that charge transfer was a main contributor to the visibility of IXs. The samples with different stacking schemes are fabricated, and their PL spectra verified that the RTET from the conduction band of WS2 to the conduction band of MoSe2 is strongly dependent on the twist angle of WS2/WSe2/MoSe2 HS. The band alignment of WS2/WSe2/MoSe2 HS is calculated by using density functional theory (DFT) to support the RTET effect. Furthermore, the relationship between RTET and twist angles can be well-described by a quantum tunneling model. The efficiency of tunneling is actually related to momentum conservation in K-space. Our results provide additional insight into understanding the physics of IX and the process of charge transfer in twisted trilayer HS.

The on-chip near-infrared (NIR) light source devices based on van der Waals (vdW) layered materials are increasingly sought after due to their broad applications, including optoelectronic communication, computing, and sensing. The accomplishment of the electrical injection of electrons and holes is highly attractive as a step toward the realization of electrically driven NIR lasers for communication systems. Here, we demonstrated a NIR light-emitting diode (LED) device based on γ-InSe microflakes. The device was constructed by stacking few-layer graphene (Gr) and layered γ-InSe to form Gr/γ-InSe/Gr heterostructure. Thanks to the high-quality Schottky junction, room temperature electrically driven NIR light emission from γ-InSe was successfully achieved. Our results exhibit a simple method to construct NIR LED device based on vdW layered material, indicating the promise of γ-InSe for on-chip integrated optoelectronic devices.

Twisted van der Waals heterostructures formed by stacking monolayer materials offer a simple and exciting platform in condensed matter physics, where many novel physical effects have been observed. In the present work, a twist angle-dependent resonant tunneling electron transfer (RTET) effect, which was verified by giant quenching of WS 2 photoluminescence (PL), is found in the WS 2 /WSe 2 /MoSe 2 heterostructures (HS) by using PL measurements. Two types of interlayer excitons (IXs) are clearly observed, and the PL spectra measured under different excitations imply that charge transfer was a main contributor to the visibility of IXs. The samples with different stacking schemes are fabricated, and their PL spectra verified that the RTET from the conduction band of WS 2 to the conduction band of MoSe 2 is strongly dependent on the twist angle of WS 2 /WSe 2 /MoSe 2 HS. The band alignment of WS 2 /WSe 2 /MoSe 2 HS is calculated by using density functional theory (DFT) to support the RTET effect. Furthermore, the relationship between RTET and twist angles can be well-described by a quantum tunneling model. The efficiency of tunneling is actually related to momentum conservation in K-space. Our results provide additional insight into understanding the physics of IX and the process of charge transfer in twisted trilayer HS.

Long‐wavelength infrared (LWIR) circular polarimetric imaging plays an important role in many areas. The immediacy of polarimetric imaging and the miniaturization of devices drive considerable efforts to division‐of‐focal‐plane‐array (DoFPA) circular polarimeters. However, the realization of such detectors is hampered by low polarization discrimination, reduced absorption in the detection material, and fabrication complexity. The situation becomes more serious in the LWIR range since the pixel size is only a few wavelengths of the incident light. Here, a quantum well infrared photodetector based LWIR DoFPA circular polarimeter featuring a 320 × 256 pixel array integrated with a chiral meta‐mirror array is established. The spectral range of this detector is from 10 to 11 µm. Taking advantage of the dual polarization selection, a CPER of 23.3 is achieved for the pixels integrated with the same chiral meta‐mirror structure, and a CPER of 5.67 for the pixels integrated with left‐ and right‐handed chiral meta‐mirror structures in a checkerboard pattern. The peak responsivity is improved by a factor of 9.13 compared to a standard reference device. With the LWIR DoFPA circular polarimeter, Stokes parameter S 3 imaging is achieved with a noise equivalent S 3 difference of 1.16×10 −4 , and demonstrate background suppression and target highlighting.

As an essential indicator of human immune status, the T- lymphocyte CD4+/CD8+ ratio can be used to monitor the progression of diverse pathological status, assess the effectiveness of treatment and prognosis. Unfortunately, the conventional method for detecting the T- lymphocyte CD4+/CD8+ ratio is time-consuming and costly. Here, the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis method was applied to 52 clinical samples of varying immune statuses, revealing the nature of changes in immune status. A fitted model was built using FTIR spectroscopy based on fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), providing a correlation formula between the concentration of leukocyte subpopulations and the corresponding infrared spectrum. It was shown that the Tlymphocyte CD4+/CD8+ ratio can be identified from the spectral features of whole leukocyte populations using the principal component analysis- linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) model. To this end, it has been demonstrated that the parameter of beta-sheets/alpha-helix can separate sample sets in normal immune status with 100 % specificity and in abnormal immune status with 92 % sensitivity successfully by fitting protein secondary structures . It's an effective way to rapidly monitor T- lymphocyte CD4+/CD8+ ratio in patient immune management, which improves the effectiveness of clinical decision-making of treatment response. This way may serve as the basis for subsequent direct blood testing, and may be potentially utilized by hospitals in the future.

