Global warming alters aquatic habitats, challenging cold-water fish survival. Schizopygopsis chengi baoxingensis, a cold-water fish from the Qingyijiang River in China, is vulnerable to temperature changes. This study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of S. c. baoxingensis to acute heat stress through an integrated approach of histopathological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses. Histopathological results revealed significant tissue damage in both the liver and gills, with the liver showing pronounced hepatocellular vacuolization and nuclear displacement, and the gills exhibiting hyperplasia and partial lamellar necrosis. Transcriptomic analysis identified numerous differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in both tissues. In the liver, DEGs were enriched in pathways related to antioxidant stress, detoxification, and immune response. Notably, genes encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) were upregulated, suggesting enhanced antioxidant and detoxification capabilities. Additionally, immune-related genes such as C2, C3, C4, C6, C9, CFB, CFH, and MASP2 were predominantly upregulated in the complement and coagulation cascades pathway. In the gills, DEGs including NPNT and NOS2 were significantly upregulated, suggesting enhanced respiratory function. Metabolomic profiling showed significant alterations in energy metabolism, with increased levels of NAD and NADH in the liver, indicating heightened energy demands under thermal stress. Our findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the heat stress response of S. c. baoxingensis and highlight potential targets for protecting this species under climate change.

Triplophysa siluroides, a unique species of plateau fish, holds significant economic value. However, its natural population has sharply declined due to overfishing and the construction of water conservancy projects. Investigating the various conditions necessary for its growth is a crucial prerequisite for successful artificial breeding. This study used Edwardsiella tarda as the pathogenic bacterium to determine the median lethal concentration following infection of T. siluroides, as well as to examine changes in tissues, organs, and gene expression. The study found that dead T. siluroides displayed symptoms such as abdominal distension, fluid accumulation, and a reddened anus, and the median lethal concentration of E. tarda for T. siluroides was calculated to be 1.00 & times; 106 CFU/mL. Following infection with E. tarda, the liver, intestine, gills, spleen, and kidneys exhibited varying degrees of lesions. Transcriptome sequencing identified a total of 54,667 genes. Compared to the blank control group, 192 genes were downregulated and 125 genes were upregulated in T. siluroides infected with E. tarda. In contrast, after infection with the poly(I:C) viral mimic, 225 genes were downregulated and 436 genes were upregulated. This study determined the median lethal concentration of E. tarda for T. siluroides via intraperitoneal injection under laboratory conditions. The results may contribute to disease prevention and control in the breeding of T. siluroides, as well as inform future risk assessments of infection in aquaculture water bodies.

As an endemic fish vulnerable to habitat fragmentation and hydrological changes in the arid Shule River Basin, Triplophysa yarkandensis macroptera lacks sufficient genetic tools for effective conservation monitoring. To address this knowledge gap, we report the first development of polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers for this subspecies via Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-seq), and assess the genetic diversity and population structure of three geographical populations (Yumen, Guazhou, and Qiaowan). From 54 candidate loci that met specific criteria, we successfully developed 17 novel, highly polymorphic SSR markers. Genetic diversity varied among populations with Na ranging from 2 to 19 (highest at locus SSRQ26 in the Qiaowan population), Ne from 1.385 to 11.560, and no null alleles detected. The Qiaowan population exhibited the highest allele count. Furthermore, population structure analysis revealed no significant genetic differentiation between the Yumen and Guazhou populations, whereas the Qiaowan population was genetically distinct. The newly identified SSR markers and the baseline genetic data provide a powerful toolkit for ongoing genetic monitoring and the designation of distinct Management Units (MUs), which is of critical conservation importance for preserving this endemic species within the unique and highly fragmented ecological context of the arid Shule River Basin in northwestern China.

