2D semiconducting H-phase vanadium disulfide (VS2) has attracted significant research interest due to its exceptional potential in electronics, optoelectronics, spintronics, and valleytronics. In this work, VS2 thin films are synthesized via chemical vapor deposition for the application of photodetectors, revealing a tunable dual-photoconductivity effect induced by CO2 adsorption and light-assisted desorption. CO2 adsorption led to negative photoconductivity, achieving a remarkable responsivity of similar to 2680 A/W and an ultra-high external quantum efficiency of similar to 1.3 x 106%. In contrast, VS2 photodetectors free from CO2 adsorption exhibited stable positive photoconductivity, with a maximum responsivity and external quantum efficiency of similar to 0.11 A/W and similar to 30.47%, respectively. First-principles calculations demonstrate that CO2 exhibits superior adsorption and desorption capabilities on the VS2 surface compared to other ambient gas molecules (e.g., N2, O2, and H2O). This work highlights the profound influence of gas adsorption on the photoconductivity behavior of VS2 thin films, providing critical insights into their optoelectronic properties and enabling non-destructive modulation for advanced device applications.

The high structural similarity of antibiotics and interference from complex environmental matrices significantly hinder the precise identification and detection. Herein, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized using o-phenylenediamine and 2,2'-Azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile) as precursors via microwave-assisted pyrolysis, and two types of CQDs with distinct fluorescent properties (DIW-CQDs and FA-CQDs) were prepared by dispersion in deionized water (DIW) and formic acid (FA), respectively. S1-CQDs were synthesized by compositing CQDs with Rhodamine B (RhB), exhibiting dual-emission fluorescence properties. S2-CQDs were obtained by blending DIW-CQDs and FA-CQDs. A single-component dual-channel sensor array was constructed using S1-CQDs as the sensing unit. The array collect the signals of ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescence, enabling the discrimination and detection of fluoroquinolone antibiotics (norfloxacin (NOR), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and ofloxacin (OFX)). Furthermore, a two-component four-channel sensor array was developed by employing S1-CQDs and S2-CQDs as sensing units, generating four distinct signals for the discrimination and detection of three antibiotic categories: tetracycline (TC), cefixime (CFM), and fluoroquinolones (NOR, CIP, and OFX). Combined with pattern recognition methods including linear discriminant analysis (LDA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and principal component analysis (PCA), the array achieved 100% accurate identification and quantitative detection of five antibiotics, with detection limits ranging from 3.9-14.0 nM. The LDA score plots revealed well-separated clusters for single antibiotics and their binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures with intercluster Euclidean distances exceeding 3.0. This work provides a fluorescence/ultraviolet dual-signal sensor array strategy coupled with machine learning-assisted pattern recognition for efficient and reliable antibiotic analysis in complex matrices.

A TiO2/SiO2 highly-reflective coating assembled with a protective layer has been successfully prepared. By incorporating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets into the SiO2 protective layer, the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the coating is enhanced under the premise of maintaining high reflectivity at 532 nm. Systematic laser damage testing reveals that the highly-reflective coating protected by the 10 wt% BN/ SiO2 composite film achieves a 15.6 % LIDT improvement compared to the coating with no BN addition. This work establishes a creditable strategy for preparing optical coatings in high-energy laser applications.

This study aims to develop a theoretical framework for predicting the dynamic behavior of graphene nanoplatelet-reinforced composite (GPLRC) beams under electrical excitation by incorporating dielectric effect and size-dependent effect through fractional-order nonlocal elasticity theory. The GPLs are distributed through the beam thickness according to three gradient patterns. The effective elastic modulus and dielectric permittivity are evaluated using effective medium theory, while the effective Poisson’s ratio and mass density are determined using the rule of mixtures. Based on Timoshenko beam theory, nonlinear strain–displacement relations, and fractional-order nonlocal elasticity theory, the governing equations are derived through the variational principle and solved by combining the Rayleigh–Ritz and Runge–Kutta methods. The effects of DC voltage, initial axial stress, nonlocal parameter, fractional-order parameter, and GPL mass fraction on the dynamic response are systematically investigated. The results demonstrate that DC voltage increases the electrostatic effect and significantly affects the deformation response of GPLRC beams, particularly for beams with high GPL content. Increasing initial axial stress enhances structural rigidity and suppresses vibration, while higher GPL mass fraction improves stiffness and reduces vibration amplitude. The results provide theoretical insights for the design of nanoscale intelligent composite structures.

