It is shown that the group and individual composition of A-92 motor gasoline can be determined on a PTMSP025 capillary column with a poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) stationary phase. It was found that the PTMSP column is characterized by the order of elution similar to that for capillary columns with porous organic polymers. Hydrocarbons are eluted in groups according to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. Alkenes are eluted first in the group, and then alkanes are eluted. This order of hydrocarbon retention on the PTMSP025 column allows a more structured pattern of separation compared to the column with the polysiloxane stationary phase. Methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE), used as an octane booster, is determined on a PTMSP025 column without an additional sample preparation (concentration) step. The possibility of separating gasoline components using comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography was also demonstrated, where a PTMSP025 column was installed in the first dimension, and a column with dimethylpolysiloxane as a stationary phase in the second.

Many studies have shown that associated microbiota influences the life history traits of Drosophila melanogaster. The increase in bacterial load reduces lifespan but may increase fecundity. Paradoxically, the influence of yeast microbiota, a key food source for fruit flies, on life history traits is much less studied. In this work, we assessed the influence of natural yeast microbiota, as well as individual yeast species, on lifespan, age-related dynamics of fecundity, and mortality in the control fly line and the fly line with depleted yeast microbiota. We used Starmerella bacillaris, Zygosaccharomyces bailii, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae as individual yeast species for testing. We have shown that the decrease in the amount of symbiotic yeast on the medium, on the surface of the body, or in the fly intestine leads to an increase in lifespan and a decrease in fecundity for flies reared on standard medium. It is consistent with the “disposable soma” hypothesis. At the same time, an increase in lifespan does not compensate for the decrease in fecundity; therefore, the decrease in the number of yeasts leads to a decrease in fly fitness. Inoculation of S. cerevisiae on the medium shifts the reproduction of the control flies to an earlier age, while two other yeast species increase fertility significantly. Inoculation of S. bacillaris and S. cerevisiae (not typical for the microbiota of tested fly lines) on the medium reduces lifespan more than yeast Z. bailii, which is typical for the microbiota of the control line. Yeast microbiota reduces the lifespan of the Drosophila males more than the females. The results indicate deep coevolutionary relationships between the components of the yeast microbiota and the host organism, requiring further studies within the hologenome theory of evolution.

Climate change poses significant threats to the Russian economy. In this context, it is essential to develop a comprehensive set of measures for mitigating and adapting to climate challenges. The European Union's Carbon Border Mechanism (CBAM) which is set to take effect in 2026, as well as the potential implementation of similar mechanisms by other countries, pose challenges for carbon-intensive industries. The development of a national system for assessing the carbon footprint, including both direct and indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and mechanisms for minimizing these emissions at both sectoral and corporate levels is of critical importance for Russia. This study evaluates the total gross GHG emissions and total GHG emissions per unit of production in eight sectors of the Russian economy using an input-output balance model. Furthermore, it analyzes decarbonization tools employed by major Russian industrial companies, which are leading producers and exporters of carbon-intensive products. Recommendations are provided to improve the mechanisms for low-carbon development of the Russian industries. It is revealed that the energy and mining sectors, as well as manufacturing industries (particularly metallurgy, chemical industry and mineral materials manufacturing) are characterized by high total gross GHG emissions and high total emissions per unit of production. A practical conclusion is the importance of aligning carbon regulation with "smart" "green" industrial policy measures. Such policies should account for cross-sectoral effects and strategically influence production and supply chains to maximize efficiency in reducing emissions with minimal costs. Additionally, these measures should contribute to achieving broader positive socio-economic outcomes.

This article describes the effect of modification with organic bases such as uracil (U) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) on the adsorption and chromatographic properties of poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) used as a stationary phase (SP) in packed and capillary columns. It was shown that the sorbents prepared on the basis of diatomite Chromosorb P NAW support and successively modified with 9 wt.% PTMSP and 1 wt.% U (or PEI) (PC-U and PC-PEI samples, respectively), have a mesoporous structure. The IR spectrum shows the presence of carbonyl groups in the sorbent modified with uracil. The impregnation of the Chromosorb P NAW + (9/1) wt.% PTMSP sorbent with a polyethyleneimine solution leads to the appearance in the spectrum of bands characterizing NH stretching and bending vibrations, as well as a band at 1310 cm-1 which can be attributed to CN bond vibrations. The chromatographic properties of the studied sorbents differ significantly from the properties of the initial PTMSP. Packed columns PC-U and PC-PEI, as well as capillary columns with a polyethyleneimine-modified PTMSP layer, allow one to selectively separate mixtures of polar and non-polar compounds and structural isomers of hydrocarbons. Methanol on these columns is eluted in the form of a symmetrical peak separately from propane, propylene and other associated hydrocarbon impurities in commercial (technical, target) n-butane.

