Topological insulators have been explored extensively for spin-charge interconversion via magnetic interfaces, yet the true response of their spin-charge conversion, particularly in the absence of an external magnetic field, remains to be studied. Here, we report electric-field control of spin-charge conversion in the topological insulator Bi_2Te_3 with the antiferromagnetic multiferroic BiFeO_3, employing a nonlocal spin transport device. A systematic thickness dependence of the spin transport across the interface between Bi_2Te_3 and BiFeO_3 reveals a signature of topological surface-state-dominated spin transport in the bilayer system. The spin-charge conversion remains robust for thicknesses above 10 nm but falls rapidly with reducing thickness and vanishes at 5 nm. This is consistent with the hybridization-induced emergence of a trivial insulating phase, which is supported by the coherency factor estimated from the magnetoconductance of Bi_2Te_3. These results establish that spin-momentum-locked surface states dominate interfacial spin transport in the decoupled regime. Beyond presenting efficient spin-charge interconversion at an entirely insulating magnetic interface, this work also highlights sputter-deposited Bi_2Te_3 as a high-quality and scalable platform for integrating quantum materials into devices. The nonlocal spin transport approach presented here provides a simple and direct evidence of spin-charge conversion and opens an efficient and practical pathway toward designing energy-efficient spin-based devices.

The current article investigates the band structure in the presence and absence of spin‐orbit coupling (SOC), examines the Z2 invariants, and investigates the detailed angle‐dependent magneto‐transport of up to 10 T (Tesla) and down to 2 K for the bismuth crystal. The out‐of‐plane field‐dependent magnetoresistance (MR) is positive and is huge to the order of ≈104% at 2 K and 10 T. On the contrary, the longitudinal (in‐plane) field‐dependent MR is relatively small and is negative. The thermal activation energy is also estimated by using the Boltzmann formula from resistivity versus temperature measurement under applied transverse magnetic fields. The topological nature of Bi is confirmed by Z2 invariant calculation using density functional theory (DFT). PBESol bands show trivial but hybrid functional (HSE) bands show non‐trivial topology being present in Bismuth. This article comprehensively studies the dependence of MR oscillations upon the angle between the applied field and the current. The observed oscillations fade away as the angle is increased. This article is an extension of our previous work on bismuth (J. Sup. Novel Mag. 2023, 36, 389), in which a comprehensive analysis of its structural and micro‐structural properties is conducted along with its transport behavior in an applied transverse magnetic field.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare but potentially life-threatening autoimmune disorder affecting the peripheral nervous system. In pediatric patients, early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for improved outcomes. This observational study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of early nerve conduction studies (NCS) in pediatric patients diagnosed with GBS. The study was conducted at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Patna from January 2022 to March 2023, involving 11 patients aged between five and 14 years. All patients underwent NCS on three occasions: within three days, between three to seven days, and between 7 and 14 days after admission. The findings indicated that 63.64% of the patients exhibited a demyelinating pattern (acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, AIDP), while 36.36% showed an axonal pattern (acute motor axonal neuropathy, AMAN). Early NCS findings were critical in predicting the severity and guiding the timely initiation of appropriate treatment, leading to improved outcomes. This study underscores the importance of early electrophysiological assessment in pediatric GBS for optimal patient management and prognosis.

Background: The Botrytis gray mold (BGM) caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr., has become a major threat for chickpea cultivation in India. In view of monetary significance of this disease and growing its spread into new regions through seed and soil (sclerotia) encouraged us to study variability of this pathogen from diverse regions. Methods: Botrytis cinerea infected chickpea samples were collected from Punjab and Uttarakhand states. Pathogen was isolated using chickpea dextrose agar media. Pathogenicity was proved by inoculation of spore suspension (3x105 spores’mL-1) of the fungus on susceptible cultivar. In vitro studies were conducted for observations of morphological and cultural variability of the fungus. The pathogenic fungus was also identified through molecular characterization using ITS primers. Result: The isolates were categorized into different groups based on growth rate of the pathogen on PDA media. Pathogenicity test proved that B. cinerea isolates from Punjab were showed less disease severity scale compared to Uttarakhand state isolates. The B. cinerea fungus prefers PDA for efficient growth and multiplication than Chickpea Dextrose Agar (CDA) media. There was no conspicuous difference in colour of the colony on PDA and CDA media. The colour of the mycelium were initially white or dirty white or greyish and sporulated culture shown to have as grey with profuse mass on the surface of the mycelium. The fungus B. fabae, a different species was also responsible for causing BGM disease which was confirmed through pathogenicity and ITS sequencing. Twenty-eight isolates were studied for diversity in cultural, morphological and molecular level. The diversity in colony colour, growth type and diameter of mycelial growth, sclerotia initiation, number and pattern of sclerotia formation were observed amongst the isolates. This study would help in designing breeding strategy for development of disease resistant cultivars.