Optimizing the morphology of the active layer is crucial for achieving high photovoltaic conversion efficiency in all-polymer solar cells (APSCs). Solvent vapor annealing (SVA) is an essential post-treatment strategy for controlling active layer morphology. However, most current SVA are conducted ex situ, limiting their ability to accurately reveal the morphological evolution of active layers of APSCs. In this study, in situ synchrotron radiation GIWAXS and in situ UV-vis spectroscopy combined with GISAXS is used to monitor the morphological evolution of PM6/PY-IT blends during the SVA process in real-time. Results showed that the PY-IT absorption peak exhibited a red shift under a nonpolar carbon disulfide vapor, while a blue shift is observed during the SVA process with a polar chloroform vapor. The SVA process can be divided into three stages: solvent swelling, recrystallization, and molecular rearrangement. For thermally pre-annealed samples subjected to chloroform SVA, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased by 15.1%. The improved PCE stems from reduced crystal plane spacing (d-spacing), enhanced crystal coherence length, and optimal phase separation via SVA. Pre-annealing suppresses excessive swelling, emphasizing the reordering dynamical role in the morphology of APSCs. This study offers insights into balancing SVA conditions to maximize performance and minimize adverse effects.

NiCrBSi-CrSi2 composite powders with different CrSi2 contents were prepared using spray granulation, and the composite coatings with varying CrSi2 contents were deposited on 12CrMoVG boiler steel substrate using high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) spraying. During high-temperature sintering at 1000 degrees C, the molten NiCrBSi phase effectively wetted and encapsulated the CrSi2 particles, leading to the formation of a stable and homogeneously distributed NiCrBSi-CrSi2 composite powder. The main phases in the NiCrBSi coating include gamma-Ni, Ni3B, Cr2B, CrSi and CrSi2. As the CrSi2 content increased, the amounts of CrB and Cr5Si3 phases in the coating also increased. The coating containing 20 wt% CrSi2 exhibited the highest microhardness value (635.11 HV0.3). The coating containing 30 wt% CrSi2 exhibited the lowest porosity, at only 0.16 %. High-temperature tribological tests of the composite coatings revealed the lowest wear rate for 30 wt% CrSi2 coating, measuring at 2.8 x 10-14 (m3/N & sdot;m). The evenly distributed CrB and CrSi2 phases, along with the ceramic phases dispersed throughout the coating, act as a hard framework which helps reduce deformation in the load contact area. A dense and uniformly distributed oxide layer on the worn surface can effectively reduce the coefficient of friction. The synergistic effect of optimally proportioned NiCr2O4, Cr2O3 and SiO2 made a contribution to the lowest wear rate of 30 wt% CrSi2 coating. Oxidative, adhesive, and abrasive wear were identified as the dominant wear mechanisms of the coatings.

2D semiconducting H‐phase vanadium disulfide (VS 2 ) has attracted significant research interest due to its exceptional potential in electronics, optoelectronics, spintronics, and valleytronics. In this work, VS 2 thin films are synthesized via chemical vapor deposition for the application of photodetectors, revealing a tunable dual‐photoconductivity effect induced by CO 2 adsorption and light‐assisted desorption. CO 2 adsorption led to negative photoconductivity, achieving a remarkable responsivity of ∼2680 A/W and an ultra‐high external quantum efficiency of ∼1.3 × 10 6 %. In contrast, VS 2 photodetectors free from CO 2 adsorption exhibited stable positive photoconductivity, with a maximum responsivity and external quantum efficiency of ∼0.11 A/W and ∼30.47%, respectively. First‐principles calculations demonstrate that CO 2 exhibits superior adsorption and desorption capabilities on the VS 2 surface compared to other ambient gas molecules (e.g., N 2 , O 2 , and H 2 O). This work highlights the profound influence of gas adsorption on the photoconductivity behavior of VS 2 thin films, providing critical insights into their optoelectronic properties and enabling non‐destructive modulation for advanced device applications.

