The anti-peaking characteristics of a high proportion of new energy sources intensify the peak shaving pressure on systems. Carbon capture power plants, as low-carbon and flexible resources, could be beneficial in peak shaving applications. This paper explores the role of carbon capture devices in terms of peak shaving, valley filling, and adjustment flexibility and constructs a virtual energy storage model utilizing various flexible loads on the demand side. Also, it proposes a joint peak shaving strategy involving carbon capture devices and virtual energy storage. Considering the predictive error characteristics of wind power and load across different time scales, this study establishes a day-ahead and intraday two-stage rolling regulation peaking model based on carbon capture power plants and virtual energy storage to fully leverage the diverse response speeds and peak shaving capabilities of various types of flexible loads. Initially, the model calculates the net load curve after implementing a demand response system, aiming to minimize the load peak–valley difference. Subsequently, within the intraday period, it seeks to minimize system operating costs by precisely allocating peak shaving resources as per demand, thus aiming for economic efficiency while ensuring the system’s peak shaving capability.

In order to comprehensively and effectively analyze the influence of equipment fault on power system operation under the random fluctuation of renewable energy and load power,a comprehensive evaluation model of fault severity considering source-load power uncertainty is proposed. Considering the security,stability and economy of power grid operation and different time scale processes of steady and transient states,a comprehensive evaluation index system of fault severity is constructed from multiple spatiotemporal perspectives. The stochastic response surface method is used to deal with the uncertain factors and calculate the probability density distribution of indicators,and the expected normalized decision matrix is obtained.The G1-entropy weight method is adopted to assign indicator weights,and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution is improved to realize the solution of comprehensive evaluation model of fault severity. The simulative results of IEEE 39-bus system show that the proposed model can comprehensively and objectively realize fault screening and sorting,and has certain flexibility and universality,which is convenient for decision makers to identify critical faults from global and local perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Depression is a common psychiatric disorder associated with defects in GABAergic (gammaaminobutyric acidergic) neurotransmission. alpha-Dystroglycan (alpha-DG), a cell adhesion molecule known to be essential for skeletal muscle integrity, is also present at inhibitory synapses in the central nervous system and forms a structural element in certain synapses. However, the role of a-DG in the regulation of depressive-like behaviors remains largely unknown. METHODS: Depressive-like behaviors were induced by chronic social defeat stress in adult male mice. Surface protein was extracted by a biotin kit, and the expression of protein was detected by Western blotting. Intrahippocampal microinjection of the lentivirus or adeno-associated virus or agrin intervention was carried out using a stereotaxic instrument and followed by behavioral tests. Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents were recorded by whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. RESULTS: The expression of alpha-DG and glycosylated alpha-DG in the ventral hippocampus was significantly lower in chronic social defeat stress-susceptible male mice than in control mice, accompanied by a decreased surface expression of GABA(A) receptor gamma(2) subunit and reduced GABAergic neurotransmission. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Dag1 increased the susceptibility of mice to subthreshold stress. Both in vivo administration of agrin and overexpression of like-acetylglucosaminyltransferase ameliorated depressive-like behaviors and restored the decrease in surface expression of GABA(A) receptor gamma 2 subunit and the amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents in chronic social defeat stress-exposed mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that glycosylated alpha-DG plays a role in the pathophysiological process of depressive-like behaviors by regulating the surface expression of GABA(A) receptor gamma 2 subunit and GABAergic neurotransmission in the ventral hippocampus.

电热联合系统中电、热负荷在峰谷分布上存在互补特性,考虑电、热负荷的互补特性实施电热联合系统优化运行可以有效增强系统调峰灵活性,缓解电热强耦合造成的弃风.为此,研究了考虑采暖建筑用户热负荷弹性与分时电价需求侧响应协同的电热联合系统优化调度问题.阐述了电、热负荷协同促进风电消纳的机理.根据电、热负荷特性分别建立采暖建筑用户热负荷弹性模型以及分时电价需求侧响应模型,并以此为基础建立电、热负荷协同响应模型.将负荷模型纳入调度模型,构建考虑负荷协同优化的电热联合系统日前调度模型.算例分析表明,采暖建筑用户热负荷弹性与分时电价需求侧响应的协同可有效提升系统运行经济性并促进系统风电消纳.

With the large-scale integration of wind power, the voltage stability problem in the power system has become increasingly prominent. Therefore, this paper studies the maximum penetration ratio of wind power from the perspective of voltage stability. Firstly, the mathematical grid-connection model of the wind generator is established. Secondly, using the impedance modulus margin index (IMMI) and the Thevenin model, the analytical calculation method for maximum wind power penetration under the voltage stability margin constraint is proposed with theoretical derivation. Then, a typical case study is used to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Finally, based on this, the key factors affecting the wind power penetration limit are analyzed from the source–grid–load side, and practical engineering measures to improve the maximum penetration ratio of wind power are summarized. This research will be helpful for the planning and operation of the high-proportion renewable energy power systems.

