In this study, 111 Cryptosporidium parvum IId isolates from several species of animals in China, Sweden and Egypt were subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). One to eleven subtypes were detected at each of the 12 microsatellite, minisatellite and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci, forming 25 MLST subtypes. Host-adaptation and significant geographical segregation were both observed in the MLST subtypes. A clonal population structure was seen in C. parvum IId isolates from China and Sweden. Three ancestral lineages and the same RPGR sequence were shared by these isolates examined. Therefore, the present genetic observations including the higher nucleotide diversity of C. parvum IId GP60 sequences in Western Asia, as well as the unique distribution of IId subtypes (almost exclusively found in Asia, Europe and Egypt) and in combination with the domestication history of cattle, sheep and goats, indicated that C. parvum IId subtypes were probably dispersed from Western Asia to other geographical regions. More population genetic structure studies involving various C. parvum subtype families using high-resolution tools are needed to better elucidate the origin and dissemination of C. parvum in the world.

To estimate the prevalence and public health significance of cryptosporidiosis in preweaned calves in China, 801 fecal samples from eight farms in seven areas in Henan Province were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The overall infection rate of Cryptosporidium was 21.5%, with the farm in Xinxiang having the highest prevalence (40%). No significant difference in infection rates was observed between seasons. Cryptosporidium spp. were characterized by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and DNA sequencing of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. The SSU rRNA-based PCR identified four Cryptosporidium species, including Cryptosporidium parvum (54/172), C. bovis (65/172), C. ryanae (19/172), and C. andersoni (12/172), and the occurrence of infections with mixed species (22/172). The earliest detection of C. bovis was in calves of 1 week of age, showing that the prepatent period was shorter than the previously stated 10 to 12 days. Infections with C. parvum peaked in summer, whereas C. bovis dominated in autumn and winter. There was no apparent difference in the age of cattle infected with either C. parvum or C. bovis. Sequencing analysis of the gp60 gene showed all 67 C. parvum samples belonged to subtype IIdA19G1. These findings suggested that the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in preweaned calves in Henan, China, appeared to be different from other areas both at genotype and subtype levels. Further molecular epidemiologic studies (including samples from both calves and humans) are needed to elucidate the transmission dynamics and public significance of C. parvum in cattle in China.

To characterize the prevalence and assess the zoonotic transmission burden of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in pet birds in Henan, China, 434 fecal samples were acquired from 14 families of birds in pet shops. The overall prevalence of Cryptopsoridium was 8.1% (35/434) by the Sheather's sugar flotation technique. The Cryptosporidium-positive samples were analyzed by DNA sequence analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. Three Cryptosporidium species and two genotypes were identified, including C. baileyi (18/35 or 51.4%) in five red-billed leiothrixes (Leiothrix lutea), four white Java sparrows (Padda oryzivora), four common mynas (Acridotheres tristis), two zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata), a crested Lark (Galerida cristata), a Gouldian finch (Chloebia gouldiae), and a black-billed magpie (Pica pica); Cryptosporidium meleagridis (3/35 or 8.6%) in a Bohemian waxwing (Bombycilla garrulus), a Rufous turtle dove (Streptopelia orientalis), and a fan-tailed pigeon (Columba livia); Cryptosporidium galli (5/35 or 14.3%) in four Bohemian waxwings (Bombycilla garrulus) and a silver-eared Mesia (Leiothrix argentauris); Cryptosporidium avian genotype III (3/35 or 8.6%) in two cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and a red-billed blue magpie (Urocissa erythrorhyncha); and Cryptosporidium avian genotype V (6/35 or 17.1%) in six cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus). Among the pet birds, 12 species represented new hosts for Cryptosporidum infections. The presence of C. meleagridis raises questions on potential zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis from pet birds to humans.

随着人们生活水平的提高．对特禽需求量日益增加。像珍珠鸡、贵妃鸡、山鸡、鹧鸪、火鸡等特禽的肉质细嫩、营养丰富、味道鲜美．与普通肉鸡相比．食用特禽的蛋白质和氨基酸含量高，而脂肪和胆固醇含量很低．具有较高的营养价值。像元宝鸡富含人体所需的17种氨基酸．10多种微量元素和多种维生素．

为了解城市观赏鸽肠道寄生虫感染情况,采用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法和改良抗酸染色法对289份粪便样品进行检查,总感染率为79.2%,混合感染率为37.7%.发现6种肠道寄生虫,以球虫、蛔虫和毛细线虫为主要感染虫种,感染率分别为69.9%、28.0%和18.3%;隐孢子虫、圆线虫和绦虫感染率分别为2.1%、4.5%和0.7%.本次调查城市观赏鸽肠道寄生虫感染率较高,并可传播流行人兽共患寄生虫,应加强其寄生虫防控工作.