The on-chip near-infrared (NIR) lasing devices based on van der Waals (vdW) layered materials are highly desired owing to their widespread applications in optoelectronic communication, computing, and sensing. However, the single-mode NIR lasing devices with superior performance based on vdW layered materials are hard to obtain because of complex and meticulous microcavity structure and the damage to layered materials during preparation. Here, a high-quality NIR single-mode lasing device in gamma-phase indium selenide (gamma-InSe) is achieved by using a transferrable planar microcavity. The single-mode lasing devices based on distributed Bragg reflectors microcavity and super Tamm structure can be simply prepared with quality factors up to 5710 and 3526, respectively. And angle-resolved spectra show that the lasing device has high directionality with divergence angle <5(degrees). Moreover, the wavelength of lasing device can be tuned approximate to 30 nm by varying the cavity length via thickness control of gamma-InSe layer. These results not only suggest that gamma-InSe is a promising material for NIR lasing devices, but also present a simple and effective approach for preparing high-quality lasing devices utilizing other vdW layered materials.

The multifunctional integrated on-chip near-infrared (NIR) light source and detection devices based on vdW layered materials are increasingly sought after due to their broad applications, including optoelectronic communication, computing, and sensing. Most of luminescence or detection devices based on vdW layered materials are demonstrated to have only a single function due to the limitation of material properties. Here, we demonstrated a multifunctional integrated on-chip NIR electroluminescence (EL) and self-powered photodetector (SPPD) device constructed by stacking few-layer graphene (Gr) and layered γ-InSe to form asymmetric Gr/γ-InSe/Gr heterostructure. Room temperature electrically driven NIR from γ-InSe was successfully achieved by the high quality Schottky junction (rectification ratio up to "5×" 〖"10" 〗^"3" ), with a turn-on voltage of ~ 1.4 V. The γ-InSe EL maintained over 90 % initial EL intensity after two hours continuous operation in air. Meanwhile, the Gr/γ-InSe/Gr SPPD exhibits a broad spectrum photoresponse (405-940nm), low specific noise current (8.7"×" 10-26 A2/Hz), high specific detectivity (~ 108 Jones @ 405 nm) and high-quality reflective imaging. Our results establish a simple preparation and tunable vdW layered material multifunctional integrated NIR EL and SPPD device, indicating the promise of γ-InSe for on-chip integrated optoelectronic devices.

Atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit rich excitonic physics, due to reduced dielectric screening and strong Coulomb interactions. Especially, some attractive topics in modern condensed matter physics, such as correlated insulator, superconductivity, topological excitons bands, are recently reported in stacking two monolayer (ML) TMDs. Here, we clearly reveal the tuning mechanism of tensile strain on interlayer excitons (IEXs) and intralayer excitons (IAXs) in WSe 2 /MoSe 2 heterostructure (HS) at low temperature. We utilize the cryogenic tensile strain platform to stretch the HS, and measure by micro-photoluminescence ( μ -PL). The PL peaks redshifts of IEXs and IAXs in WSe 2 /MoSe 2 HS under tensile strain are well observed. The first-principles calculations by using density functional theory reveals the PL peaks redshifts of IEXs and IAXs origin from bandgap shrinkage. The calculation results also show the Mo-4d states dominating conduction band minimum shifts of the ML MoSe 2 plays a dominant role in the redshifts of IEXs. This work provides new insights into understanding the tuning mechanism of tensile strain on IEXs and IAXs in two-dimensional (2D) HS, and paves a way to the development of flexible optoelectronic devices based on 2D materials.