In order to effectively analyze the influence of equipment failure on voltage stability under the random fluctuation of new energy power generation and load, a fast static voltage stability contingency screening and ranking method considering source-load power fluctuation is proposed based on the local voltage stability index (L index). Firstly, the linearized calculation formula of L index under the change of system network topology and node injection power is given based on the related total differential equation deduced; secondly, the reference operation mode is selected for power flow calculation to obtain the initial value, and a linearized method with correction is proposed to calculate the L index under each expected accident to obtain the serious fault set; and then, based on the deviation of the renewable energy and load power curve value from the benchmark operating point, the L index in the serious fault set is calculated and the time-series ranking is performed; finally, the ultimate contingency ranking is obtained by comprehensively comparing the time-series analysis results. Case studies have verified the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method. Compared with the existing methods, its calculation efficiency can be significantly improved under the premise of ensured accuracy of fault sorting results, which can provide a reference for static voltage stability contingency screening and ranking in power system with renewable energy.

How to quickly and accurately evaluate the system voltage stability after large-scale wind power integration is of great significance to the safe operation of the power system. This paper proposes a method for evaluating the steady-state voltage stability of power system with wind farms based on the improved point estimate method (PEM) and local voltage stability index (L index). Firstly, an improved PEM is put forward to calculate the order moments and semi-invariants of the L index and obtain its probability distribution by combining the Cornish-Fisher series expansion. Compared with the traditional 2n+1 method, this method can improve the fitting accuracy of the L index distribution without complex calculations such as higher-order moments. Then the risk preference utility function is employed to define and calculate the voltage instability risk of each node for assessing the static voltage stability of the power system with wind farms and identifying the weak nodes of system voltage stability. Finally, on the basis of the risk degree, the wind power grid-connected voltage stability factor is introduced to analyze the influence of wind power grid integration on the steady-state voltage stability of the system. The example results of the IEEE-14 node and IEEE-39 node verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method.

随着能源市场化改革逐步深入,市场机制下热电联产(CHP)机组的运行与决策受到广泛关注,而以热定电限制了CHP机组的灵活性,影响其独立参与市场的收益.基于此,采用实时定价的热力市场机制挖掘需求灵活性,提出热力实时定价机制下CHP机组在多能源市场中的协同决策双层模型,即CHP机组参与电力市场的同时,在热力市场制定实时热价进行负荷管理释放灵活性,以最大化参与能源市场的利润.其中上层模型为CHP机组最优电力报价与热力定价模型,下层模型为电力批发市场出清模型与热用户决策模型.利用KKT条件等将双层模型转化为混合整数线性规划模型以进行求解.通过算例验证所提模型的可行性与有效性,算例结果表明热力实时定价在有效提高CHP机组电力侧灵活性与机组利润的同时,改善了用户与社会福利.最后,探究了热力实时定价机制下CHP机组在电力市场的策略报价行为.

Emotional memory deficit is often accompanied by Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. It is important to do what is possible to alleviate or rescue emotional memory deficit in aging to improve the quality of older adults. Hesperetin is a flavonoid and an aglycone of hesperidin, it easily passes through the blood-brain barrier into the brain and exerts neuroprotective effects. However, little is known about its neuroprotective effect on emotional memory in aging. To address this issue, we examined the role of hesperetin in the regulation of hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP), surface expression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) including glutamate receptor 1 subunit-containing AMPAR (GluA1) and glutamate receptor 1 subunit-containing AMPAR (GluA2), malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration, reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration, and associative fear memory in aged rats. We found that aged rats exhibited impaired emotional memory and LTP. Furthermore, we also found oral administration of hesperetin ameliorated the impairment of emotional memory and LTP. Finally, we demonstrated hesperetin rescued impaired LTP possibly via enhancing AMPAR trafficking and oxidant-antioxidant balance in aged rats. These results imply a pivotal role for hesperetin in synaptic plasticity and associative fear memory in aged rats and suggest that hesperetin is a potential candidate for treating emotional memory deficit in aging. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

通过负荷侧灵活性资源的协同可有效促进系统的碳排放降低与低碳经济运行,针对于电热联合系统日前调度问题,建立了一种热负荷弹性与分时电价需求侧响应协同促进碳减排的电热优化调度模型.为有效挖掘负荷侧灵活性资源的协同潜力,在系统的热负荷侧综合利用采暖建筑用户热负荷弹性,同时于系统的电负荷侧引入分时电价需求侧响应相协同.模型的综合优化目标对应考虑结合系统运行燃料成本、系统弃风惩罚和系统碳交易成本以安排电热联合系统的调度计划.算例仿真表明,通过电热负荷侧采暖建筑用户热负荷弹性与分时电价需求侧响应的协同可有效地降低系统碳排放并促进系统低碳经济运行.

