In this work, a hybrid fractal antenna design is proposed using basic hexagonal shaped patch with Koch and Minkowski hybrid fractal structures. Multiband operation and size reduction is achieved in this coaxial probe fed novel design by implementing a hybrid fractal structure comprising of Koch-Minkowski on each side of hexagonal patch for up to two iterations. Further, to match the impedance and achieve sufficient gain at resonant frequencies, two slots of similar Koch fractal curves arranged side by side are carved on the proposed antenna structure. The overall dimensions of antenna are 48 mm x 48 mm. IFS approach has been utilized to obtain the proposed fractal structure and the design is simulated in HFSS simulator. The designed antenna exhibits multiband operation at frequencies 2.76 GHz, 3.98 GHz, 5.43 GHz, 6.85 GHz and 7.03 GHz with return loss values of -13.72 dB, -25.29 dB, -19.91 dB, -14.87 dB and -15.56 dB respectively, making it extremely appropriate for different wireless applications such as telecommunications, radar systems, satellite communication, fixed wireless broadband services and 5G networks. The proposed antenna structure possesses good radiation characteristics and is exhibiting VSWR less than 2 for all resonant frequencies.

An optimized Koch based fractal patch antenna with twin lower leafs has been designed for appropriate wireless communication applications and capable of exhibiting penta-band behavior. The proposed structure has been created by introducing modified Koch curve on a rhombus shaped fractal patch having compact dimensions of 60 mmx50 mmx1.6 mm with defected ground structure. The reflection coefficient (S11) values of the proposed antenna are-11.97 dB,-20.29 dB, -25.38 dB,-13.91 dB and-23.48 dB at resonating frequencies of 2.8649 GHz, 6.3514 GHz, 7.1622 GHz, 8.2973 GHz, and 8.9459 GHz, respectively. It has values of VSWR at all resonating frequencies within acceptable range of 1 to 2. The prototype of the proposed structure has been designed on easily available and low cost FR4 epoxy substrate material. The bandwidths of 1.39 GHz, 3.30 GHz, 10.19 GHz, 1.93 GHz and 2.23 GHz has been obtained at all resonating frequencies. The measured results has been analyzed and compared with simulated results and bears a close approximation. The developed prototype can be utilized for applications in S, C, and X frequency band which can further be used for various communication applications like radar, satellite communication and wireless computer networks.

This paper presents new finite element method (FEM) based approach for radio frequency (RF) and crosstalk (X talk) characterization of chip interconnects. Being based on scattering parameters (S-parameters), this approach truly and accurately demonstrates the transmission line behavior of chip interconnects over a wideband of frequencies. To demonstrate FEM based method, a single-line and a 3-line interconnect test structures on SiO2-Si substrate have been designed and simulated in High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). The RF and crosstalk characterization of chip interconnect materials Copper (Cu), doped multilayer Graphene Nanoribbon (DMLGNR), and neutral multilayer Graphene Nanoribbon (NMLGNR) have been demonstrated in terms of transmission coefficient (S-ij &S-mn) from 1 to 1000 GHz. The single-line three-dimensional (3D) structures comprising of Cu, DMLGNR, and NMLGNR have maximum transmission loss values of-15.93 dB, -22.03 dB, and -13.73 dB at frequencies of 643 GHz, 402 GHz, and 643 GHz, respectively whereas three-line bus structure exhibit maximum victim-line transmission loss values of -15.28 dB, -17.47 dB, and -15.98 dB at frequencies of 247 GHz, 829 GHz, and 377 GHz, respectively. Further, the crosstalk results have demonstrated that as frequency increases significant crosstalk is observed between nearby lines due to electromagnetic interference and coupling (EMI/EMC) issues.

The evolution of quantum computers and quantum machine learning (QML) algorithms have started demonstrating exponential speed-ups. In machine learning problems, the efficient handling and manipulation of linear algebra subroutines defines the complexity of the task to be performed. Quantum computers handle big datasets in the form of vectors and matrix operations very efficiently. In this paper, quantum support vector machine (QSVM) algorithm is used to solve a classification problem using a benchmarking MNIST dataset of handwritten images of digits. Quantum SVM variational and kernel matrix algorithms are implemented to analyze quantum speedup on quantum simulator and physical quantum processor back-ends. The study compared classical and quantum SVM algorithms in terms of execution time and accuracy. The results explicitly prove quantum speed-up achieved by quantum classifiers on quantum back-ends for machine learning applications.