The electronic structure of co-doped SrSnO3 (SSO) thin films were investigated using photoemission and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. We studied the band structure of SSO and its tuning with La/Sb co-doping at A- and B-sites. We observed an increased conduction bandwidth with doping due to the reduced oxygen octahedral tilting. The presence of oxygen vacancies at the film’s surface and the electron doping resulted in the reduction of Sn4+ to Sn2+. High transmittance (>80%) along with a conductivity of 200 S.cm−1 was observed.

Scarcity of labeled data in sensitive research areas such as healthcare limits the performance of artificially intelligent (AI) models. The effort required in labeling the acquired healthcare data for carrying out a classification task is a concern faced by healthcare researchers. In this work, we design a capsule-long short-term memory (LSTM) model, abbreviated as CapsLSTM, capable of classifying human activities with scarce labeled activity data. The proposed CapsLSTM model is used to recognize multiple human activities sensed by the accelerometer and the gyroscope sensors embedded in smartphones leveraging the spatio-temporal information. We validate the proposed framework based on two human activity recognition (HAR) databases, namely, UCI-HAR and MotionSense. The CapsLSTM model yields close test accuracies for different fractions of the training data unlike the other models such as LSTM, 1-D convolutional neural network (1D-CNN), convolutional LSTM (ConvLSTM), or CNN-LSTM. For the state-of-the-art models, the test accuracies decrease significantly with the decrease in training data. Our proposed model classifies the human activities using a minimum of 20% labeled training data from each database. There is less decrease in accuracies from that obtained using 70% of training data in comparison to the existing models. The classification performance of the proposed CapsLSTM model for a small fraction of training data proves the effectiveness and reliability of the same in a data-scarce situation.

: Cancer is the most malignant chronic disease worldwide, with a high mortality rate. It can be treated with conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy, but these techniques have several side effects, limiting their therapeutic outcome and reducing application. Recently, a promising method of drug delivery has been devised to minimize side effects and induce potential benefits during treatment. The targeted drug delivery system (TDDS) is one of the established drug delivery methods using nanoparticles, crossing different biological barriers, targeting a specific diseased site, and resulting in sustained drug release. The current research introduces a plethora of nanoparticles that can be implemented to deliver or target drugs to a particular site, such as polymeric nanoparticles (PLGA, PLA, chitosan), metal-based nanoparticles (gold, iron oxide), carbon-based nanoparticles (CNTs, graphene), bio nanoparticles (liposomes, micelles) and ceramic nanoparticles (mesoporous-based silica, calcium phosphate). Most of them are proven to be very efficient in targeting the desired site and causing fatal damage to the tumor cells. Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a nano compound, that shows a wide range of favorable properties, making it widely acceptable for biomedical applications. This review focuses on TDDS using ZnO as a drug carrier, followed by factors affecting TDDS such as drug loading, encapsulation efficiency, cell viability, and zeta potential. The target mechanism of TDDS for cancer therapy has also been discussed, indicating a better alternative for clinical treatment. This approach also presents certain challenges besides the potential for oncology.

Background Hypsarrhythmia is a classical multifocal electroencephalographic finding in patients of infantile spasm and related epileptic syndromes of early childhood including West syndrome and Otahara syndrome. It usually presents in early infancy and persists up to the age of two years, after which it usually resolves. The persistence of hypsarrhythmia beyond the age of two years has rarely been reported in the literature. The present study is an attempt to investigate and compare the origin and activation pattern of epileptic activity between the subjects aged 3-10 years with and without hypsarrythmia. Material and methods Forty-one patients in the age group of 3-10 years with features suggestive of seizure have been studied for quantitative electroencephalographic characteristics after dividing into hypsarrythmic and normal seizure patterns. Result The power spectral density (PSD) of 15 patients with hypsarrhythmia showed a significantly predominant delta frequency in quantitative electrography (qEEG) in comparison to the seizure subjects with normal electroencephalography (EEG) patterns. The amplitude progression analysis of both groups showed that the origin of focus of the hypsarrhythmic pattern is from the occipital region while no such pattern has been noticed in the control group. Discussion and conclusion Hypsarrythmia is known to show multifocal origin. Predominant occipital origin in older age group subjects distinguishes the condition from classical hypsarrythmia of early childhood. The occipital origin may be indicative of persistent immaturity of the thalamocortical synaptic pathway.