IntroductionStreptococcus iniae is an important bacterial pathogen of cultured fish, but its pathological effects and the host responses it induces in hybrid sturgeon remain poorly understood. This study investigated an acute disease outbreak in 4-month-old hybrid sturgeon (Acipenser baerii ♀ × Acipenser schrenckii ♂) during a high-temperature period and examined the transcriptional responses of the liver and spleen using a separate controlled challenge experiment.MethodsA dominant β-hemolytic bacterial isolate was recovered from multiple internal organs of naturally diseased fish and identified using phenotypic characterization, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, and a species-specific PCR assay targeting the lctO gene. Histopathology and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize tissue and subcellular alterations. In the controlled challenge, liver and spleen samples were collected at 48 h post-injection and analyzed using PacBio single-molecule real-time and Illumina RNA sequencing.ResultsAffected fish exhibited abnormal swimming, a swollen and hyperemic anus, and pronounced gas and fluid accumulation in the spiral valve intestine and swim bladder. The isolate was identified as S. iniae. Histopathological examination revealed hepatic congestion and necrosis, splenic white pulp atrophy, intestinal mucosal exfoliation, myocarditis, and gill injury. Transmission electron microscopy showed coccoid bacterial structures in several tissues, together with mitochondrial swelling, cristae disruption, microvillar damage, and autophagosome-like structures. PacBio sequencing generated 120,215 non-redundant transcripts, with 94.4% completeness according to BUSCO analysis, providing a full-length transcript reference for short-read expression analysis. Gene set enrichment analysis showed negative enrichment of the fat digestion and absorption pathway and positive enrichment of the apoptosis pathway in the liver. In the spleen, the Toll and Imd and IL-17 signaling pathways were positively enriched. RT-qPCR analysis of eight selected transcripts showed expression directions consistent with the RNA-seq results.DiscussionThese findings characterize the pathological features of S. iniae-associated disease in hybrid sturgeon and provide a transcript-level view of the liver and spleen responses following controlled experimental challenge.

Percocypris pingi is an endangered protected fish species in China. Its albino variants exhibit growth retardation and physiological abnormalities. Understanding its albinism mechanism holds significant scientific importance for molecular breeding programs and disease model development. This study integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses, combined with histopathological and molecular biological techniques, to systematically compare molecular differences in skin tissues between albino and wild-type P. pingi, with a focus on elucidating the multidimensional regulatory mechanisms underlying skin albinism. Our findings suggest that albinism in P. pingi is synergistically driven by hyperactivation of ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis (which suppressed TYR/TYRP1 enzymatic activity and disrupted the pH homeostasis of melanosomes), and inhibition of calcium signaling (which impeded melanin transport). This discovery provides novel insights into the mechanisms of pigment loss in fish species and offers a valuable reference for molecular breeding of endangered species as well as research on pigmentation-related disorders.

To assess the genetic diversity of Triplophysa hsutschouensis population in the Shule River basin, we employed restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RAD-Seq) to sequence T. hsutschouensis genome. Using this technology, we identified suitable microsatellite (SSR) markers specific to T. hsutschouensis population and synthesized 67 primer pairs, of which 18 were found to be polymorphic. Our analysis of 46 T. hsutschouensis individuals revealed that the number of alleles (Na) ranged from 2 to 16, with the effective number of alleles (Ne) varying between 1.293 and 8.672. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.261 to 0.957, expected heterozygosity (He) from 0.227 to 0.885, and polymorphism information content (PIC) from 0.201 to 0.874. The average values obtained were Na = 7.056, Ne = 3.540, Ho = 0.609, He = 0.639, and PIC = 0.595. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium testing showed that five of the 18 polymorphic SSR loci deviated significantly from expectations after Bonferroni correction, while the remaining 13 loci conformed to expectations, indicating no significant genetic disturbances in the population. These newly identified polymorphic SSR markers will be valuable for future genetic diversity analysis and conservation efforts regarding T. hsutschouensis populations.

