中国美术史上的扬州画派和欧洲美术史上的法国印象派都是世界艺术史上最辉煌、最绚烂的篇章,它们的艺术地位和艺术主张都为美术创作者提供了思想上的引擎和行动上的指南.两个画派在产生的背景、艺术主张和艺术特色上有一定的相同之处.从画派产生的背景、画派的艺术主张、对画坛的影响这三个角度进行详细的分析.通过分析比较可以发现,中西方艺术之间存在某些共同的规律和表现方法,如两个画派都是对当时艺术潮流的反叛,后来推陈出新,自成一格.在美术史的研究上,如果换一个角度看问题,会取得意想不到的效果.

We investigate the global distribution of hourly precipitation and its connections with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) using both satellite precipitation estimates and the global sub-daily rainfall gauge dataset. Despite limited moisture availability over continental surfaces, we find that the highest mean and extreme hourly precipitation intensity (HPI) values are mainly located over continents rather than over oceans, a feature that is not evident in daily or coarser resolution data. After decomposing the total precipitation into the product of the number of wet hours (NWH) and HPI, we find that ENSO modulates total precipitation mainly through the NWH, while its effects on HPI are more limited. The contrasting responses to ENSO in NWH and HPI is particularly apparent at the rising branches of the Pacific and Atlantic Walker Circulations, and is also notable over land-based gauges in Australia, Malaysia, the USA, Japan and Europe across the whole distribution of hourly precipitation (i.e. extreme, moderate and light precipitation). These results provide new insights into the global precipitation distribution and its response to ENSO forcing.

Abstract Although observations and modeling studies show that heavy rainfall is increasing in many regions, how changes will manifest themselves on sub‐daily timescales remains highly uncertain. Here, for the first time, we combine observational analysis and high‐resolution modeling results to examine changes to extreme rainfall intensities in urbanized Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. We find that hourly intensities of extreme rainfall have increased by ~35% over the last three decades, nearly 3 times more than in surrounding rural areas, with daily intensities showing much weaker increases. Our modeling results confirm that the urban heat island effect creates a more unstable atmosphere, increased vertical uplift and moisture convergence. This, combined with weak surface winds in the Tropics, causes intensification of rainfall extremes over the city, with reduced rainfall in the surrounding region.

利用地理信息系统技术与空间统计相结合的方法,研究了柳属物种多样性在中国区域尺度上的空间分布格局,并且采用逐步广义线性回归分析方法研究了柳属物种多样性与主要气候因子的关系.结果表明:1)柳属物种多样性在中国的分布格局表现为区域广泛,局部聚集:聚集区分布在新疆阿勒泰地区、东北地区和西南地区,其中西南分布区的青藏高原与横断山脉毗连处为中国柳属物种多样性分布中心.2)柳属物种多样性在经度、纬度、气温、降水、蒸散量等气候气候因子一维格局上的分布随着因子梯度先增加后减小,均存在一个最适区间.3)柳属物种多样性与水分因子呈正相关、与能量因子呈负相关关系.水分因子是影响柳属物种多样性的主导因子,能量与水分间的交互作用对物种多样性影响微弱.4)结论部分地支持了水—热动态假说和生态位保守假说,但柳属物种多样性格局成因并非由任何单一假说来完全地解释,这表明其他因子如历史因素、地形异质性、土壤因素或扰动等也可能是形成柳属物种多样性格局的重要因素.

觉悟者自在与澄明的状态体现在“心斋”“坐忘”的体道精神上.“道”贯通本体界与现象界,充分实现了物我的生命价值.“集虚”的“道”是“心斋”与“坐忘”展开的依据,通过“损”与“忘”的功夫破除自我之死生对立,完全释放生命潜能,最终升进澄明之境.这种澄明之境乃自我与“道”通为一体的理性直观世界.

The geographical distribution of the species diversity of the genus Populus in China was studied using the geographical information system and spatial statistics.The relationship between the Populus species diversity and longitudinal and latitudinal bands was analyzed using linear regression analysis.The results showed that:(1) In China,the genus Populus exhibited a zonal distribution that was in an east-west direction,which was wider than that in the north-south direction;(2) The greatest species diversity of the Populus distribution on the latitudinal and longitude gradient was located in the latitudinal and longitudinal bands of 30-40°N and 110-120°E,respectively,indicating that species richness was the greatest where the longitude and latitude were optimized and decreased as the longitude and latitude moved above or below the optimal range;(3) The distribution center of the Populus species biodiversity in China was located on both sides of the Heihe-Tengchong line in the northeast-southwest direction,and species diversity increased from the northeast to southwest of China along the line,but decreased from this line to the northwest and the southeast;(4) In terms of the level of taxonomy,the sections of Populus with the most extensive distribution range were sect.Populus and sect.Tacamahaca Spach in China and the four species with the most extensive distribution ranges were Populus davidiana Dode,Populus simonii Carr,Populus adenopoda Maxim,and Populus cathayana Rehd,which revealed that the differing levels of taxonomy within the same taxa resulted in a varied species diversity pattern on the same scale.

Carbon emissions from human and animals has been neglected by previous studies in estimating the carbon cycle of ecosystem. This study first estimates the spatial-temporal patterns of carbon emissions density from human and livestock respiration among countries around the world from 1960–2014. Then we simulate the soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) to analyze the contribution of human and livestock respiration to total heterotrophic respiration of global ecosystem. Our results show that the respiration of human and livestock respectively contribute more than 1% of the total carbon output from heterotrophic respiration in most countries and affect more than 5% in almost half of the countries. Moreover, the effect of livestock respiration is slightly greater than that of human beings. Therefore, the estimation of heterotrophic respiration should not only consider Rh in these countries, human and livestock respiration are equally important in the research on regional carbon budget.