A double-layer broadband antireflection (AR) coating with excellent transmittance at 250–400 nm has been designed and prepared by the sol-gel method. The quarter-half double-layer structure is optimized with the aid of Filmstar thin film design software. Mesoporous SiO2 film templated by an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide-ethylene oxide triblock copolymer is used as the top layer, and a ZrO2-SiO2 hybrid film with matching refractive index is employed as the bottom layer. 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane is used to modify the surface of the AR coating, which greatly improves the environmental stability of the coating. The obtained double-layer AR coating can achieve an average transmittance of 99.34% in the wavelength range of 250–400 nm. The laser induced damage threshold of the coating is measured using a 355 nm laser (pulse width: 6.4 ns), and the results show that the damage threshold is 2.24 J·cm− 2. This study provides a new way for the preparation of UV AR coatings with good optical performance and environmental stability.

In this work, a novel multifunctional double-layer antireflective coating, featuring abrasion-resistance and superhydrophilicity, has been designed adhering to the quarter-quarter structure. The sol-gel procedure is used to prepare TiO2-SiO2 hybrid films with tunable refractive index. The outer layer consists of a TiO2-SiO2 film with a refractive index of 1.185 (at 600 nm), while the inner layer utilizes a microporous TiO2-SiO2 film with a suitably chosen refractive index. The double-layer coating is applied to the quartz substrate, and an average transmittance of 99.29 % in the range of 400-1000 nm is achieved. Through doping Fe3+ and polyethylene glycol in the outer layer, the double-layer coating attains superhydrophilicity with water contact angle of 3 degrees, which remains within 10 degrees for more than 120 days at outdoor environment. The double-layer coating exhibits good anti-fog performance both in the high-temperature and low-temperature anti-fog experiments. Benefiting from the tough skeleton of each layer, the coating has good abrasion resistance. The incorporation of TiO2 into silica matrices endows the coating with certain photocatalytic activity, which enables the degradation rate of methylene blue solution (10 ppm) to reach 84.35 %. These advantages make the double-layer coating a promising super-hydrophilic material for use in glass antifogging and self-cleaning applications.

BACKGROUND:The existence of excess phosphate (Pi) and arsenate ions [As(V)] in environment water poses significant risks to ecosystem as well as public health and often interfere each other during detection process. Although some ratiometric sensors exhibited high sensitivity towards individual Pi and As(V), few of them were applied for visual detection and portable sensing. Therefore, we need to design a convenient strategy for selective visual detection of Pi and As(V). RESULTS:Dual-emissive zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks (UiO-66-NH2) encapsulated tris(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium (II) chloride hexahydrate [Ru(bpy)32+] composite, denoted as Ru@UiO-66-NH2, has been synthesized by one-pot approach and used for ratiometric fluorescence detection of Pi and As(V). Under single excitation of 295 nm, the composite exhibited two emissions at 435 and 618 nm, originating from UiO-66-NH2 and Ru(bpy)32+, respectively. Upon the addition of Pi (or As(V)), the ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) process was weakened owing to their strong affinities with Zr-O node, inducing the enhanced blue fluorescence and unchangeable red one. In addition, they triggered clear fluorescence changes from red to pink and finally to blue. With the assistance of smartphone, visual detection of Pi and As(V) can be achieved with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.8 μM and 1.5 μM, respectively. Furthermore, Pi and As(V) could be separately detected via the introduction of proper masking agents. SIGNIFICANCE:The detection method developed in this work has successfully been applied to detect Pi and As(V) in actual water samples. For the first time, Ru@UiO-66-NH2 was used for the visual detection of Pi and As(V). This work broadens the latent applications of MOF composites for on-site monitoring in environment safety assessment.

A tri-layer broadband antireflective coating has been successfully prepared on quartz substrate via a simple template-free sol-gel process. Porous MgF2 film with refractive index of 1.16 is used as the top layer and the other two MgF2-SiO2 hybrid films with appropriate refractive index are selected as the inner layers. The tri-layer coating constructs an optimal refractive index gradient from the air to the substrate and achieves an average transmittance of 98.74 % over a broad wavelength range of 300-1600 nm. The surface of the coating is modified by 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane, greatly improving the hydrophobicity of the coating.