To determine prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in Henan, China, we conducted a study of 11,554 hospital patients. Prevalence was 0.70% (95% confidence interval 0.70% ± 0.15%), with all age groups infected. Most cases were found in the summer. Minor sequence polymorphisms were observed in the 18S rRNA gene of 35 isolates characterized.

为掌握宠物犬贾第虫感染情况和流行动态,采用甲醛-乙酸乙酯沉淀法和卢戈氏碘液染色法对郑州市宠物犬场、宠物犬店和宠物医院共551份犬新鲜粪便进行检查.结果发现犬贾第虫感染率为13.1％,各采样点之间贾第虫感染率无统计学差异(P＞0.05),不同年龄段之间统计学差异极显著(P＜0.01),不同性别和季节之间无统计学差异(P＞0.05).调查结果表明,宠物犬贾第虫较为普遍,应加强其防治和人兽共患防控措施.

To understand the prevalence of intestinal parasites in quail,a total of 711 fecal samples from 12 quail farms in Henan province were investigated by the sheather's sugar flotation technique.Four species of parasites were detected,with the overall infection rate 99.2%.Among which,eight farms had 100% of parasite infections.Coccidium spp.was the predominant species of parasites and accounted for 99.2% of prevalence.In contrast,the infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp.,Strongylus spp.,and Ascaris spp.were 6.0%,16.0%,and 1.1%,respectively.The prevalence rate of mixed infection(2-3 mixed species) was 20.1%.The observations indicated that the parasite infections in quail are serious and further strengthened measures are needful for the prevention and curation of parasitosis in quail.

Objective In order to understand the prevalence of intestinal parasites in inpatients in Zhengzhou,especially the epidemiological status of zoonotic parasites. Methods 4 836 fecal specimens were detected by Sheather's sugar flotation,formalin-ethyl acetate-modified acid-fast staining and Lugol's iodine-solution staining methods. Results Six intestinal parasite species were discovered and the overall infection rate was 1.26%. Cyclospora cayetanensis infection was found with the highest infection rate of 0.45%. The infection rates of Giardia lamblia,Strongylidae and Hookworm were both 0.2%. The infection rates of Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides were both 0.1%. There was one case of multiple infections,with an infections rate of 0.02%. Conclusion The infection rate of intestinal parasites in patients in Zhengzhou city was lower,however,the cases of opportunistic pathogenic protozoa infection was increased. Health education and popular hygiene knowledge should be improved to elevate the self health care awareness and ability to prevent the epidemic of parasitic diseases.

为了了解鸵鸟肠道寄生虫感染状况和传播机制,给预防和控制鸵鸟寄生虫病提供理论基础,对郑州地区2个鸵鸟养殖场饲养的鸵鸟进行了肠道寄生虫调查。结果表明:鸵鸟肠道寄生虫总感染率为63.55%,其中球虫为优势感染虫种,感染率达58.53%;隐孢子虫和圆线虫感染率分别为4.68%、13.71%,混合感染率为12.04%。

