Elemental mercury (Hg0) generally undergoes oxidation by corona discharge within electrostatic precipitators (ESPs). This process has long been overlooked in homogeneous-heterogeneous models for predicting flue gas Hg0 oxidation. Accordingly, a multi-field model was developed to simulate Hg0 oxidation behavior in ESPs. Flue gas ionization products created by corona discharge with unburned carbon (UBC) assistance played a crucial role in the Hg0 oxidation. Increasing UBC content from 2% to 8% provided more active sites for heterogeneous Hg0 oxidation, thus boosting Hg0 oxidation efficiency (EHg) from 29.41% to 56.17%. Raising UBC size from 15 to 30 mu m reduced EHg from 39.98% to 27.33%, as larger particle provided less surface area and shorter reaction time for heterogeneous Hg0 oxidation. HCl dissociation enhanced the formation of chlorine sites on UBC and Clcontaining species to accelerate Hg0 oxidation, with EHg rising from 27.1% to 54.07% as HCl content increased from 25 to 100 ppm. Increasing H2O content from 3% to 12% lowered EHg by 8.44% via fewer chlorine sites on UBC. Voltage elevation intensified the electric field, promoting Cl radical generation and UBC removal, thereby achieving a maximum EHg of 39.98% at 7 kV. Higher flow rates shortened oxidation time, decreasing EHg from 50.88% to 34.33%. Overall, 27.33-54.06% Hg0 oxidation efficiency was achieved within ESPs, which has been largely overlooked in previous studies. This work expands cognitive boundaries for Hg0 conversion in flue gas and offers key insights for the co-removal of fly ash and mercury by existing ESPs in coal-fired power plants.

This review establishes a multiscale structure–property framework tracing aramid materials from rigid-rod molecular chains and macroscale fibers to aramid nanofiber platforms.

ObjectivesTo accurately calculate the carbon emissions of coal-fired power plants, combined with the actual production conditions of such plants, a refined life cycle carbon emission accounting study is carried out using a “cradle-to-gate” approach. The proportion of carbon emissions in each stage and its sensitivity characteristics are analyzed.MethodsTaking 4 typical 600 MW supercritical units as examples, a detailed calculation of the refined carbon emissions containing the entire stages of raw material acquisition, raw material transportation, power production, and waste disposal is based on the life cycle assessment method.ResultsThe carbon emissions from upstream stages, like raw material acquisition and transportation, account for 9.4% of the total emissions, with coal mining contributing the largest share, accounting for 5.77% of the total emissions. If the energy consumption in the coal mining stage is reduced by 5% and 10%, the carbon emissions over the life cycle of each unit can be reduced by 0.289% and 0.577%, respectively. The adoption of carbon capture technology can reduce the power plant carbon emissions by 78.8% to 82.3% under different scenarios.ConclusionsAs the main part of carbon emissions in the whole process of power production, coal combustion can reduce the coal consumption of unit power generation/supply by changing the combustion mode, improving the boiler efficiency and reducing the loss. The overall carbon emissions could be effectively reduced by the adoption of carbon capture technology. Although carbon capture increases energy consumption to a certain extent, it achieves a high carbon capture rate. The use of high-efficiency and low-energy carbon capture technology is a key means to reduce the carbon emissions of power plants.

Designing lightweight, flexible, and wearable sustainable electric-power sources has attracted increasing attention because of the rapid development of portable electronics. Herein, a hierarchical and flexible polyaniline (PANI)@Ti3C2Tx MXene-modified cotton (PANI@MXene/cotton) textile electrode was prepared by layer-by-layer deposition treatment. The cotton skeleton endowed good mechanical strength and tailorability to the electrode. Moreover, covering the surface of the cotton textile with a Ti3C2Tx layer provided rich sites for PANI deposition and successive conductive pathways for rapid electron transfer. Besides, in situ polymerization of PANI networks can not only effectively enhance the amounts of redox sites accelerating the ion adsorption but also form a stable chemical bond facilitating the electron transfer. Moreover, the constructed hierarchical architectures provided a higher specific surface area and interconnected channels for ion diffusion. Owing to the synergistic effect between the heterogeneous materials, the PANI@MXene/cotton textile electrode presented a high capacitance of 287.61 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 and an excellent rate performance of 95.72 F g-1 at 10 A g-1 in a 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. After assembling the symmetric all-solid-state textile-shaped supercapacitors, the device showed a maximum energy density of 3.47 Wh g-1, stable long-term cycling (96.2% capacitance retention after 2500 cycles) and outstanding deformation endurance. Thus, the as-designed PANI@MXene/cotton textile-based electrode is of great potential for the next-generation multi-functional textile electronics.