区域电热综合能源系统在能源利用方面有独特优势,为了准确把握电热联合调度的研究重点,综述了电热联合调度模型的相关研究热点问题.介绍了以区域供热为对象的电热联合系统的基本结构与特点.从电热能流差异出发,分析了联合调度模型中热力系统各元件热力特性模型、电力系统典型模型和电热耦合元件典型模型.针对目前电热联合调度模型的研究侧重点与进展,从基本调度模型、考虑能流差异性、考虑系统不确定性、考虑调度机制、考虑主体利益与电力市场的调度模型等五个方面综述了主流的电热联合调度模型,并展望了电热联合调度模型未来研究方向.

以风电运行"电网友好化"为背景,综合考虑电网友好型双馈感应发电机(DFIG)控制策略在应用中的相互影响并提出改进稳定控制策略。以满足并网导则要求的DFIG虚拟惯量控制、暂态有功控制与暂态无功控制3种电网友好型DFIG控制策略为对象,首先分析了暂态无功控制与暂态有功控制对于暂态有功给定的影响,其次分析了暂态有功给定对虚拟惯量控制效果的影响,最后分析了虚拟惯量控制对暂态无功控制效果的影响。在考虑以上3种影响的基础上,针对上述电网友好型DFIG控制策略在具体暂态阶段中相互制约的现象,从最终控制效果出发,提出能够同时改善送端系统在短路故障及其恢复过程中的功角稳定,减小故障期间电压跌落深度的综合控制方案,并通过时域仿真验证了影响分析与改进控制的正确性和有效性。

Posttraumatic stress disorder is a mental disorder with a known cause, yet effective behavioral and pharmacotherapies remain elusive for many afflicted patients. Propranolol is suggested to be effective as a fear-reducing agent when paired with behavioral therapy soon after trauma when psychological stress is high, possibly dampening or preventing the later development of posttraumatic stress disorder. In our previous study, we found propranolol efficaciously reduced fear retention induced by reactivation via β-adrenergic receptors in lateral amygdala. However, it is unclear which subtypes of β-adrenergic receptors dominate the function of adrenergic activation in lateral amygdala. In this study, we investigated the action of β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist-metoprolol and β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist-butoxamine on the retention of conditioned fear memory and synaptic adaptation in the lateral amygdala of rats. We found metoprolol not butoxamine attenuated the reactivation-induced strengthening of fear retention and restored the impaired long-term depression in lateral amygdala. Intra-amygdala infusion of metoprolol not butoxamine attenuated reactivation-induced enhancement of fear retention. Our results suggest that β1-adrenergic receptor antagonist-metoprolol may be more suitable for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.

β-Catenin has been implicated in major depressive disorder (MDD), which is associated with synaptic plasticity and dendritic arborization. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNAs containing about 22 nucleotides and involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological process, but their roles in MDD remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the expression and function of miRNAs in the mouse model of chronic social defeat stress (CSDS). The regulation of β-catenin by selected miRNA was validated by silico prediction, target gene luciferase reporter assay, and transfection experiment in neurons. We demonstrated that the levels of miR-214-3p, which targets β-catenin transcripts were significantly increased in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of CSDS mice. Antagomir-214-3p, a neutralizing inhibitor of miR-214-3p, increased the levels of β-catenin and reversed the depressive-like behavior in CSDS mice. Meanwhile, antagomir-214-3p increased the amplitude of miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) and the number of dendritic spines in mPFC of CSDS mice, which may be related to the elevated expression of cldn1. Furthermore, intranasal administered antagomir-214-3p also significantly increased the level of β-catenin and reversed the depressive-like behaviors in CSDS mice. These results may represent a new therapeutic target for MDD.

双馈风力发电机(DFIG)虚拟惯量控制在满足系统调频需求的前提下,其快速响应特性也会对系统暂态稳定造成影响。首先分析了DFIG机端母线电压不同跌落深度条件下DFIG的暂态有功响应特性,指出DFIG虚拟惯量控制影响系统暂态稳定的条件。基于此,结合拓展等面积定则分析了带有虚拟惯量控制的DFIG对电力系统暂态稳定的影响机理,最后进行时域仿真验证,结果表明,故障后若未触发DFIG低电压穿越控制,则含虚拟惯量控制的DFIG在S机群时可改善系统暂态稳定性,而在R机群并网时会恶化系统暂态稳定性。研究结果为DFIG虚拟惯量控制的应用和优化提供参考。