Fish are the largest group of vertebrates. Studying the characteristics, functions, and interactions of different fish cells is important for understanding their roles in disease and evolution. However, most single cell RNA-seq studies in fish are restricted to a few specific organs, leaving a comprehensive cell landscape that aims to characterize the heterogeneity and connections among body-wide organs largely unexplored. We construct a single-cell atlas from the Yangtze sturgeon, Acipenser dabryanus, containing 82,401 high-quality cells and identify 72 major cell types. We compare differentially expressed genes among enterocytes in each part of the intestines and reveal the differences in absorption function of pyloric caecum, duodenum, spiral intestine, and rectum. Best4/Otop2 cells, newly identified in human, are also found in the intestines of sturgeon, indicating that these cells originated in an ancient period. We confirm the status of Müller glia as resident stem cells in fish nervous systems. We also characterize the different immune function between mucosa- and systemic-associated tissues. We detect several unexpected types of cells in Yangtze sturgeon, confirming that sturgeon is basal to teleosts. Cross-species analysis further indicates that sturgeon might occupy an ancient evolutionary position bridging the transition from cartilaginous to bony fish. In addition, novel cell markers, transcription factors, and intercellular communications are identified and found to be associated with the biological functions of specific types of cells. We generate the cellular landscape of an ancient fish and provide a valuable resource for revealing the cellular heterogeneity and biology of vertebrates.

This study aimed to investigate the histological features of the intestine of Acipenser dabryanus from 1 to 15 months of age via HE staining, AB-PAS staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The intestine of A. dabryanus comprises the duodenum, spiral valve intestine, and rectum. With age, the duodenal diameter and mucosal/muscular layer thickness increased, the spiral valve intestine’s mucosa thickened and protrusions formed networks, and the rectal diameter enlarged. Abundant mucus cells, predominantly type IV, were found in the duodenum, spiral valve intestine, and rectum of A. dabryanus at different ages by AB-PAS staining. Our study confirmed the presence of ciliated columnar cells (with ‘9 + 2’ cilia structure) with orderly arranged cilia at their apices in the mucosal epithelium of A. dabryanus’s duodenum, spiral valve intestine, and rectum for the first time, as shown by SEM and TEM. The presence of spiral valves and ciliated columnar cells in the intestinal structure of A. dabryanus highlights its unique features and evolutionary significance. These findings highlight A. dabryanus’s unique intestinal features and evolutionary significance, providing a basis for scientific feed formulation and enhancing our understanding of the histological characteristics of the sturgeon intestine.

A comparative analysis was performed to assess the histological characteristics and nutrient components of the muscles in regular and yellow Triplophysa siluroides. The yellow T. siluroides had smaller muscle fiber diameter (P > 0.05) and higher density (P > 0.05) in their dorsum muscles. Compared to the regular T. siluroides, the yellow T. siluroides showed a slightly greater (P > 0.05) moisture content and a significantly lower (P < 0.05) crude lipid content. The total amino acids, essential amino acids, nonessential amino acids, and delicious amino acids content were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the muscles of yellow T. siluroides than regular T. siluroides. Leucine was identified as the primary limiting amino acid in both species based on amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CS) evaluations. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed in total saturated fatty acids (Sigma SFA), total monounsaturated fatty acids (Sigma MUFA), and total polyunsaturated fatty acids (Sigma PUFA) between the regular T. siluroides and yellow T. siluroides. Notably, the DHA content was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in yellow T. siluroides. Overall, yellow T. siluroides demonstrated superior nutritional quality compared to that of regular T. siluroides, making it a high-quality food source suitable for human consumption.

The hybrid sturgeon Acipenser baerii × A. schrenckii is the most widely cultured commercial sturgeon in China. However, its morphological similarity to the parental species frequently leads to misuse of germplasm in the breeding process, resulting in a decline in the quality of the sturgeon production. In this study, we have developed a protocol by using mitochondrial DNA barcoding and microsatellite locus analysis for the accurate identification of sturgeon species. Genetic distance and phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial COI segment showed that A. baerii exhibited the closest genetic relationship with orthogonal individuals A. baerii (♀) × A. schrenckii (♂). Conversely, A. schrenckii displayed the highest genetic similarity with reciprocal individuals A. schrenckii (♀) × A. baerii (♂). Additionally, genetic structure analysis and factor correlation analysis (FCA) were conducted using six microsatellite loci among 100 samples, including eight species and two hybrid sturgeon. The results showed that all samples, encompassing both hybrid sturgeon (A. baerii × A. schrenckii) and their parental species, were accurately grouped into ten clusters, thereby validating the precision of this species assignment method.