The rational design of porous heterostructure film-based electrodes is a key strategy for advancing flexible energy-storage devices in wearable applications. Herein, a ZIF-67-intercalated Ti3C2Tx (ZT) composite film is fabricated for flexible supercapacitors (SCs). The incorporation of ZIF-67 particles effectively mitigates the restacking of Ti3C2Tx flakes, thereby creating interconnected ion-diffusion channels and providing abundant active sites for ion adsorption. These synergistic effects collectively enhance the energy-storage capability. Consequently, the as-prepared ZT film exhibits high capacitance, excellent rate capability, and exceptional cyclic stability. Furthermore, symmetric SCs assembled from the ZT film deliver remarkable areal capacitance and outstanding energy density, highlighting their considerable promise for wearable electronics.

Developing fiber-shaped supercapacitors (FSCs) with high capacitance, high energy density, and exceptional rate performance is crucial for reliable, stable and high-performance wearable electronics. Here, a polyaniline (PANI) @ MXene Ti3C2Tx/graphene (PTG) aerogel fiber was rationally fabricated via a confined hydrothermal method followed by freeze-drying treatment. The graphene sheets construct the skeleton of the aerogel fiber, which possesses a porous and interlinked structure, providing interconnected diffusion channels and a high specific surface area that promote electrolyte migration and abundant ion adsorption sites. Moreover, the covalent modification between PANI nanoparticles and Ti3C2Tx sheets can significantly improve interfacial coupling and provide abundant redox sites, resulting in a reduced energy barrier of electron transfer, good interfacial stability and superior H+ storage capability. As a consequence, the PTG aerogel fiber electrode delivers an excellent specific mass capacitance of 484.8 F g-1, impressive rate properties (244.4 F g-1 at 10 A g-1) and exceptional cycle ability (85.2% after 5000 cycles). Additionally, the fabricated symmetrical FSC exhibits considerable electrochemical performance, including high capacitance and good energy density. This work depicts a novel route to prepare a graphene fiber-based electrode for high-performance FSCs in an intelligent wearable system.

Amine-solvent degradation stands as a key bottleneck hindering the large-scale application of post-combustion CO2 capture, motivating the development of more chemically stable solvent chemistries. High-resolution mass spectrometry and density functional theory were combined to identify degradation pathways and quantify hydrogen-abstraction barriers. Sterically hindered and cyclic amines suppress hydrogen abstraction and downstream oxidation. Solvent degradation was evaluated in high-pressure autoclave reactors under simulated industrial flue-gas conditions representative of coal-fired power plants, with CO2 concentrations of about 10-15 vol %, O2 at several volume percent, and temperatures relevant to absorber-stripper operation and solvent circulation. Compared with conventional monoethanolamine (MEA), 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) reduced degradation rates by 25-60%, attributable to steric hindrance that suppresses carbon-chain hydrogen abstraction. Under all tested operating conditions, a mixed solvent system comprising N-aminoethylpiperazine (AEP) and AMP demonstrated markedly stronger antidegradation capability than MEA. Antioxidants mitigated oxidative degradation, whereas Fe2+ accelerated it; chelating agents suppressed Fe2+-catalyzed oxidation by limiting peroxyradical formation. Structure-stability relationships and targeted additive design guided multifactor optimization of the absorbent formulation, improving stability by 71.6% under accelerated degradation tests and supporting long-term, oxygen-tolerant operation.

Textile shaped supercapacitor (T-SC) with lightweight, flexible features and favorable electrochemical performance is highly satisfying in the areas of wearable system. Herein, hierarchical and porous Ti3C2Tx flakes modified nickel cobalt manganese trinary metal oxide (NCMO) @graphene (GNCMT) non-woven fabric was fabricated for flexible T-SC by multiple-process with wet-laid web method, hydrothermal route and dip-coating treatment. The interconnected and successive rGO staple provides conductive frameworks for fast electron transfer and porous structure causing large ion diffusion kinetics. Besides, NCMO particle endows rich redox sites and large pseudo-capacitance for textile-based electrode. More importantly, covering Ti3C2Tx flakes can prevent the structural collapse of NCMO particle and optimize interface architectures, causing high conductivity and good OH-adsorption ability, verifying by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Thus, the GNCMT nonwoven fabric shows high areal capacitance of 675 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2, favorable rate performance (433 mF cm-2 at 10 mA cm-2), and long-term cycling property (88.4 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycling). Additionally, matching with rGO non-woven fabric, the T-SC presents large capacitance of 277 mF cm-2 at 1 mA cm-2, 85.6 % capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles, excellent mechanical endurance and outstanding ability of integration with electronics, demonstrating bright future in wearable system.