Carbon quantum dots are a new type of fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials, and their excellent properties have provoked a strong research interest. Herein, blue-fluorescent carbon quantum dots (k-CQDs) were successfully synthesized by a simple one-step hydrothermal method using chitosan and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid as precursors. It was found that Fe3+ could quench the fluorescence of k-CQDs by a dynamic quenching mechanism that increased the positive charge in solution. Due to ascorbic acid (AA) can reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+, the positive charge in solution was reduced and the fluorescence of k-CQDs was restored. Based on the mechanism of the fluorescence “on-off-on”, k-CQDs were used for the detection of Fe3+ and AA with strong antijamming capability. The LOD for Fe3+ concentrations in the ranges of 0 to 30 µM and 30 to 100 µM were 0.3 µM and 0.76 µM, respectively. The LOD for AA concentrations in the ranges of 0 to 82.5 µM and 82.5 to 172.5 µM were 3.93 µM and 1.63 µM, respectively. Spiking recoveries of Fe3+ in tap water, AA in orange juice and tomato juice were 87.93 ∼ 101.13

The main obstacles to promoting the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) include their record power conversion efficiency (PCE), which still remains below the Shockley–Queisser limit, and poor long-term stability, attributable to crystallographic defects in perovskite films and open-circuit voltage ( V oc ) loss in devices. In this study, potassium (4-tert-butoxycarbonylpiperazin-1-yl) methyl trifluoroborate (PTFBK) was employed as a multifunctional additive to target and modulate bulk perovskite defects and carrier dynamics of PSCs. Apart from simultaneously passivating anionic and cationic defects, PTFBK could also optimize the energy-level alignment of devices and weaken the interaction between carriers and longitudinal optical phonons, resulting in a carrier lifetime of greater than 3 μs. Furthermore, it inhibited non-radiative recombination and improved the crystallization capacity in the target perovskite film. Hence, the target rigid and flexible p-i-n PSCs yielded champion PCEs of 24.99 % and 23.48 %, respectively. More importantly, due to hydrogen bonding between formamidinium and fluorine, the target devices exhibited remarkable thermal, humidity, and operational tracking at maximum power point stabilities. The reduced Young's modulus and residual stress in the perovskite layer also provided excellent bending stability for flexible target devices.

A double-layer broadband antireflective coating with remarkable optical performance and superhydrophilicity has been designed and prepared based on TiO2-SiO2 hybrid films. The synthesis of TiO2-SiO2 composite sols is carried out using titanium isopropoxide and tetraethyl orthosilicate as raw ingredients in an acid-catalyzed system. The TiO2-SiO2 hybrid film with refractive index of 1.61 (at 550 nm) is used as the bottom layer, and the other mesoporous TiO2-SiO2 film templated by an ethylene oxide-propylene oxide-ethylene oxide triblock copolymer is employed as the top layer to achieve the design concept of quarter-half structure. The average transmittance reaches 99.17

Surface modification technique is currently acknowledged as a practical, efficient, and acceptable tool for producing large quantities of high-quality carbon quantum dots (CQDs), however the research on the quenching and recovery mechanism of the fluorescence of CQDs should receive more attention. Herein, the p-phenylenediamine carbon quantum dots (p-CQDs) exhibiting outstanding characteristics has been synthesized from erbium nitrate (Er(NO3)3) ethanol solution. It shows as a highly efficient “on-off-on” fluorescent probe for the detection of Fe3+, Li+ and l-arginine (L-Arg). The fluorescence of p-CQDs can be quenched by the appearance of Fe3+ (p-CQDs-Fe3+), then can be restored by adding either Li+ or L-Arg (p-CQDs-Fe3+-Li+ or p-CQDs-Fe3+-L-Arg). The zeta potentials were measured for the four fluorescent systems p-CQDs, p-CQDs-Fe3+, p-CQDs-Fe3+-Li+ and p-CQDs-Fe3+-L-Arg. The results show that the loss of charges on the surface of CQDs is the key point which can determine this probe to remain “on” or “off” mode. In addition, we found that the mechanism of fluorescence “turn-on” is different in p-CQDs-Fe3+-Li+ and p-CQDs-Fe3+-L-Arg system, the former is trying to open the transmission channel of intramolecular photons, which manifests as fluorescence recovery. The latter may strip Fe3+ from the surface of p-CQDs.

A three-layer tri-wavelength broadband antireflective (AR) coating has been successfully fabricated on quartz substrate via a sol–gel route using acid-catalyzed silica sols. An ethylene oxide-propylene oxide-ethylene oxide triblock copolymer is used as a template to prepare ordered mesoporous SiO 2 films. Assisted by Filmstar thin film design software, film thickness for each layer is optimized based on actual optical constants of the three mesoporous silica films. The three layers generate a reasonable refractive index gradient from the air, and thus the obtained AR coating possesses high transmittance of 99.24%, 99.66%, and 99.64% at 351 nm, 527 nm, and 1053 nm, respectively. The mesoporous SiO 2 films with tough skeletons despite different porosity endow the coating with good abrasion-resistance, and 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-Perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane is further used to modify the surface of the AR coating, which can improve the experimental stability of the coating. This work provides beneficial references for AR coating production of the sol–gel technique.