Percocypris pingi was listed in the China Vertebrate Red List in 2015, and albino P. pingi exhibits remarkable ocular phenotypes due to melanin synthesis defects, including the deficiency of melanin granules in the iris and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). However, the regulatory mechanism of pigment loss in the eyes of albino P. pingi has not yet been clarified. This study systematically revealed the potential mechanisms underlying the obstruction of ocular melanin synthesis in albino P. pingi through histopathological analysis, transcriptomics, and proteomics techniques. The results showed that the synergistic effects of abnormal H+ transport mediated by SLC45A2, excessive activation of retinol metabolism, and cytoskeletal transport disorders led to the inhibition of tyrosinase activity and retention of pigment granules, ultimately causing melanin deficiency in the eyes. This study first elucidates the molecular network of ocular albinism in fish from a multi-omics perspective, providing a new perspective for the mechanistic research of pigmentation disorders in vertebrates.

Aeromonas veronii is a major pathogen threatening freshwater aquaculture, yet the molecular mechanisms of Pelteobagrus vachellii’s immune response to this infection remain unclear. This study integrated histopathology, mRNA-seq and small RNA-seq to investigate P. vachellii’s response to A. veronii at 48 h post-challenge. Histopathologically, infection induced gill epithelial detachment, hepatocyte swelling with cytoplasmic vacuolation, and melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) in the mid-kidney (histological assessment of the head kidney was not feasible due to sampling limitations associated with its small size). Transcriptomic analysis identified 1,210 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the head kidney (819 downregulated, 391 upregulated), significantly enriched in 11 immune pathways (e.g., NF-κB, Th17 cell differentiation, Complement and coagulation cascades), with key immune genes (e.g., IL-1β, TCRα, CCL4) upregulated. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed activation of the proteasome, ribosome and oxidative phosphorylation pathways, and suppression of the autophagy-animal, FoxO and AMPK pathways. Small RNA-seq identified 544 known and 958 novel miRNAs in the head kidney, with 42 downregulated and 36 upregulated differentially expressed miRNAs (DE miRNAs). The miRNA-mRNA network showed that DE miRNAs (e.g., miR-101-y/z, miR-132-z, miR-3167-y) negatively regulated immune-related target genes (IL-1R1, IRF4, IκBα) in core immune pathways. Collectively, this study clarifies the pathological and miRNA-mRNA regulatory modules of P. vachellii head kidney against A. veronii infection, providing valuable information that enables the further analyses of the defense mechanisms of P. vachellii against A. veronii infection.

This study investigated muscle quality differences between wild-type (WT) and yellow-mutant (YM) Triplophysa siluroides. Texture analysis showed WT T. siluroides had significantly greater hardness, gumminess, and resilience than YM. Histological and biochemical analyses ruled out myofiber diameter/density as drivers, instead identifying reduced collagen in YM as key, as confirmed by Picrosirius red staining, collagen quantification, and transmission electron microscopy. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed that TGF-β/BMP pathway suppression in YM resulted in downregulation of core molecules (e.g., BMP2 and SMAD1), collagen-related genes (e.g., COL1A1a and COL1A1b), and ECM-related genes (e.g., TNC and FN1), potentially influencing collagen synthesis and ECM homeostasis. Notably, melanin gene TYRP1 was also downregulated in YM T. siluroides, suggesting a link between pathway suppression, muscle quality alteration, and body pigmentation. The potential role of the BMP2-SMAD1-TYRP1 axis in the association between muscle quality and body colour provides novel mechanistic insights, offering molecular targets for the breeding of T. siluroides with superior commercial traits.