On-chip polarization detectors have attracted extensive research interest due to their filterless and ultracompact architecture. However, their polarization-dependent photoresponses cannot be dynamically adjusted, hindering the development toward intelligence. Here, we propose dynamically reconfigurable polarimetry based on in-sensor differentiation of two self-powered photoresponses with orthogonal polarization dependences and tunable responsivities. Such a device can be electrostatically configured in an ultrahigh polarization extinction ratio (PER) mode, where the PER tends to infinity, a Stokes parameter direct sensing mode, where the photoresponse is proportional to S-1 or S-2 with high accuracy (RMSES1 = 1.5%, RMSES2 = 2.0%), or a background suppressing mode, where the target-background polarization contrast is singularly enhanced. Moreover, the device achieves a polarization angle sensitivity of 0.51 mAW-1degree(-1) and a specific polarization angle detectivity of 2.8 x 10(5) cmHz(1/2)Wdegree(-1). This scheme is demonstrated throughout the near-to-long-wavelength infrared range, and it will bring a leap for next-generation on-chip polarimeters.

Unusual electrical transport properties associated with weak or strong localization are sometimes found in disordered electronic materials. Here, we report experimental observation of a crossover of electronic behavior from weak localization to enhanced weak localization due to the spatial influence of disorder induced by ZrO2 nanopillars in (La2/3Sr1/3MnO3)(1-x):(ZrO2)(x) (x = 0, 0.2, and 0.3) nanocomposite films. The spatial strain regions, identified by scanning transmission electron microscopy and high-resolution x-ray diffraction, induce a coexistence of two-dimentional (2D) and three-dimentional (3D) localization and switches to typical 2D localization with increasing density of ZrO2 pillars due to length scale confinement, which interestingly accords with enhancing vertically interfacial strain. Based on the excellent agreement of our experimental results with one-parameter scaling theory of localization, the enhanced weak localization exists in metal range close to the fixed point. These films provide a tunable experimental model for studying localization in particular the transition regime by appropriate choice of the second epitaxial phase.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a high mortality and recurrence rates hematologic malignancy. Thus, whatever early detection or subsequent visit are both of high significance. Traditional AML diagnosis is conducted via peripheral blood (PB) smear and bone marrow (BM) aspiration. But BM aspiration is a painful burden for patients especially in early detection or subsequent visit. Herein, the use of PB to evaluate and identify the leukemia characteristics will be an attractive alternative source for early detection or subsequent visit. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) is a time-and cost-effective approach to reveal the disease-related molecular fea-tures and variations. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is no attempts using infrared spectroscopic signatures of PB to replace BM for identifying AML. In this work, we are the first to develop a rapid and minimally invasive method to identify AML by infrared difference spectrum (IDS) of PB with only 6 characteristic wavenumbers. We dissect the leukemia-related spectroscopic signatures of three subtypes of leukemia cells (U937, HL-60, THP-1) by IDS, revealing biochemical molecular information about leukemia for the first time. Furthermore, the novel study links cellular features to complex features of blood system which demonstrates the sensitivity and specificity with IDS method. On this basis, BM and PB of AML patients and healthy controls were provided to parallel comparison. The IDS of BM and PB combined with principal component analysis method revealing that the leukemic components in BM and PB can be described by IDS peaks of PCA loadings, respec-tively. It is demonstrated that the leukemic IDS signatures of BM can be replaced by the leukemic IDS signatures of PB. In addition, the IDS signatures of leukemia cells are reflected in PB of AML patients with peaks of 1629, 1610, 1604, 1536, 1528 and 1404 cm-1 for the first time as well. To this end, we access the leukemic signatures of IDS peaks to compare the PB of AMLs and healthy controls. It is confirmed that the leukemic components can be detected from PB of AML and distinguished into positive (100%) and negative (100%) groups successfully by IDS classifier which is a novel and unique spectral classifier. This work demonstrates the potential use of IDS as a powerful tool to detect leukemia via PB which can release subjects' pain remarkably.

Spectropolarimetry detection provides multi-dimensional accurate information with broad applications from biomedicine to remote sensing. Existing methods for simultaneously obtaining spectra and polarizations are either large and complex systems or miniaturized devices with too low spectral resolution or poor polarization selectivity, which inherently generate cross-talk of substantial information. Here, we propose a compact and single-chip integrated high-performance mid-infrared spectropolarimetry filter (SPF), whose narrowband spectral and polarization characteristics can be independently modulated by different polarization modes. A SPF is designed with a polarization extinction ratio (ER) over 106, spectral resolution (SR, λ/Δλ) up to 822 and a transmission efficiency of 90% in the mid-infrared band. The experimental ER and SR are over 3 × 104 and up to 387 respectively with a transmission efficiency of 60%. These results agree well with the theoretical results and can accurately obtain spectral and polarization information simultaneously. This device has been used in tumor diagnostics to well distinguish striated muscle and rhabdomyosarcoma tissue for demonstration. It can be easily extended to different wavelength ranges and provides a new and powerful approach for multi-dimensional optical information acquisition, target detection and accurate identification.