用“气”的范畴并结合五行辩证法、意象思维、阴阳属性来发掘中国传统思维中固有的脉学与音乐学相关联的逻辑,是贯穿诸论的核心.相同属性的“气”使脉学与音乐学理论之间相互阐发成为可能,可以把人体五脏、五音、五脏脉普遍联系起来,形成系统的辩证理论体系来多维度注释脉学,并奠定音乐治疗的理论基础.追溯音乐与医学的历史源头以说明医乐同源,证明音乐学与医学相关联的史实依据;发挥五音与五脏脉的相应理论来探讨与五脏脉相应的和声、和弦、调式调性成立的可行性,继而可在民族五声乐曲、西方乐曲中应用.

庄子的医学哲学主要体现在“道”与身病、心病的关联上.庄子认为阴阳二气的失和导致疾病产生,疾病的产生无非内外二因,外在环境的剧烈变化是外因,身体机能的衰弱与良好的心态被打破是内因.不良的心灵状态所导致的心病,是产生身体疾病的主要原因.虽然阴阳二气在体内的和谐流转时而遭受阻遏,但“道”太和万物、具有生生不息的精神永恒存在,把握到“道”的精神的体道者与“道”合一,所拥有的德性也摆脱了疾病所造成的烦恼.

ABSTRACTMulti‐model ensembles (MMEs) have been demonstrated to be useful for improving the results of models. Furthermore, previous research suggests that weighted MMEs outperform unweighted multi‐model results in climatological simulations, with the degree of difference in model performance dependent on the suitability of the weighting scheme. The goal of this research is to improve the results of MMEs by optimizing the weighting for each model for predicting the distribution of Köppen–Geiger climatic types. Results suggest that the correspondence between general circulation model‐ (GCM‐) based and Climate Research Unit‐ (CRU‐) based output of the geographic distribution of the Köppen–Geiger climatic types is inadequate for nine GCMs simulations, with only 40–52% of the total land area having agreement for the Köppen climatic type. An unweighted ensemble average GCM‐based simulation produced only marginally improved model performance. However, the terrestrial area with disagreement between the MMEs and CRU was reduced to about 35% by using the nonlinear‐weighted ensemble average. Inconsistent regions between the MMEs and CRU are concentrated along the climatic boundaries, confirming that ecotones are simulated poorly by these models. Because, the Köppen classification is designed so that climatic regions correspond to biomes, this research may have implications for improving simulation of agricultural, forestry, and other biotic realms under past and future climatic conditions.

在庄子看来,万物齐一、是非齐一,要想成为大圣,必须黜聪明,即达到大智若愚的境界.宇宙万物,世界人文,万事万物都有自己的展现形式,每个人都有自己的是非准则,那么,万物的差异该如何去区分,每个人的是非又该如何去判断呢?庄子明确地给出了答案:齐万物、泯别异.事物无差异,是非无标准,即庄子看待人世的态度.最终,庄子要提出的就是"天人合一"这一观念,即天道不可违,人要遵循天道做事,天与人合而为一.

哈萨克斯坦是世界最大的内陆国家,拥有典型的大陆性气候和多样的地理环境及生态系统,同时哈萨克斯坦的自然环境和人类社会对于气候变化这一全球性问题是敏感的、脆弱的,需要运用科学的研究方法应对气候变化的挑战.通常,区域或局地尺度的气候变化影响研究需要对气候模式输出或再分析资料进行降尺度以获得更细分辨率的气候资料.近年来,大量验证统计降尺度方法在各个地区能力的研究见诸文献,然而在哈萨克斯坦地区验证统计降尺度方法的研究非常少见.本文使用了岭回归的方法对哈萨克斯坦地区11个气象站点1960～2009年的月平均气温进行了统计降尺度研究.结果显示,使用前30年数据和岭回归模型建立大尺度预报因子和观测资料的统计关系可以较好地预测后20年的月平均气温,预测能力在各站各月均有不同程度的差异,地形复杂的站点预测效果较差,夏季预测结果好于冬季;此外,将哈萨克斯坦地区平均来看则与观测数据相吻合.

The crop growth model of WOFOST is used to simulate crop growth by estimation of soil relative humidity based on daily precipitation. It is difficult to set different scenarios of soil drought levels by changing daily precipitation,because of the randomness of daily precipitation. This weakness imposed restrictions on the simulation of crop growth under different water stress,and also had bad effects on the accuracy of the simulation. In the current study,a revised WOFOST crop growth model directly based on soil relative humidity was developed. The Compaq Visual Fortran 6. 5 was applied as the development platform,and the source code of WOFOST model was modified by Fortran language,which replacing the driving file of daily precipitation with soil relative humidity. The revised WOFOST crop growth model was used to simulate corn growth under the stages of seedling emergence￣jointing and tasseling￣mature in the conditions of water stress. The results were compared with that under natural precipitation in Xiajin agricultural meteorological station in the Shandong Province in 2013. The results showed that the accuracy of model obviously improved by using the revised model in the output results of the fresh leaf dry weight,fresh stem dry weight, vegetative organs dry weight,total weight of the ground material and leaf area index. Furthermore,the corn growth under different soil drought levels was simulated by setting different water stress scenarios due to the stability of soil moisture. The revised WOFOST model is useful to evaluate the impact of different drought levels on corn growth,and to determine the indexes of corn growth and development.