IntroductionIn August 2023, hybrid sturgeons (Acipenser baerii♀×Acipenser schrenckii♂) cultured in Sichuan, China, showed infectious disease symptoms, including ulcers, liver and spleen nodules, and high mortality rates.MethodsPathogenic bacteria were isolated from the liver of diseased sturgeons and analyzed for their phenotypic and molecular traits. Furthermore, iridovirus-specific TaqMan real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analyses were conducted. The histopathological characteristics were analyzed using paraffin sectioning and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Transcriptome sequencing was performed to elucidate the impact of pathogen exposure and immune response profiles in infected sturgeon.ResultsPathogenic bacteria isolation and phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed that the isolated bacteria clustered within the Nocardia seriolae group. The TaqMan RT-PCR assay was performed to detect the presence of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV), indicating a weakly positive signal. Histopathological examination revealed severe damage to various tissues, and a notable presence of bacteria was observed through acid-fast staining. Transmission electron microscopy analysis showed the presence of abundant bacteria and virus particles, indicating cellular invasion and subsequent damage. In summary, the disease in hybrid sturgeons was diagnosed as infection of N. seriolae and WSIV. To investigate the immune response of hybrid sturgeons to this infection, spleen transcriptomes were analyzed. Numerous immune-related genes and pathways, including the “Toll-like receptor”, “B-cell receptor”, and “T-cell receptor” signaling pathways, were altered in response to pathogenic threats. Significantly downregulated of key components of TCR and BCR signaling pathways, such as ZAP70, BTK, and CD79A, suggested a temporary inhibition of these pathways critical for cellular immunity post-infection. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed significant suppression of the apoptosis signaling pathway and activation of autophagy and mitophagy signaling pathways following infection. Specifically, in the death receptor-mediated apoptosis signaling pathway, downregulation of TNFα, TRAIL, CASP6, and CASP8 was observed, while several genes in the autophagy and mitophagy pathways showed upregulated expression post-infection.DiscussionWe report the initial occurrence of N. seriolae infection in cultured sturgeons. These findings could provide a theoretical basis for diagnosing and preventing this disease, as well as enhance the understanding of host-pathogen interactions in fish.

Sturgeons display a slow growth rate and delayed initial sexual maturity, which extends the captive breeding and conservation processes. To date, few studies have revealed the molecular mechanism underlying the growth difference of sturgeons. In the present study, juvenile Yangtze sturgeons (Acipenser dabryanus) with different growth rates were selected from the same cultured pool for muscle structure, enzyme activity and comparative transcriptome analysis. Histological assays showed that the fiber diameter of the fast-growing group was significantly larger than that of the slow-growing group. The activities of four glycometabolism related enzymes, including two key rate-limiting enzymes hexokinase and pyruvate kinase, were significantly higher in fastgrowing group. RNA-Seq of muscle tissues identified 7408 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which consisted of 3637 upregulated genes and 3771 downregulated genes, in the fast-growing group vs. the slow-growing group. In the brain, a total of 12,213 unigenes were differentially expressed (6050 upregulated unigenes and 6163 downregulated unigenes) between the two groups. The expression levels of IGF1 and IGF1-binding proteins (IGFBPs) in muscle were significantly higher in the fast-growing group and might be promising candidate biomarkers for measuring growth performance in Yangtze sturgeon. Two myogenic regulatory factors (myog and myf6) were significantly upregulated, which indicated that the growth variation in juvenile Yangtze sturgeon might be partly due to the difference in the differentiation of muscle cells. In addition, pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the glycolysis and cell cycle pathways were significantly enhanced in the fast-growing groups, suggesting that they might also play important roles in the improved growth performance of A. dabryanus. Furthermore, the WGCNA as well as hub gene network analyses supported that cell cycle and gluconeogenesis might be involved in the differential growth performance of A. dabryanus. The results of this study may contribute to our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanism of growth variation in fish.