Larvae of many shore fly species (family Ephydridae) are adapted to living in water with high or extremely high salinity. Little is known about the morphological and physiological foundations of such adaptation. We described the details of the morphology of third-instar larvae of two shore flies: Ephydra riparia and Paracoenia fumosa and presented the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images. For the first time, by silver-staining and SEM, we proved that the larvae of both studied species had anal organs (AO) – specialized structures that serve an osmoregulatory function and are responsible for the transport of ions from the environment to the larval hemolymph (but not in the opposite direction). We compared the larvae morphology of the studied species with some other shore fly species from the genera Ephydra, Paracoenia, Hydrellia, and Coenia, as well as with larvae of the model species Drosophila melanogaster (family Drosophilidae). Special attention was paid to the morphology of AO, which contribute to the adaptation of larvae to increased salinity. Extremely halophilic species either do not have AO, or they are poorly developed, while moderately halophilic shore flies have more developed features connected with the permeability of the AO cuticle and active ion transport. These features are most developed in freshwater shore flies. AO activity can vary due to the shape and area of the AO, the smoothness or wrinkling of the cuticle, and the presence of nanoscale pits on it. Described variability of AO structure is probably adaptive since, at high salinity, both the permeability of the AO cuticle and the active transport of ions from the environment to the hemolymph become less beneficial or even harmful.

The model organism Drosophila melanogaster is a convenient object for studying the mechanisms of adaptation to adverse environments. During an evolutionary experiment conducted at the Department of Biological Evolution, Moscow State University, different Drosophila lines adapt to media with different NaCl contents (0, 2, 4, and 7

The presented review is devoted to methods for determining the component composition of the studied catalytic reactions, natural gas and its processed products using gas chromatography columns prepared on the basis of poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) polymer (PTMSP). Methods of polymer modification are proposed in order to change the polarity and selectivity of separation of compounds of different chemical nature. The influence of the film thickness of the PTMSP stationary phase on the separation parameters and the loading capacity of the columns used is noted. Examples of the use of packed and capillary columns in solving various problems by gas chromatography are shown. The detection limits are determined and the repeatability for the analyzed compounds are calculated.

Capillary chromatographic columns with different stationary phases were studied in order to compare their ability to estimate purity of isopropyl alcohol obtained by hydrogenation of acetone. The study was performed with the columns based on polyethylene glycol 20 M terminated with 2-nitroterephthalic acid (PEG20M/FFAP); poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP032); and trifluoropropyl (25 %) methyl silicone elastomer (SKTFT 50X). A comparison of the measurement time, asymmetry factors (As) for components of the mixtures, and resolution (Rs) for the pairs of compounds acetone/isopropanol and isopropanol/internal standard gave grounds to choose a capillary column PEG20M/FFAP. A technique was developed for measuring the weight fractions of acetone and isopropanol using the method of internal standard in the gas phase. n-Butanol served as the internal standard. The detection limit was found to be 1.45 for acetone, 1.43 for isopropanol, and 1.28·10–12 g/s for n-butanol. Relative standard deviation (the recurrence factor) did not exceed 4.3 % at a confidence level P = 0.95.

