IntroductionMany coastal and island indigenous people have long-standing important relationships with marine mammals. In many cases whales and dolphins have been viewed as spiritual beings with strong connections to indigenous people's histories, and connections to the world around them. In other cases, they have been viewed as important guides and symbols that form parts of creation stories, art, music and important cultural practices. For indigenous Māori in Aotearoa/New Zealand whales have a significance as cultural “taonga” (treasure) and the relationship between whales and Māori are deep and entwined with understanding and connection to the Pacific Ocean and the Pacific islands. Aotearoa/New Zealand's Marine Mammals Protection Act formally recognizes this relationship and is considered world-leading in its incorporation of indigenous Māori rights with regard to marine mammals alongside of the strong focus on marine mammal conservation. This legislative regime sits within the context of increasing evidence from New Zealand and elsewhere that shows that the current growth patterns and intensity of marine tourism activities can have adverse short- and long-term impacts on marine mammals. Consequently, there is a tension between the ambitions to protect marine mammals and include indigenous Māori's important relationship with marine mammals and the risks associated with the growth of marine mammal tourism.MethodsThis qualitative study uses a case study approach to explore Aotearoa/New Zealand's indigenous Māori people's connection with marine mammals and their role in marine mammal tourism management. Data were obtained through semi-structured, in-depth interviews with Māori participants directly involved in marine mammal conservation and tourism management.Results and discussionThe findings show a strong historical, spiritual, and cultural connection between indigenous Māori and marine mammals. Recommendations for improving marine mammal tourism policy and management include greater engagement of indigenous communities in conservation efforts and incorporating Māori traditional ecological knowledge and perspectives into marine mammal tourism management. The study emphasizes the importance of intergenerational decision-making in natural resource management, with a particular focus on marine mammal tourism. The study contributes to the broader understanding of indigenous Māori's relationship with nature and tourism, particularly how indigenous people's perspectives can inform marine mammal conservation and tourism management.

IntroductionSurfing has grown since the 1960s to become a global marine leisure activity. Traditionally, surfing is associated with tropical and temperate climates and a sea, sand, and sun setting. However, surfing's geographical spread now includes polar and sub-polar regions, areas where the cold and sea-conditions provide challenges to human survival.MethodsThis study uses a phenomenological approach to identify and explore the personal benefits gained by experienced surfers in the Jæren region, south of the city of Stavanger in Norway. Data were obtained from semi-structured in-depth interviews with 13 experienced surfers who surf year-round, but primarily in winter, in extreme conditions. Additional secondary data were derived from written and video material published in online surfing blogs/vlogs and surfers' private video footage.Results and discussionParticipants gained a wide range of benefits including experiencing strong positive feelings, inclusion, and social cohesion with other members in the surfing subculture, a deep connection to nature, physical and mental health benefits, and an overall enhanced quality of life. While international surf travel was constrained by the COVID-19 pandemic, local surfing was reinforced. This resulted in surfing becoming an opportunity to safely socialize with others outside of one's family, thus increasing the social benefits of the sport. This study presents the first empirical data on the personal benefits of surfing from a non-traditional cold-water surfing nation in Scandinavia.

Introduction This case study sheds light on the growing interest and community participation in recreational running in Cairo, the Capital of Egypt. It highlights the contribution of running groups in promoting social inclusion and fostering community change. In this case study, students can learn about terms such as social inclusion and community change and how they are linked to sports and recreation. Students will also learn about the role of running groups in encouraging community participation in running, especially in less developed countries. Moreover, they will learn about the power of sports such as running in providing an entry point for the participation of women in leisure activities and creating opportunities for socially excluded individuals to be involved in society. The case study also explains how participation in running events promotes interaction and dialogue within the community and the exchange of ideas and experiences. As introductory exercises, to become familiar with the subject, students can: Through online research, learn about running in urban areas and streets in less developed countries, including Egypt. This includes exploring the current situation, opportunities, and challenges. Explore the impact and contribution of running on improving social inclusion and community change.

The Encyclopedia of Tourism Management and Marketing is, quite simply, the definitive reference work in the field. Carefully curated by leading tourism scholar Dimitrios Buhalis, this is the largest tourism management and marketing ontology that has ever been put together and offers a holistic examination of this interdisciplinary field This is a 4-volume set. Volume 1 contains entries A–D, Volume 2 contains entries E–I, Volume 3 contains entries J–R and Volume 4 contains entries S–Z. Page numbers start from 1 in each volume.

More affordable travel opportunities have facilitated a swift rise in surf tourism, which is a growing multibillion dollar global business niche within the broader sport tourism industry. It is argued that a growing number of surfers who are searching for the perfect wave without the crowds found in well-established surfing destinations are shifting to cold-water surfing. Previous research on surf tourism has largely focused on warm- and temperate-water surfing and related travel. However, an exploration of and an attempt to comprehend cold-water surf tourism and how it compares to similar activities in warm water has been overlooked. This study focuses on understanding the travel behavior and related experiences of Norwegian surf tourists domestically and internationally, to cold- and warm-water destinations. Data were collected using a phenomenological approach and semistructured in-depth interviews with 18 experienced Norwegian surfers. Results show that these surfers are highly mobile, visiting warm-water surf destinations such as Morocco, Bali, Australia, and Hawaii and also cold-water surf destinations such as Norway, Iceland, Scotland, and Canada. They travel to surf at least once a year, staying between 10 days and 3 months, preferably in cheap accommodation. The longer the travel distance, the longer the stay. Their experiences of "localism," where local surfers behave aggressively toward visiting surfers, were more common in crowded warm-water destinations. In addition to the enjoyment of surfing, these Norwegian surf tourists valued opportunities to create new social relationships, experience new and different cultures, and expand their "world-view" via their surf travel. They appreciated unique natural environments and experienced a deep connection to nature. This research presents the first empirical data on the travel behavior and related experiences of surf tourists from a nontraditional surfing nation in Scandinavia.

Nature-based tourism is a highly dynamic sector and subject to many trends and changes. Based on a comprehensive literature review, this chapter identifies broad global changes, so-called megatrends, that affect tourism in general and NBT in particular. Data from an online panel survey with experts from five countries who were asked to recognize the most prominent nature-based tourism trends in a 10 years' perspective, is analyzed in the light of global drivers. The chapter concludes that issues related to sustainability, health and well-being, increased specialization and segmentation are the most noticeable and recurrent trends in nature-based tourism today.