Intestinal microorganisms that living in the mucosa and contents of the gastrointestinal tract of animals, have close links with their hosts over a long evolutionary history. The community structure of the fish intestinal microbiota is associated with food, living environment, and the growth stage. To screen for potential probiotics that can be used for regulating breeding behaviors, this study focused on the diversity of fish intestinal microorganisms. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sex and body weight on the intestinal microbial diversity of Gymnocypris chilianensis in the wild. The results showed that the significant high diversity and richness of intestinal microbiota were fould in heavier individuals, and males. The dominant bacterial phyla of G. chilianensis were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes. In addition, the abundance of Firmicutes varied significantly among different body weights. The genus profile revealed that small individuals were dominated by Weissella, while females were dominated by Aeromonas, and both large individuals and males were dominated by other genera. Phylogenetic relationships and UPGMA clustering analysis showed significant differences among the groups. In general, the two main factors that have an effect on the intestinal microbiota diversity of wild G. chilianensis are sex and body weight.

In the present study, we identified 46 SNP markers for Gymnocypris chilianensis, an endemic economic fish in Heihe River and Shule River in China. The minor allele frequency ranged from 0.028 to 0.500. Observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.028 to 1.000, and expected heterozygosity from 0.055 to 0.507. The polymorphic information content ranged between 0.053 and 0.375. Among these SNP markers, sixteen loci showed significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction. These novel SNP markers will be helpful for future studies on genetic management and population conservation in this species.

Schizopygopsis chengi baoxingensis , a species belongs to Schizopygopsis group, is an endemic and rare fish in China. Due to the destruction of the habitat, the natural population of S. c. baoxingensis has decreased dramatically in recent years. Insufficient molecular markers have limited the effective conservation and management of this species. In the present study, we reported the isolation and characterization of 73 SNP markers in S. c. baoxingensis . The minor allele frequency ranged from 0.0139 to 0.500. The observed heterozygosity varied from 0.028 to 0.917, while the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.028 to 0.507. Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.027 to 0.375. Among these SNPs, only eleven loci showed significant departures from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The novel polymorphic SNPs will be helpful for the future study on genetic management and population conservation for this species.

Temperature fluctuations caused by climate change and global warming pose a great threat to various species. Most fish are particularly vulnerable to elevated temperatures. Understanding the mechanism of high-temperature tolerance in fish can be beneficial for proposing effective strategies to help fish cope with global warming. In this study, we systematically studied the effects of high temperature on Acipenser dabryanus, an ancient living fossil and flagship species of the Yangtze River, at the histological, biochemical, transcriptomic and metabolomic levels. Intestinal and liver tissues from the control groups (18 °C) and acute heat stress groups (30 °C) of A. dabryanus were sampled for histological observation and liver tissues were assessed for transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling. Histopathological analysis showed that the intestine and liver tissues were damaged after heat stress. The plasma cortisol content and the levels of oxidative stress markers (catalase/glutathione reductase) and two aminotransferases (aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase) increased significantly in response to acute heat stress. Transcriptomic and metabolomic methods showed 6707 upregulated and 4189 downregulated genes and 64 upregulated and 78 downregulated metabolites in the heat stress group. Heat shock protein (HSP) genes showed striking changes in expression under heat stress, with 21 genes belonging to the HSP30, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70 and HSP90 families significantly upregulated by short-term heat stress. The majority of genes associated with ubiquitin and various immune-related pathways were also markedly upregulated in the heat stress group. In addition, the combined analysis of metabolites and gene profiles suggested an enhancement of amino acid metabolism and glycometabolism and the suppression of fatty acid metabolism during heat stress, which could be a potential energy conservation strategy for A. dabryanus. To the best of our knowledge, the present study represents the first attempt to reveal the mechanisms of heat stress responses in A. dabryanus, which can provide insights into improved cultivation of fish in response to global warming.

Triplophysa (Hedinichthys) yarkandensis macroptera is an endemic species in China, that is mainly distributed in Gansu Province. To date, research on this species has been very limited, focusing mainly on its taxonomy, without any available molecular markers. In the present study, we identified 55 SNP markers in T. (Hedinichthys) yarkandensis macroptera. The minor allele frequency ranged from 0.050 to 0.500, and the observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.167 to 1.000 and 0.155 to 0.508, respectively. The polymorphic information content ranged from 0.141 to 0.375. Among these SNP markers, seventeen loci showed significant departures from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after Bonferroni correction. These novel SNP markers will be helpful for future studies on genetic management and population conservation in this species.