The polymorphism of hordeins controlled by the Hrd A , Hrd B , and Hrd F loci in 259 varieties of spring barley approved for use in the Russian Federation was studied by electrophoresis in starch gel. For locus Hrd A , 21 alleles were identified; for locus Hrd B , 34 alleles; and for locus Hrd F , 4 alleles. The allele frequencies of these loci varied in the range of 0.4807–0.0039 ( Hrd A ), 0.2394–0.0039 ( Hrd B ), and 0.4633–0.0058 ( Hrd F ). The polymorphism found at the Hrd loсus theoretically allows differentiating 2856 genotypes. The studied varieties by genotypes of hordein-coding loci were distributed in 113 groups including from 1 to 31 varieties. The largest number of groups (77–68.15%) included one variety. These varieties were unique in terms of Hrd locus genotypes. Another 18 groups (15.94%) included two varieties each with identical electrophoregrams of hordein. Groups including 27 and 31 varieties with the same genetic formulas of hordein were found. The use of additional genetic markers—SSR markers and water-soluble grain proteins for differentiation and identification of barley varieties that are identical in hordeins—is discussed. The results of using electrophoretic analysis of hordein in laboratory varietal control of malting barley from 2005 to 2019 are presented. The trend of increasing lots with high varietal purity (more than 95%) from 27% in 2005 to 62–65% in 2016–2019 is shown. At the same time, over the past 5 years, the share of batches of malting barley that do not correspond to the declared varieties has decreased from 14.7% in 2015 to 4.2–4.6% in 2018 and 2019 respectively.

Comparative estimation is performed for the repeatability of results from measuring the two main parameters (peak areas and retention times) of components (carbon dioxide, sulfur compounds) of a model mixture similar in composition to natural gas. The measurements are made on a capillary column prepared for the first time with nonpolar phase poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) with dimensions of 30 m × 0.53 mm and a sorbent film thickness of 2.82 μm, and a commercial Rt–Q–BOND column 30 m long and 0.32 mm in diameter, with a nonpolar polydivinylbenzene sorbent layer 10 μm thick. The use of these columns ensures satisfactory repeatability of the chromatographic characteristics of the analyzed compounds. The relative mean standard deviation (RMSD) for retention times is no greater than 0.10%. The RMSD for the measured peak areas is less than 1.92%. A slight difference between the peak areas for sulfur dioxide and carbon disulfide (five consecutive injections) is observed on an Rt-Q-BOND capillary column. The corresponding values of the RMSD are 4.22 and 2.52%. The magnitude of the signal response of the analyzed compounds is recorded with a microcatarometer. The limits for detecting sulfur-containing compounds on the PTMSP column change from 0.40 × 10−3 to 0.82 × 10−3 mg/mL. The possibility of selectively separating the macrozone of methane and the propane–butane fraction from trace hydrocarbons, sulfur compounds that contain carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and mercaptans on a capillary column with a film thickness of 2.82 μm PTMSP is also demonstrated for the first time.

Selective separating layers based on fluorinated polyimide are synthesized by different methods and employed as a stationary phase for the modification of Chromosorb® P NAW. A comparative estimate is made of the properties of adsorbents modified with polyimide or polyamido acid with subsequent imidization. The textural and chromatographic characteristics of the synthesized materials are measured via low-temperature nitrogen adsorption, high-resolution electron microscopy, and gas chromatography. The specific surface area of the Chromosorb® P NAW adsorbent impregnated with 10 wt % polyimide is found to grow from 31.2 to 78.0 m2/g during thermal treatment in a flow of inert gas in the temperature range of 250 to 700°C, while the size of its pores shrinks from 32.0 to 24.4 Å. Chromatographic properties typical of non-polar stationary phases are observed when the adsorbent is subjected to thermal treatment at 250°C, while properties of carbon molecular sieves are exhibited by a support calcined at 700°C.

Relationship between symbiotic yeast and Diptera insects are studied mainly on fruit flies (Drosophilidae). Evolutionary experiments showed that changes in the composition of the yeast microbiota vectored by flies in their gut and on the body surface contributes to the adaptation of laboratory Drosophila populations to the high-salt growth medium. Although saline substrates are not commonly used by Drosophilidae in nature, species adapted to such substrates are known in other families of Diptera. Yeast communities associated with these species are studied insufficiently. This is the first report on the yeast communities associated with two Diptera species living near the White Sea, Paracoenia fumosa (Stenhammar, 1844) (Ephydridae) and Fucellia fucorum (Fallén, 1819) (Anthomyiidae). Their larvae develop in the coastal saline lagoons and in algae driven ashore. The P. fumosa yeast microbiota includes opportunistic species Pichia kluyveri Bedford ex Kudryavtsev, 1960 and P. kudriavzevii Boidin, Pignal, Besson, 1965 and is characterized by its highly variable abundance (the number of colony-forming units varies widely in different individuals). F. fucorum is characterized by a more stable yeast community, including species common in White Sea algae and coastal waters (Debaryomyces hansenii (Zopf) Lodder, Kreger-van Rij, 1952, Metschnikowia zobellii (van Uden, Castelo-Branco) van Uden, 1962, and M. bicuspidata (Metschnikoff) Kamienski, 1899). These two species of littoral flies shared no common yeast species. Moreover, none of the yeast species found in the littoral flies was detected in the evolutionary experiment on the adaptation of Drosophila to the high-salt growth medium (the similarity is limited only to the Pichia genus level). Contrasting differences in the yeast microbiome of two ecologically similar littoral species of Diptera may indicate, on the one hand, specificity, and, on the other, evolutionary plasticity of the relationship between salt-tolerant flies and yeast.