Microstrip patch antennas have recently gained focus in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) applications. This chapter describes the state of the art of microstrip patch antennas and their various structures. A concise discussion of the defected ground structure (DGS) and the design and analysis of comb-shaped microstrip antenna using a DGS is presented. Also covered are the basic geometry, characteristics, and various structures of microstrip patch antennas. To improve the performance of a simple microstrip antenna, various iterations and a G-shaped DGS are used. Explanations and mathematical analyses of different feeding techniques and proximity-coupled feeding are included. For comparative analysis, different feeding methods and their features are presented. The multiplexing efficiency, peak gain, and defected ground (DG) results show that the proposed antenna can be used for various MIMO applications.

A planar microstrip patch antenna has been designed by amalgamating two different fractal geometries in the form of notches and cuts capable of exhibiting heptaband behavior inherited by basic fractal shapes. The suggested layout reverberate at heptad frequencies and exhibits bandwidth of 300 MHz, 110 MHz, 200 MHz, 160 MHz, 300 MHz, 300 MHz and 120 MHz respectively. Entire reverberant frequencies have admissible numbers of S11 and VSWR less than 2. The proposed structure has been designed on rectangular FR4 substrate with a square patch dimensions of 45 mm × 45 mm. Proposed antenna structure is compact and can become part of portable device. Design, analysis and simulation have been done on an electromagnetic simulator.

This paper suggests the layout of a penta-band modified meandered shaped microstrip antenna for wireless applications. Proposed design presents a compact antenna with microstrip feed having dimensions of 1.823 inch × 0.866 inch. The penta-band resonance is obtained by using modified meander patch and ground on the same plane. Various types of substrates like Bakelite, FR4, Teflon and Roger are tried and results are compared but the best results are obtained for FR4 substrate with thickness of 0.629 inch. The designed antenna resonates at five useful frequencies and obtained values of VSWR are 1.31, 1.09, 1.12, 1.67 and 1.48 respectively. It exhibits total gain of 8 dB along with good radiation properties and can be used for wireless applications. HFSS software is used to simulate the proposed antenna structure.

Due to technological advancements in electronics industry, wireless sensors in conjunction with mobile phones can be used anytime anywhere for ubiquitous healthcare applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of convenient and efficient method to display the visualization of real time ECG signal transmitted wirelessly using developed ECG sensor on smartphone. The proposed light weight, wearable and affordable system can be used by patients having persistent heart diseases for preliminary self-recognition. The sensor output is analyzed by calculating percentage error for R–R interval of acquired ECG waveform and heart rate using DALE technologies ECG simulator by setting it at 30, 60, 120 and 240 beats per minute (bpm). Sensor shows 100 % accuracy in heart rate validation at 30 and 60 bpm alongwith 99.8 % and 98.8 % accuracy at 120 and 240 bpm respectively. For R–R interval evaluation, it shows 100 % accuracy at 30 and 60 bpm whereas at 120 and 240 bpm accuracy remains at 98.00 % and 96.048 %. Clinical validation has been performed by comparing traces of developed prototype ECG sensor with Recorders and Medicare Systems commercial multilead ECG machine. It shows that the acquired QRS peak of developed ECG sensor is clear and of high quality with no visible noise superimposed on the ECG signal when compared with commercial multilead ECG machine.

The novel characteristics of CNTFET have eliminated many technological and fundamental hindrances being faced by CMOS transistors. CNTFET is emerging as prospective replacement for CMOS transistors in digital circuits and systems. This chapter introduces design of CNTFET-based basic logic gates. The basic logic gates analyzed are inverter, NAND, and NOR gates. The designed gates are evaluated in terms of delay, power consumption, and figure-of-merit power-delay-product (PDP). The standard H-SPICE CNTFET model of Stanford University has been used for all simulations. The impact of dielectric material variations on performance parameters of carbon nanotube field effect transistor based universal gates has been analyzed. Comparison between CMOS and CNTFET-based logic circuits is carried out for different dielectric material at 16 nm technology node.

A modified Sierpinski fractal antenna has been designed for wireless applications. The designed antenna exhibits multiple resonance behavior due to the basic attributes of the fractal shapes. The proposed antenna has planar, compact in size and is suitable for various wireless applications. It is designed on the Flame Retardant epoxy board substrate (FR4), which is very easily available, light in weight and has less cost. IFS (Iterated Function System) methodology is accustomed to generate the complex fractal layout using the scripting methodology (.vbs) in the HFSS simulator. Scripting method provides a straight forward solution to generate complicated fractal structures by generating code in MATLAB. The proposed antenna resonates at five different frequencies 1.859 GHz, 3.623 GHz, 5.929 GHz, 9.095 GHz and 9.547 GHz with smart values of return loss up to - 26 dB. It additionally demonstrates good radiation properties and has VSWR values less than two for all resonating frequencies. Radiation characteristics are displayed by 2D and 3D radiation patterns. It also has an low profile value of Gain of 3 dB.