The crater-nanorod-like double-textured ZnO:Al (AZO) transparent conducting films were prepared by combining wet-etching AZO seed layers and hydrothermal growing AZO nanorods. Different morphologies of the nanorod-like structures determined by the etching time of seed layers were observed. The influence of AZO seed layers etched for different times on the properties of double-textured AZO films was systematically compared and investigated, such as the structures, morphologies, optoelectronic properties and light-trapping abilities. The relationship between morphologies and light-trapping abilities of AZO nanorod-like structures grown on the etched seed layers was discussed. The crater-nanorod-like structures of double-textured AZO films with seed layers etched for 15 min not only maintained low resistance and high transmittance but also exhibited higher haze value, which are effective double-textured structures for improving light trapping.

Based on the fluorescence quenching principle, a novel lanthanum-doped carbon quantum dots (La-CQDs) fluorescence probe was successfully developed for ion detection of Fe3+. La-CQDs with a fluorescence quantum yield of 29.93% was prepared in ethanol solution using ammonium citrate as the carbon source and lanthanum nitrate as the dopant. The luminescence performance of La-CQDs was enhanced by La doping and maintained over 90% of the maximum fluorescence intensity in different anions, water content and organic solvent environments. In the range of 25-200 mu M, the fluorescence intensity of La-CQDs displayed a good linear relationship (Y = 0.00675X+ 1.07679, R2 = 0.9888) with the concentration of Fe3+ and its limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 6.78 mu M. The method was successfully applied to the detection of Fe3+ in green tea and the measurement error was less than 3%. In addition, La-CQDs was developed for fluorescent colorimetric test paper and information anti-counterfeiting, while the fluorescence quenching effect was observed intuitively on the paper.

The Ag nanowires/ZnO:Al nanorods (Ag NWs/AZO NRs) composite films were prepared by the simple hydrothermal growth of AZO NRs on the AZO seed layer (SL) at the void regions among the Ag NWs. Distinctive morphology evolution of the Ag NWs depending on the mass of FeCl3⋅6H2O solution was observed on the AZO SL. The effect of Ag NWs with different morphologies on the structure, morphology, optoelectronic properties and light trapping abilities of Ag NWs/AZO NRs composite films was investigated systematically. In particular, the relationship between the morphology, light trapping and electrical properties of the composite films was analyzed in detail. When 7 g of FeCl3⋅6H2O solution was added, Ag NWs with a length of about 50 μM were generated, and the Ag NWs overlapped adequately with each other to form a network structure beneficial to conductivity. Meanwhile, the Ag NWs/AZO NRs composite films containing Ag NWs prepared with 7 g FeCl3⋅6H2O solution exhibited high TT (above 80%), high haze value (0.29) at 550 nm and low sheet resistance (5.9 Ω/sq), which can be employed as transparent electrodes for improving electrical and light trapping properties in solar cells.

A series of TiO2-SiO2 composite sols have been synthesized using titanium (IV) isopropoxide and tetraethyl orthosilicate as precursors under acidic conditions. The stability of the binary sols is improved by a prehydrolysis step of tetraethyl orthosilicate. Assisted by heat treatment, the refractive index of the TiO2-SiO2 hybrid films obtained can be tuned in a wide range. On the basis of film optical constants derived from fitting of transmittance spectrum, two types of antireflection coatings with quarter-half and quarter-half-quarter multilayer structures are designed, and ordered mesoporous SiO2 film and dense SiO2 film are proposed to be used as the top layer, respectively. According to theoretical design requirements, the two antireflection coatings are successfully constructed by selecting the TiO2-SiO2 films with appropriate refractive index as the other layers. The average transmittance of the triple-layer coating at 400–800 nm is 98.74%, and that of the double-layer coating even reaches 99%. Meanwhile, the two types of multilayer coatings show good mechanical properties, which benefit from the tough skeleton of each layer. X-ray reflectivity measurements were also performed on the multilayer structures and the obtained thickness of each layer is consistent with that in the theoretical design. The results show that precise control of film thickness and refractive index is achievable using sol-gel techniques. Owing to excellent control on sol composition, the practical sol-gel route has high potential for the production of antireflective coatings.