Considering that China's coal power sector generates over one-third of national carbon emissions, its scientifically planned transition is crucial to meeting the 2 degrees C goal. Based on variations in operational status, resource conditions and economic indicators across coal-fired power plants, this study conducts a unit-level optimization for the low-carbon transition of China's coal power industry, with the objective of maximizing net present value (NPV). It helps optimize carbon reduction pathways and supports integrated decision-making on low-carbon transition technologies. Finally, the study proposes low-carbon transition pathways at different capacity levels. The results show that optimizing the carbon mitigation pathway and rationally deploying multiple lowcarbon technologies can reduce transition costs by 38.73%. Additionally, if the coal power industry undertakes rapid decarbonization from 2030 to 2035, rather than waiting until later years, the transition costs will be reduced by 37.32%. Considering the application of energy efficiency technologies (EET) provides an additional 2.25-10.82% reduction in transition costs. The findings reveal regional and plant-level differences in technology adoption and timing. After 2035, east, south, and central China are expected to transition from single-technology retrofitting to a multi-technology combination of "EET + flex retrofitting (Flex) + biomass co-firing (Bio)/bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)". In other regions, apart from the above technology combinations, the EET + Flex combination maintains advantages. As the capacity level increases, it becomes more common to couple Bio/BECCS with EET + Flex. Smaller capacity units tend to adopt Flex, EET + Flex or compulsory retirement.

With the rapid development of portable electronics, solid-state textile shaped supercapacitors (TSCs) are considered as one of the promising energy devices in powering electronics due to their intrinsic advantages, such as tailorable shape, flexible deformability, and lightweight. Herein, the layer-by-layer arrayed Ti3C2Tx/ZIF-67/Ti3C2Tx (TZT) decorated cotton (TZT/C) fabrics were manufactured via the layer-by-layer deposition method. The cotton textile as a flexible substrate not only provides large mechanical performance, but also establishes a porous and hydrophilic architecture for electrolyte migration. Furthermore, the effects of cotton fabric with a different number of active materials layers loading on capacitance were investigated. The fabricated TZT/C fabrics electrode possesses ultrahigh areal capacitance (956.89 mF cm-2) and rate performance (842.85 mF cm-2 at current density of 10mAcm-2), illustrating that conductive hetero-structure TZT acts as an active material enabling rich ion adsorption, fast electron transfer and outstanding synergistic effect. Additionally, the assembled symmetric device consists of the TZT/C fabrics electrode and delivers an incredible energy density up to 19.11 μWh cm-2 (0.119mWcm-2), suggesting a potential application in a wearable system.

The development of yarn-shaped supercapacitors (YSCs) with high electrochemical performance and large mechanical property is crucial for portable, self-powered electronics. In this work, rGO/MXene/polyaniline (PANI) decorated cotton (GMPC) yarn was fabricated via dip-coating method followed by chemical reduction process. Benefiting from the intrinsic conductivity of active components and stable heterogeneous interface interaction via hydrogen bond, the GMPC yarn forms a continuous pathway causing fast electron transfer. Moreover, intercalating PANI between two-dimensional architectures can not only provide abundant active sites for ion adsorption, but also impede the self-restacking effect of rGO and MXene, leading to a porous structure and good electrolyte diffusion kinetics. Besides, the cotton yarn establishes a robust and flexible skeleton, endowing excellent mechanical performance. As a result, the designed GMPC yarn presents high capacitance of 406.7 F g− 1 at current density of 1 A g− 1, outstanding rate performance (138.9 F g− 1 at 10 A g− 1) and excellent long-term cycling property (87.8

This study aims to improve carbon emission accounting accuracy and provide optimized emission factors for ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants by detailed carbon emission accounting and carbon balance analysis based on the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method. Emissions were calculated via coal combustion activity and LCA respectively, with carbon balance tracking and correlation analysis of influencing factors (coal consumption, efficiency). Weekly emissions peaked midweek, LCA reduced estimates by 0.19 MtCO2, coal contributed 95.4