In order to study the possibility of creating new plant forms resistant to phytopathogens, a collection of transgenic plants of model tobacco culture with new different plant protective genes was obtained by the agrobacterial transformation method. First an addition of a collection with serine proteinase inhibitor BWI-1a ( ISP ) from buckwheat with fragments of a spidroin gene as putable enhancer by vector constructions different designs was done. Secondly, transgenic plants with an antimicrobial peptide from sinthetic wheat Triticum kiharae and with defensine from Stellaria media . Comparative study of physiological characteristics of transgenic plants in biotests in vivo (with isolated leaves) and in vitro (with well biotests) was carried out. Regardless of the design of the vector construction, the target genes were expressed to a different extent in the tissues of all transgenic plants and their seed and vegetative progenies and gave their tissues antibacterial activity, indicating the synthesis of the functional protein. The introduction to the tobacco tissues of the heterologic plant protective genes of different nature that plants use in different defense mechanisms led to a similar increase in antibacterial activity of the transgenic tobacco tissues.

A capillary column with functionalized poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP/N2O) was proposed to use for detecting products of catalytic pyrolysis of ethylbenzene. The capillary PTMSP/N2O column separated selectively light C1–C2 (methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene) and aromatic (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene) hydrocarbons. A procedure for gas-phase measuring weight fractions of light C1–C2 and aromatic hydrocarbons was developed. The analytical measurement range was 2.9·10–8 to 1.2·10–1 mg/mL for light C1–C2 components and 3.5·10–11 to 4.0·10–3 mg/mL for liquid components. The analytical error margin at repetition ranged from 1.9 % to 4.7 %.

A comparative assessment of the chromatographic parameters of an Rt-Q-BOND commercial column and capillary columns 30 m × 0.32 mm with layers of functionalized poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP/N2O) 0.5 and 0.8 μm thick is made with respect to the products (light (C1–C2) and aromatic hydrocarbons) of the catalytic reaction of ethylbenzene pyrolysis. It is shown that the peak resolution grows along with the thickness of the PTMSP/N2O layer grows. It is found that the measured retention parameters, resolution, and asymmetry of peaks of components on the column with the polymer layer 0.8 μm thick did not change after two years (~15 000 h) of column operation. This testifies to the stability of the PTMSP/N2O stationary phase. It is concluded that columns of the two investigated types selectively separate the products of the ethylbenzene pyrolysis. On the column with the functionalized polymer, the components elute at shorter retention times, and the shapes of the peaks are nearly Gaussian.

Introduction of a substance into medical practice requires the indispensable evidence of the substance purity as early as the stage of preclinical testing. The content of residual organic solvents, which can affect the pharmacological activity of the drug, is one of the indicators of the substance quality control. Four solvents are used during synthesis and isolation of the substance: dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methyl tert -butyl ether (MTBE), and n -hexane. Two methods of determining residual organic solvents in (2 R ,4 R ,4 aR ,7 R ,8 aR )-4,7-dimethyl-2-(thiophen-2-yl)octahydro-2 H -chromen-4-ol using gas chromatography are offered: i) introduction of a gas sample and separation of the components on a commercial HP-5ms capillary column (30 m × 0.35 mm × 0.25 ìm); ii) introduction of a liquid sample and separation on a capillary column (30 m × 0.32 mm × 0.30 ìm) filled with a modified poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1- propyne) (PTMS). Since the first method provides only determination of n -hexane and ethyl acetate, the procedure was developed and validated for determination of four residual solvents, i.e., dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methyl n -butyl ether, and n -hexane in test substance using gas chromatography on the column with a modified PTMSP-based phase. We detected trace amounts of ethyl acetate and methyl n -butyl ether; the content of dichloromethane and n -hexane in the substance appeared below the detection limits. The average content of ethyl acetate and MTBE in the substance for 9 parallel determinations (0.10 and 0.20 ppm) appeared 5 and 2.5 × 104 times lower than maximum permissible content (5000 ppm), respectively. The developed technique was assessed for: specificity, linearity of the calibration curve, correctness, precision at the level of the repeatability and intralaboratory precision, and stability of the chromatographic system. Standard deviations in the determination of ethyl acetate and MTBE in the substance do not exceed 0.03 and 0.09, respectively. The procedure is specific, accurate and reliable for determination of the residual organic solvents in the substance.