The wind farms and combined heat and power (CHP) units have tended to predominate in the power supply structure of the Northern and Northeastern provinces. It becomes increasingly challenging to increase the flexibility of power system operation and control (PSOC). This problem can be tackled by the potential flexibility of CHP, which are unlocked by the coordination between electrical power system (EPS) and district heating system (DHS). However, using the limited potential flexibility of CHP to meet the different demands of flexibility from PSOC is a big problem. In this paper, the concept of multiple time-scale flexibility of CHP (MTF-CHP) is defined and a coordinated dispatch model of CHP unit and heating network system is proposed. Based on the proposed dispatch framework, a robust interval heat dispatch model of DHS based on the heat storage characteristics of heating pipeline networks and a power system scheduling model considering multiple time-scale flexibility of CHP are proposed to implement the optimal allocation of MTF-CHP. Based on an integrated electric and heat supply system, the impact of the MTSF-CHP on the wind power curtailment, the system reserve demand and the system operation cost are studied. And the simulation results show an important guidance purpose for quantity determination of rebuild CHP units.

In the Chinese northern region during the winter heating period, a large number of heating units operate in the "power determined by heat" mode, and the traditional thermal unit can't provide adequate regulation ability and reserve capacity, resulting in a large number of wind curtailment. Taking advantage of the rapid adjustment ability of gas turbine can increase the adjustment ability of system and promote wind power consumption. However, in the traditional power system dispatch, the gas network operation constrains is not taken into account, which may make the dispatch calculation results infeasible. Therefore, this paper propose a robust economic dispatch and reserve configuration model considering wind uncertainty and gas network constraints by converting the range of gas turbine reverse to the range of gas inlet and regard it as the uncertain gas load. The C&CG (column-and-constraint generation) algorithm is utilized to split the combined gas-electric dispatch and optimization problem to a robust economic dispatch problem considering wind uncertainty, a reverse configuration problem and a gas network constrained subproblem. The benders algorithm is also used to simplify the solution procedure by breaking down the problem into a primal problem of economic dispatch and reverse configuration and a subproblem of wind uncertainty examination. The simulation results indicate the truth and validity of the model and solutions.

Susceptibility to motion sickness (MS) varies considerably among humans. However, the cause of such variation is unclear. Here, we used a classical genetic approach to obtain mouse strains highly sensitive and resistant to MS (SMS and RMS). Proteomics analysis revealed substantially lower swiprosin-1 expression in SMS mouse brains. Inducing MS via rotary stimulation decreased swiprosin-1 in the mouse brains. Swiprosin-1 knockout mice were much more sensitive to motion disturbance. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong swiprosin-1 expression in the vestibular nuclei (VN). Over-expressing swiprosin-1 in the VN of SMS mice decreased MS susceptibility. Down-regulating swiprosin-1 in the VN of RMS mice by RNAi increased MS susceptibility. Additional in vivo experiments revealed decreased swiprosin-1 expression by glutamate via the NMDA receptor. Glutamate increased neuronal excitability in SMS or swiprosin-1 knockout mice more prominently than in RMS or wild-type mice. These results indicate that swiprosin-1 in the VN is a critical determinant of the susceptibility to MS.

With large amount of renewable energy resources integrated into strong coupling interconnected power system (IPS), the conventional automatic generation control (AGC) strategy leads to the increase of the AGC regulation cost and the uneven distribution of the AGC regulation amount. This is a serious threat to the frequency stability of the IPS. Cooperation of AGC in different control areas is an effective way to solve this problem. In order to achieve the optimal coordination of multi-area AGC, the relationship between the optimal coordination frequency control model of multi-area AGC and area regulation marginal cost (ARMC) of different AGC was studied. Based on this, considering the fluctuation constraint of tie-line support, an optimal coordination frequency control scheme of AGC based on ARMC was proposed. By linear theory and the improved dynamic model of IPS, the proposed strategy had been proved to be stable and optimal and the range of control parameters was determined. The simulation results of a 3-area system showed that, the control scheme based on ARMC revealed the coordination mechanism of multi-area AGC. Besides, it is more effective for frequency and more economic comparing with other control strategies while keeping the safety of tie-lines.

Emotional memory deficit is a well-known complication in early Parkinson's disease. However, its molecular mechanism is still not well known. To address this issue, we examined the cue-related fear-conditioning task and long-term potentiation (LTP) of the thalamus to the lateral amygdala in rats treated with low doses of reserpine (Res). We found that low-dose Res treatment impaired emotional memory and LTP. We also found that exogenous upregulation of norepinephrine (NE) ameliorated the impairment of LTP by facilitating β-adrenergic receptors. Finally, acute treatment with NE or desipramine rescued the impaired emotional memory induced by a low-dose of Res. These results imply a pivotal role for NE in synaptic plasticity and associative fear memory in rats treated with low doses of Res and suggest that desipramine is a potential candidate for treating Parkinson's disease-related emotional memory deficit.