BackgroundLong working hours (LWH) and shift work are harmful to the physical and mental health of occupational groups.ObjectiveTo understand the status quo of LWH and shift work of migrant workers in Shanghai, and to analyze the influence of the above two factors on sleep of the population.MethodsFrom July to September 2018, a cross-sectional survey using questionnaires was conducted among 3215 in-service employees at seven workplaces with more than 300 employees in six selected districts of Shanghai using multi-stage random sampling method. A total of 2976 valid questionnaires were collected, with a valid response rate of 92.6%. The questionnaires included general demographic characteristics, personal health behavior, work-related factors, weekly working hours, shift work, and sleep. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to investigate the relationships of LWH and shift work with sleep, and an interaction item was included to evaluate potential interaction between LWH and shift work.ResultThe average age of the subjects was (30.98±9.49) years old, the male to female ratio was 1∶1.20, and 2382 workers were reported without local residency (80.0%). Among the migrant workers, the average weekly working hours was (57.23±13.14) h, the proportions of LWH (weekly working hours>40 h), extra LWH (weekly working hours>55 h), and shift work were 80.6% (1919/2382), 60.3% (1436/2382), and 25.4% (600/2366), respectively, all above were significantly higher than those of local workers. The prevalence rates of insomnia and lack of sleep among the migrant workers were 46.3% (1091/2356) and 25.4% (597/2354), respectively. The results of logistic regression model showed that after adjusting demographic characteristics such as gender, age, education level, and monthly income, as well as occupation and personal health behavior, compared with working hours ≤40 h per week, working 55-60 h per week was a risk factor for insomnia of migrant workers (OR=1.33, 95%CI: 1.02-1.72), while working >60 h per week was a risk factor for both insomnia (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.05-1.78) and insufficient sleep (OR=1.73, 95%CI: 1.28-2.35) of migrant workers. Shift work was only associated with insomnia (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.11-1.69). Meanwhile, working hours>60 h per week and shift work had an interaction effect on insomnia of migrant workers (OR=2.35, 95%CI: 1.20-4.60).ConclusionLWH and shift work are prominent among migrant workers, and there is an interaction between LWH and shift work with insomnia.

BackgroundThe community is the main place for people's daily activities. A livable environment will improve the subjective well-being of residents. ObjectiveTo understand the current status of subjective well-being of residents in Pudong, Shanghai, and explore the impact of community environmental factors on residents' subjective well-being. MethodsUsing quota sampling, 6000 permanent residents from 12 sub-districts or towns in Pudong, Shanghai were selected to participate in an questionnaire survey. The questionnaire included three parts: participants' basic information, community environmental factors (neighborhood aesthetics, fitness environment, public service and security, natural environment), and subjective well-being. Using a multiple regression model, the influence of community environmental factors on the subjective well-being of residents was analyzed. ResultsA total of 5887 questionnaires were recovered, and the valid recovery rate was 98.1%. The subjective well-being score of the survey respondents was (7.03±1.61) points. There was no statistical difference in the subjective well-being score of study subjects of different gender and marital status groups; while those with different ages, education levels, occupations, and self-evaluated economic status showed statistical differences in their subjective well-being score (P<0.05). The multiple logistic regression analysis results showed that after controlling general demographic characteristics, with the low level as the control group (according predetermined cut-off values of 33.3% and 66.7%, the community environmental factors were divided into high-, medium-, and low-level groups), the OR values of subjective well-being of the high- and medium-level neighborhood aesthetics groups were 1.393 (95%CI: 1.173-1.654) and 1.235 (95%CI: 1.080-1.412); the OR values of the high- and medium-level fitness environment groups were 2.297 (95%CI: 1.929-2.734) and 1.349 (95%CI: 1.166-1.560); the OR values of the high- and medium-level public service and security groups were 1.101 (95%CI: 0.943-1.285) and 1.039 (95%CI: 0.905-1.193); the OR values of the high- and medium-level natural environment groups were 4.248 (95%CI: 3.321-5.434) and 1.652 (95%CI: 1.374-1.986), respectively. ConclusionCommunity environment factors could affect residents' subjective well-being, and good neighborhood aesthetics, fitness environment, natural environment have positive effects.