There are two points of view on the evolution of aging. The classical theory of aging suggests that natural selection does not efficiently eliminate mutations or alleles that are harmful to organisms at later age. Another hypothesis is that the genetic program of aging has evolved as an adaptation that contributes to the optimization of the evolutionary process. Academician V. P. Skulachev advocates the latter hypothesis, which he has illustrated with the “Fable of hares”. In this paper, we have used computer simulation to search for conditions when, according to the “Fable”, aging develops as an adaptation required for the evolution of useful traits. The simulation has shown that the evolutionary mechanism presented in the “Fable of hares” is only partially functional. We have found that under certain conditions, programmed deterioration of some organismal functions makes it possible to increase the efficiency of natural selection of other functions. However, we have not identified mechanisms that would ensure the distribution and support of genes of aging within the population.

For the first time in this work, two methods of modification of poly(1-trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) and the possibilities of its application for the determination of catalytic reaction products are described. Aging of PTMSP is determined by three mechanisms: physical, chemical and mechanical effects. Free volume decreases, texture characteristics change, and partial oxidation of the polymer takes place in the structure of PTMSP. The chromatographic behavior of PTMSP, which was used for 18 months, differs significantly from the properties of the freshly prepared polymer. Thermal stability and chemical inertness are the main requirements for chromatographic materials. Therefore, two methods were used to stabilize the aging process. The first method consisted of preparing a mixed phase by adding disubstituted polyacetylene poly(1-phenyl-1-propyne) (PPP) to PTMSP. The resulting sorbent Chromosorb Р NAW + 10 wt% (97% PTMSP + 3% PPP) is efficient for solving a wide range of chromatographic tasks such as simultaneous analysis of hydrocarbons and sulfur-containing inorganic gases, analysis of chlorine-substituted methanes in CCl4 and thiophene in benzene, separation of hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds. It should be noted, the low selectivity of separation of oxygen-containing components on this sorbent. A second method of PTMSP modification, namely the oxidation treatment with nitrous oxide, is proposed. It was shown that the polymer is oxidized by means of its C=C double bond with the formation of ketone, carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. The increase in number of those groups in the polymer changed the polarity of PTMSP. The change in polarity of polymer led to the selectivity of separations, including oxygen-containing substances. Examples of separations of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygen- and halogen-containing substances are presented. Chromatographic characteristics of the sorbent Chromosorb P NAW + 10 wt% (97% PTMSP + 3% PPP) and PTMSP oxidized by nitrous oxide are stable in the temperature range from 30 to 220 °C for at least 1.5 years of continuous operation.

The chromatographic properties of capillary columns prepared using functionalized poly(1- trimethylsilyl-1-propyne) (PTMSP) are evaluated and compared with the performance of a commercial column with divinylbenzene polymer sorbent. The loading capacity of a PTMSP column with dimensions of 30 m × 0.53 mm × 0.8 μm is shown to be about 2.5 times higher than that of a divinylbenzene polymer column with a diameter of 0.32 mm and a film thickness of 10 μm. The increased value of the background current for PTMSP columns at 220°C is explained by the presence of non-polar bulky substituents in the polymer chain. Differences in the order of elution are found for the following pairs of compounds: acetylene-ethylene; ethane–water; butene-1–isobutane; and sulfur dioxide–carbonyl sulfide. On a column with the functionalized PTMC, analysis of a mixture composition close to natural gas is found to be complete within 27 min.