ABSTRACT Owing to the high conductivity, abundant active sites, and large packing density, two‐dimensional materials Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene flakes serve as a promising material to assemble flexible electrode for wearable electronics system. However, the intrinsic self‐restacking feature of two‐dimensional material still remains a pivotal issue that impedes fascinating electrochemical performance. Here, we assemble a flexible fiber‐shaped supercapacitor (F‐SC) based on polyaniline (PANI) hybridized Ti 3 C 2 T x (PT) fiber using a wet spinning process. The existence of PANI nanoparticles between the two‐dimensional sheets can enhance the layer distance significantly and restrain the layer restacking effect, leading to a large surface area, good ion diffusion kinetics, and rich adsorption sites. Additionally, PANI can effectively create a stable interface interaction between adjacent Ti 3 C 2 T x fiber, constructing smooth electron migration pathways. As a result, the PT fiber presents excellent specific capacitance (200.7 F g −1 at 1 A g −1 ) and rate performance (86.5 F g −1 at 10 A g −1 ). Notably, the fabricated symmetric F‐SC appears to have a favorable energy density of 2.5 Wh kg −1 , considerable mass capacitance of 88.7 F g −1 at 0.1 A g −1 and good mechanical endurance (bending 180 o ), which shows a bright future in wearable application.

Co-combustion with coal is a potential disposal option for industrial solid waste (ISW). This work investigated the combustion characteristics and heavy metals emission behaviors during coal and ISW co-combustion process. The moderate blending ratio (below 20%) of ISW improved the combustion characteristics of coal, while excessive blending increased the energy potential barrier. The emission of heavy metals was mainly affected by the fuel composition and combustion parameters. The emission of Cd, Pb and As was increased with the increase of combustion temperature. The highest volatilization rates of Cd, Pb and As were 71%, 56.9% and 39.7%, respectively. The blending of ISW inhibited the emission of Cd and As (minimum 61.6% and 23.2%), promoted Pb emissions (maximum 56%), and had insignificant effect on the emission of Hg and Cr. This was attributed to the interaction between some inorganic minerals in the blended fuel with heavy metals. Co-combustion of ISW weakened the environmental mobility of heavy metals and thus reduces the environmental risks. The blending ratio of ISW should be 20% considering the combustion behaviors and heavy metal transformation. These results provide guidance for the resource disposal with low heavy metal emissions of ISW through co-combustion in existing boilers.

Effective design and construction of robust, flexible and highly electrochemical fiber shaped electrode with hierarchical nanostructures are critical for wearable energy storage device. Here, bacterial cellulose (BC) intercalated Ti3C2Tx (BCT) fiber was fabricated by wet spinning method for fiber shaped supercapacitors (FSC). BC can significantly impede the self-restacking of Ti3C2Tx flakes causing a porous structure and connect the adjacent Ti3C2Tx sheets constructing high mechanical strength. As a result, the BCT fiber provides high capacitance and good rate performance in three-electrode system. Moreover, the assembled symmetrical FSC based on BCT fiber presents favorable mass capacitance and excellent energy density, demonstrating a bright future in smart wearable system.

Customizing smart clothing for monitoring the physiological and vital sign information in real time has raised demands for wearable sensors with rapid response, good stability, high sensitivity and excellent mechanical properties. Herein, a flexible high-entropy doped oxide Cu0.9Fe0.06Ni0.01Cr0.01Co0.01Mn0.01 (HE-Cu2O) nanoparticle modified Ti3C2Tx (HECT) fiber was prepared through a facile hydrothermal growth and heat treatment process. Due to rich active sites, high reactivity and large surface area, HE-Cu2O appears impressive detection ability, admired adsorption inclination and exceptional reaction kinetics, confirming by DFT calculation. What's more, the covalent coupling between the Ti3C2Tx conductive frameworks and HE-Cu2O nanoparticles can further avoid the negative influence of metal oxide on the electronic conductivity, ensuring fast electron transfer rate. As a result, the HECT fiber can be operated in DA/PBS solution with reliable electrocatalyst properties, including low detection limit (1 mu M), rapid response rate (<2 s), remarkable long-term cycling performance (100 cycling) and excellent reproducibility (RSD approximate to 2.01 %). Additionally, when the HECT fiber, matching with the Ag/AgCl electrode and Pt wire, weaves into the garment, the integrated system retains obvious response level, less response time (<5 s) and outstanding electrocatalyst performance under dynamic situations (bending, running, rope skipping and doing yoga), demonstrating a potential in practical application.