BackgroundThe health and safety climate of workplace has an important impact on the physical and mental health of workers. There is no available scale for the evaluation of workplace health and safety climate in China at present.ObjectiveThis study aims to sinicize and evaluate the reliability and validity of the Health and Safety Climate Survey.MethodsThe English version of Health and Safety Climate Survey was translated to Chinese and back-translated to English, and followed by expert evaluation to develop a Chinese version. Quota sampling method was used to select 2600 employees from 16 enterprises and public institutions in Pudong New Area of Shanghai and to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the scale. Structural validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were included in validity evaluation. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were used to test structural validity. In EFA, an acceptable factor loading of items on their respective dimensions was > 0.60. In CFA, an acceptable root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA), a standard absolute fitness index, was < 0.05. Comparative fit index (CFI) and parsimony-adjusted non-normed fit index (PNFI), measures of incremental improvement and fit, > 0.90 indicated a good fit. Convergent validity was evaluated by average variance extracted (AVE), and an AVE > 0.50 indicated good convergent validity. Discriminant validity was determined as good by the square root of AVE greater than the correlation coefficient between latent variables. Cronbach’s α coefficient was used to evaluate the internal consistency of the scale; the internal consistency considered was very good with an α > 0.90. Cronbach’s α coefficient may cause underestimation of reliability in the case of error correlation. Therefore, composite reliability (CR) calculated based on structural equation model >0.70 indicated that the CR was good.ResultsThe response rate was 95.69%. The Chinese version of Health and Safety Climate Survey included 22 items belonging to six dimensions which was extracted by the EFA, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 74.79%. The corrected RMSEA was 0.045, the PNFI was 0.970, and the CFI was 0.975 in the CFA, indicating good fit. The dimensional AVE values were all greater than 0.50, indicating good CV. The square root of AVE was greater than the correlation coefficient between latent variables, indicating good DV. The Cronbach’s α was 0.90 for the total scale and were above 0.70 for all dimensions. The CR was 0.93 for the total scale and were above 0.70 for all dimensions, indicating that the overall reliability of the scale was good.ConclusionThe Chinese version of Health and Safety Climate Survey has good reliability and validity, and can be further improved in field application.

作为中国最大的经济特区,海南一直是中国改革的“试验田”和“排头兵”.在中国改革开放40周年,海南建省办经济特区30周年之际,国家赋予海南探索建设中国特色自由贸易港的新使命. 海南的发展历程 在建省之初,海南属于典型的城乡二元结构,经济结构单一,属于中国最贫穷落后的地区之一.经过30年不懈努力,现在海南已从一个边陲海岛发展成为中国改革开放的重要窗口(见表).从海南的发展历程来看,可分为三个阶段,即省办经济特区阶段、国际旅游岛建设阶段和自贸区自贸港建设阶段.

近代陕西各地农业经济稳步发展，尤其是棉花产业成效显著，矿产资源、山林特产等亦储量颇丰种类繁多，物产丰盈。自陇海铁路西兰线陕西段通车后，各地市场更加活跃，商业贸易进一步繁荣经济也较之前更加活跃。事实上，物产、交通、市场与贸易在陕西各地互相助推，尤其是人们生活水平提高，购买力有较大增强，外地货物得以输入，本地商品不断输出，运费低廉，物价随之下降。由此可见，市场的繁荣与贸易的扩大，是陕西近代经济得以振兴的关键。以文献资料与田野调查的方式相结合，获得某些此前学术界尚未得知的资料，对陕西近代市场与贸易的基本形态有了新的认识。

自来水行业与人们生活息息相关。长期紧张的水供需矛盾,使政府面临着供水行业管制的重要课题。笔者从供水价格的形成机制着水,在分析自来水行业供需现状和现行定价方式的基础上提出几点调整建议,以期进一步发挥价格杠杆在配置水资源、调节水需求以及引导节约用水方面的作用。

Although the Doha Round negotiation is currently in severe setback,the significance of the dispute settlement mechanism of WTO will not gradually be impaired.As long as WTO is persistently in existence,its dispute settlement mechanism will continuously dominate the WTO multilateral trading system.It's very necessary for us to retrospect and look forward all the related aspects after five years' accession to the WTO,but China hasn't been playing a significant role in the dispute settlement mechanism.The author analyzed the current condition,probed into the related issues on how to accomplish the role's transition of china in the dispute settlement mechanism of WTO,and made relevant suggestions.

Nowadays,the United States is the country whose variety of trade remedies is the most in the world.In addition,its construction of related institutions is the most all-sided and the remedial effects are the most striking.Anti-dumping investigations and section 337 investigations are the two trade remedies which are more and more noticeable in foreign trade of the United States in recent years.Although there have been a great number of articles and monographs on the legal and practical aspects of anti-dumping investigations of the United State,furthermore,with the increase of section 337 investigations against Chinese enterprises in the recent two years,articles to explain or explore section 337 investigations are consequently emerging,only a few of them have ever treated of the comparative study on these two trade remedies without exploring it at length.However,this comparative study can not only make us get acquainted the essential distinctions between them,but also can highlight the more powerful remedial effect of section 337 investigations against the well-known anti-dumping investigations.After all,we can feasibly find out various precautionary and remedial strategies only after having precisely explored all the aspects of section 337 investigations and the more powerful remedial effects.