A planar modified Sierpinski–Meander hybrid fractal antenna suitable for future wireless communication networks capable of exhibiting heptaband behavior has been presented in this paper. Proposed radiating structure is obtained by combining a modified Sierpinski gasket and Meander like antenna (for lower frequency) to obtain a hybrid structure exhibiting multiband behavior. Difficulty of designing a complex fractal structure has been eased by using scripting method (*.vbs) in HFSS obtained from IFS and MATLAB. Proposed antenna has partial-defected L-shaped ground structure which helps to obtain higher values of Gain. It has dimensions of 54 × 46 × 1.6 mm3 and resonates at 2.4, 4.437, 5.38, 7.01, 7.60, 8.41 and 9.09 GHz which covers useful applications like Bluetooth, WLAN, Wi-Fi, ISM, RFID, 4G/LTE, radiolocation and mobile/fixed satellite service. Prototype of the proposed structure is fabricated on FR4 substrate and tested. Measured results are analyzed and compared which are in good agreement with the simulated ones.

Hybrid Fractal multiband antenna is designed by combining Koch, Sierpinski gasket and Sierpinski carpet fractal geometries and its characteristics are investigated. The proposed antenna helps to achieve multiband behavior due to multiple resonance characteristics of fractal structure. Proposed hybrid fractal antenna has planar structure, compact size and suitable for wireless applications. IFS approach has been used to obtain the fractal structure using MATLAB and scripting method ofHFSS simulator. Proposed antenna resonates at seven different frequencies 2.0909 GHz, 3.4545 GHz, 6.0909 GHz, 6.9091 GHz, 7.6364 GHz, 7.9091 GHz and 9.0000 GHz and hence generates seven frequency bands which can be utilized for wireless applications. It exhibits good radiation properties and has VSWR < 2 for all resonating frequencies.

This paper presents a compact Multiband hybrid fractal antenna designed for mobile wireless applications it has planar structure and suitable for mobile applications at low cost. The proposed antenna structure is obtained by integrating a Koch curve and Minkowski curve. It exhibits multiband behavior, acceptable values of return loss, VSWR and gain in-spite of its compact size and less complexity. The proposed antenna design has been examined up to 2nd iteration of the new fractal geometry. The simulated results exhibited seven bands of operation covering some important frequency bands like GPS (L-1 = 1227.60 MHz), bluetooth (2.41-2.49 GHz) of ISM band, WLAN 802.11 a/b (5.15-5.35 GHz) and other bands covers applications like mobile/fixed satellite and aeronautical navigation (3.876-4.375, 6.6188-7.0045, 7.9698-8.3373 and 9.1648-9.6214 GHz). Proposed antenna is designed by using scripting method of HFSS using MATLAB.

Hybrid fractal multiband antenna is designed using Koch and meander geometry and its characteristics are investigated. The proposed antenna helps to achieve multiband behavior due to its multiple resonance characteristics. It has planar structure, compact size and suitable for wireless applications. IFS approach has been used to obtain the hybrid structure using MATLAB and scripting method of HFSS. Perturbation of basic structure is done to achieve quad-band behavior. Proposed antenna resonates at four different frequencies including Bluetooth (2.12-2.95 GHz), WLAN (4.82-5.95 GHz), 4.07 GHz and 7.3 GHz. It is a low cost antenna designed on easily available FR4 substrate. It exhibits nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern and VSWR ≤ 2 for all resonating frequencies.

A new design of Microstrip patch antenna has been proposed for wireless communication applications. An Eshaped Microstrip Notched Antenna structure has been designed and simulated using Ansoft HFSS simulator. Low-profile, compact, easily mountable, light weight are the advantages of this antenna. The proposed antenna has compact dimensions of 30.31 mm × 25.37 mm ×1.2 mm. The proposed structure is simulated on FR4 epoxy substrate, it resonates at frequencies 3.0270 GHz, 7.2432 GHz and 9.1892 with a return loss of 16.015 dB, -21.2168 dB and -37.3031 dB respectively. VSWR of the proposed antenna lies within the acceptable values of 0.237 to 1.5283 for all resonating frequencies. The maximum achieved gain is 7.28 dB. Proposed antenna can work in S, C and X frequency bands which covers useful applications like radio location, mobile/fixed-satellite service and wireless computer networks.