24 25 To estimate the prevalence and public health significance of cryptosporidiosis in 26 pre-weaned calves in China, 801 fecal samples from eight farms in seven areas in 27 Henan Province were examined for Cryptosporidium oocysts. The overall infection 28 rate of Cryptosporidium was 21.5%, with the farm in Xinxiang having the highest 29 prevalence (40%). No significant difference in infection rates was observed between 30 seasons. Cryptosporidium spp. were characterized by PCR-restriction fragment length 31 polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene and DNA 32 sequencing of the 60 kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene. The SSU rRNA-based PCR 33 identified four Cryptosporidium species, including C. parvum (54/172), C. bovis 34 (65/172), C. ryanae (19/172), C. andersoni (12/172), and the occurrence of infections 35 with mixed species (22/172). The earliest detection of C. bovis was in calves of one 36 week of age, showing that the prepatent period was shorter than the previously stated 37 10-12 days. Infections with C. parvum peaked in summer, whereas C. bovis 38 dominated in autumn and winter. There was no apparent difference in the age of cattle 39 infected with either C. parvum or C. bovis. Sequencing analysis of the gp60 gene 40 showed all 67 C. parvum samples belonged to subtype IIdA19G1. These findings 41 suggested that the transmission of Cryptosporidium spp. in pre-weaned calves in 42 Henan, China appeared to be different from other areas both at genotype and subtype 43 levels. Further molecular epidemiologic studies (including samples from both calves 44 and humans) are needed to elucidate the transmission dynamics and public 45 significance of C. parvum in cattle in China. 46 on N ovem er 5, 2017 by gest ht://jcm .sm .rg/ D ow nladed fom

Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections are common causes of diarrhea worldwide. To better understand the transmission of human cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in Henan, China, 10 Cryptosporidium-positive specimens and 18 Giardia-positive specimens were characterized at the species/genotype and subtype levels. Cryptosporidium specimens were analyzed by DNA sequencing of the small subunit rRNA and 60kDa glycoprotein genes. Among those genotyped, nine belonged to C. hominis and one C. felis, with the former belonging to three subtype families: Ia, Ib, and Id. The three Ib subtypes identified, IbA16G2, IbA19G2, and IbA20G2, were very different from the two common Ib subtypes (IbA9G3 and IbA10G2) found in other areas of the world. The distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes and subtypes was assessed by sequence analysis of the triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene. The assemblages A (eight belonging to A-I and four A-II) and B (belonging to six new subtypes) were found in 12 and six specimens, respectively. More systematic studies are needed to understand the transmission of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis in humans in China.

为了解宠物犬肠道寄生虫,尤其是人兽共患肠道寄生虫感染情况,采用甲醛-乙酸乙酯沉淀法、卢戈氏碘液染色法和饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法对郑州市宠物犬404份粪便样品进行了调查。结果共发现10种肠道寄生虫,寄生虫总感染率为37.12%,其中球虫和贾第虫为优势虫种,感染率分别为18.32%和12.62%;7种为人兽共患虫种,贾第虫、隐孢子虫、钩虫、弓首蛔虫、狮弓蛔虫、粪类圆线虫和犬复孔绦虫感染率分别为12.62%、3.71%、3.96%、6.93%、0.20%、1.73%和0.50%;2～3种寄生虫混合感染率为9.90%。结果分析表明,寄生虫感染与样品采集地点和犬年龄统计学差异极显著(P<0.01),与性别无统计学差异(P>0.05)。宠物犬肠道寄生虫感染较为普遍,人兽共患寄生虫流行率较高,应加强对其监控和防治。

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of human intestinal parasite infection in Kaifeng,especially the infection by opportunistic pathogenic protozoa and zoonotic parasites.Methods 6,093 fecal specimens were analyzed by Sheather's sugar flotation,formalin-ethyl acetate-modified acid-fast staining and Lugol's iodine-solution staining methods.Results Eight different species of intestinal parasites were identified and the overall infection rate was 1.49%.This was the first study on the prevalence of Cyclospora cayetanensis infection in humans,with a infection rate of 0.85%.The infection rate of Giardia duodenalis and Strongyloides stercoralis was 0.16% and 0.15%,respectively.The infection rate of Ascaridae,Cryptosporidium hominis and Entamoeba was 0.1%.For the Hookworm and Balantidium coli,the infection rate was 0.08% and 0.02%,respectively.Multiple infection rate was 0.05%.Conclusion Infection by intestinal parasites in Kaifeng city was low.However,further health education is needed for the disease prevention.

为了解观赏鸟类肠道寄生虫感染情况,应用饱和蔗糖溶液漂浮法和改良抗酸染色法对郑州市宠物市场观赏鸟类新鲜粪便样品进行检查。此次调查18种鸟共计140份样品,发现5种肠道寄生虫,寄生虫总感染率为52.86%,其中球虫、隐孢子虫、毛细线虫、绦虫和异刺线虫的感染率分别为48.57%、11.43%、2.14%、1.43%和0.71%。结果表明观赏鸟类肠道寄生虫感染较为普遍,应加强防控。