Low-threshold single-mode laser in CsPbBr3 microdiscs grown between two distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) is realized at room temperature. The CsPbBr3 microdiscs are directly synthesized on the surface of prepared first-half DBRs microcavity by a chemical vapor deposition method. This scheme avoids possible surface damage or contamination caused by the traditional transfer of sample into the DBRs. The single-mode laser with low threshold (∼1.3 μJ/cm2) was obtained in the CsPbBr3 microdiscs sandwiched in DBRs and measured by using the micro-photoluminescence spectroscopy. The length of the resonant cavity is short enough to support a large free spectral range, which ensures only one mode in the bandwidth of the optical gain. Moreover, by modulating the thickness of the CsPbBr3 microdiscs, the wavelength of single-mode laser emission can be broadly tuned from 529.6 to 544.1 nm. This work provides a method of fabricating single-mode laser in DBRs, which may have potential applications in on-chip integration of optoelectronic devices and signal processing.

Inorganic perovskites have become a widely investigated candidate for fabrication of high‐performance micro‐devices due to their excellent optoelectronic properties and stability to the environment. Especially, their excellent lasing characteristics as a micro/nanolaser source, combined with flexible substrates, have great potential in the field of wearable or foldable photonic device applications. Here, the high‐quality CsPbBr 3 perovskite microsheets with stress‐induced grooves are directly prepared on the ultrathin fluorine mica by the chemical vapor deposition method, and the single‐mode lasers are realized in these large‐size (>15 × 15 µm) microsheets. Thanks to the flexibility of mica, bending induced tensile strain on CsPbBr 3 microsheet causes the laser mode blueshift continuously and reversibly with 15.3 meV % −1 , this can be well explained by the Lorentz oscillator model under lasing conditions. Furthermore, by using the first‐principles calculation, it is clarified that the bandedge blueshift originates from the distortion of {PbBr 6 } 4− octahedra and the consequential increase of the bond length of Pb‐Br 3 and the Pb‐Br 3 ‐Pb bond angle. This work opens up a new way to realize on‐chip single‐mode lasers with microstructures, and is helpful for the application of flexible photonic device in the fields of integrated on‐chip sensors.

Multi-resonance light coupling management is a promising way to expand the operating spectral ranges of optoelectronic devices. The classical strategies are either lack of independent tunability for each resonance or involved with complex fabrication. Here, we propose a new scheme for expanding the operating spectral range of an optoelectronic device through a dual-color active material integrated with a simple resonant waveguide structure. The TM waveguide mode and the SPP mode of the resonant waveguide structure are regulated to match the two active regions of the dual-color material both spectrally and spatially. Applying this scheme to a long-wavelength infrared quantum well photodetector, the absorption efficiencies at the two peak detection wavelengths of the dual-color quantum wells are both enhanced by more than 10 times compared with the case of a standard 45° edge facet coupled device with the same detection material. The simple light coupling structure is easy to accomplish and compatible with focal plane arrays. For thermal radiation detection, the absorption efficiency of the 300 K blackbody radiation by our dual-color detector is 83.8% higher than that by a single-color detector with the optimized structural parameters. Moreover, either polarization sensitive or polarization insensitive detection could be achieved in this dual-color infrared quantum well photodetector by using anisotropic or isotropic gratings.

Highly toxic pesticides are forbidden because of threatening to human lives, property, and the environment. However, some of them are still used illegally by added into normal pesticides to enhance the effectiveness and lower the cost. Therefore, it is very important to detect the illegally added ingredients in pesticides, such as Isofenphos-methyl in Tolfenpyrad. In this research, a rapid and accurate method for determining the concentration of Isofenphos-methyl in Tolfenpyrad is studied by near infrared spectroscopy with only nine characteristic wavelengths. Different pre-treating methods of direct orthogonal signal correction and first-order derivative on raw spectra and analysis methods of back propagation neural network and partial least squares are investigated to establish quantitative analysis models for comparison. Among them, the back propagation neural network model pre-treated with the direct orthogonal signal correction method has good prediction accuracy and prevents the data from being over-corrected. The correlation coefficients of the model calibration set and prediction set are as high as 0.999 and 0.989, respectively. Root Mean Square Error of Prediction and Ratio of Prediction to Deviation are 0.27% and 9.17, respectively. The prediction concentration limit can be as low as 0.5%. The results show that the direct orthogonal signal correction pre-treating method combined with back propagation neural network can be used for precisely quantitative determination of pesticide doping concentration. It provides an effective approach for rapid and accurate determination of prohibited components in pesticides.