Developing miniaturization, adaptability and weavability fiber-shaped supercapacitors (F-SCs), presenting adequate active sites, interconnected electrolyte diffusion channels and good mechanical endurance, has been pivotal issues for controlled, reliable and stable power source in intelligent wearable system. Here, the flexible PANI/Ti3C2Tx modified cotton (PTC) yarn electrode was fabricated via coating method on a large scale. Ti3C2Tx flakes regard as a binder and anchor on the cotton yarn along with PANI nanoparticles to construct a conductive framework. Besides, embedding PANI nanoparticles obtaining favorable synergistic effect can not only provide large pseudo-capacitance, but also impede the self-restacking of Ti3C2Tx flakes, causing penetrative ions channels, abundant redox active sites and large surface area. What's more, the tough skeleton of cotton yarn endows remarkable mechanical endurance for electrode and device. As a result, the PTC yarn shows large mass capacitance (417.6F g- 1 at 1 A/g) and superior rate performance (225.7F g- 1 at 10 A/g) in three-electrode system. Moreover, the symmetric solid-state F-SCs deliver high capacitance of 175.6F g- 1 at 0.5 A/g, incredible energy density (6.1Wh kg- 1) and stable charge/discharge performance (98.5% capacitance retention after 2000 cycling). More importantly, the F-SCs exhibit impressive capacitance retention under deformation settings and ever integrated into the textile, which proves the bright future in the smart garment application.

The SO2/SO3 conversion in the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification system of coal-fired power plants plays a significant role in the generation of SO3. Effectively controlling the conversion rate of SO2/SO3 in the denitrification catalyst can substantially mitigate the hazards associated with SO3. Drawing on 170 SCR catalyst tests, the impact of various factors, including the catalyst's V2O5 content, WO3/MoO3 content, inlet SO2 concentration, inlet flue gas temperature, and area velocity, on the SO2/SO3 conversion was systematically investigated. The findings suggest potential optimization opportunities for the SO2/SO3 conversion rate in the denitrification catalysts currently used in engineering applications. By understanding the influence patterns of key factors, tailored measures such as selecting appropriate performance indicators, designing catalysts for specific projects, and adjusting key operational parameters in coal-fired power plants can be implemented. These measures are aimed at preventing problems like corrosion and blockage in downstream facilities due to SO3 and effectively controlling SO3 emissions.

High energy consumption poses a critical challenge in the context of postcombustion CO2 capture (PCCC) processes. In this study, an innovative approach with a multistage circulation (MSC) process was proposed, which divided the absorber into three vertically arranged stages, each performing different functions, including CO2 efficient capture, CO2 absorption enhancement, and CO2 enrichment. The analysis using the rate-based model in Aspen Plus was conducted. Compared to the conventional process, the MSC process resulted in an increase in the CO2-cycling capacity and a reduction in regeneration duty. Several key parameters, including piperazine (PZ)/N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) ratio, CO2 capture rate, intercooling temperature, CO2 lean loading, and stripping pressure, underwent optimization. Additionally, modifications, such as rich solvent split and lean vapor recompression, led to a further decrease in regeneration duty. Through combining parameter optimization and process modification within the MSC framework, a low regeneration duty of 2.16 GJ/t CO2 was achieved, a reduction of 28% compared to the conventional process. Correspondingly, the total equivalent work was reduced to 0.211 MW h/t of CO2, representing a reduction of 11%. Finally, improvements for further reducing the regeneration duty based on the MSC process were proposed. This study has shown a novel method for designing PCCC system, offering important implications for achieving energy-efficient carbon capture.

Architecture of fibrous building blocks with ordered structure and high electroactivity that enables quick charge kinetic transport/intercalation is necessary for high-energy-density electrochemical supercapacitors. Herein, we report a heterostructured molybdenum disulfide@vertically aligned graphene fiber (MoS2@VA-GF), wherein well-defined MoS2 nanosheets are decorated on vertical graphene fibers by C–O–Mo covalent bonds. Benefiting from uniform microfluidic self-assembly and confined reactions, it is realized that the unique characteristics of a vertical-aligned skeleton, large faradic activity, in situ interfacial connectivity and high-exposed surface/porosity remarkably create efficiently directional ionic pathways, interfacial electron mobility and pseudocapacitive accessibility for accelerating charge transport and intercalation/de-intercalation. Resultant MoS2@VA-GF exhibits large gravimetric capacitance (564 F g−1) and reversible redox transitions in 1 M H2SO4 electrolyte. Furthermore, the MoS2@VA-GF-based solid-state supercapacitors deliver high energy density (45.57 Wh kg−1), good cycling stability (20,000 cycles) and deformable/temperature-tolerant capability. Beyond that, supercapacitors can realize actual applications of powering multicolored optical fiber lamps, wearable watch, electric fans and sunflower toys.