This chapter aimed to assess the presence of SARC-CoV-2 in semen and its effect on semen quality, thereby providing insights into the early impact on male reproductive function. Viral infections have been a part of human existence to date, though viruses have posed a huge threat with various outbreaks lately. These threats are associated with reproductive health challenges, especially male infertility. Testicular tissue has abundant angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors, which explains how coronavirus disease (COVID-19) can cause harm to multiple organ systems. However, little is known about how spermatogenesis and reproductive potential are affected by the shedding of SARS-CoV-2, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, in semen. A total of Thirty COVID-19 male patients aged 19-45 registered to AIIMS Patna hospital participated in the survey between October 2020 and April 2021. For every sample of semen, we performed a real-time reverse transcriptase assay. At the initial sampling, which took place during COVID-19, a thorough examination of the semen was performed, including the sperm DNA Fragmentation Index. We got the second sampling 74 days after the first sampling and carried out the aforementioned tests once again. In our study, the semen parameters, such as sperm vitality and total motility, were decreased below the normal limits during the first sampling. In contrast, values of semen agglutination, sperm DFI, semen viscosity, and semen leukocytes were above their normal limits during the second sampling. All semen samples collected in the first and second sampling tested with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were negative for SARS-CoV-2. In the first sampling, semen volume, vitality, total motility, sperm concentration, total sperm count, % normal morphology, % cytoplasmic droplet, and fructose were significantly lower. Conversely, there was an increase in leukocytes, liquefaction time, semen viscosity, DNA Fragmentation Index, % head defect, and semen agglutination. At the second sampling, these results were reversed, though not to the best extent possible. Every single one of these results was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Thus, COVID-19 negatively affects semen parameters, including sperm DNA fragmentation index. One of the primary symptoms of COVID-19 is a high-grade fever, which may disrupt the blood-testis barrier, exposing the sperm cells and testicular tissues to circulating cytokines and other inflammatory mediators generated in the body. This may result in a systemic inflammatory state and immune response against the seminiferous epithelium and accessory glands resulting in low semen quality. This study suggests that assisted reproductive technology (ART) clinics and sperm banking facilities should consider assessing detailed semen analysis of males with a history of COVID-19.

The prevalence and distribution of pathotypes and mating types of Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr. were evaluated during the winter (October to March) seasons of 2017-18 and 2018-19. Forty-five A. rabiei isolates were obtained from six different states. From the survey results, the state of Punjab recorded the highest disease rating (Rating 9) compared with other chickpea-growing areas. The β-tubulin gene was amplified (330 bp) from all the isolates, and sequence analysis was performed. The phylogenetic tree produced by cluster analysis of β-tubulin gene sequences differentiated the 44 A. rabiei isolates . Using multiplex PCR, mating types were identified. From the mating type (MAT) study of all the A. rabiei isolates, amplification was observed at the 490-bp size, which corresponds to mating type 2 (MAT1-2). The four pathotypes (I, II, III, IV) and six physiological races were delineated based on the differential reaction of the disease. The most widely distributed pathotype was pathotype III (52.27%) among the surveyed regions of North Indian states, except Uttarakhand (where only pathotype II was recorded), followed by the least aggressive pathotype I (22.7%), highly aggressive pathotype IV (15.9%), and aggressive pathotype II (9.1%). Among the six physiological races identified, the most common races were race 5 (25%), followed by race 1 (22.73%), race 6 (18.18%), race 4 (18.18%), race 3 (9.09%), and race 2 (6.82%). Because of the prevalence of a single mating type among the surveyed locations in India, we opine that there may be less diversity in A. rabiei compared with isolates reported from other countries. However, to substantiate this conclusion, evaluation of more isolates of A. rabiei is required. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .

Introduction: Male infertility contributes to a significant proportion of infertility cases, and advanced paternal age has been suggested to affect semen quality and fertility.However, the relationship between age and semen quality remains inconclusive, with conflicting findings reported in the literature.This study aimed to investigate the effect of age on semen quality among male partners of infertile couples in a tertiary care center in eastern India.Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted, involving 390 male participants aged 21-50 years, who were referred to the andrology laboratory for semen analysis between January 2019 and December 2022.Participants were categorized into three age groups (21-30, 31-40, and 41-50 years).Semen parameters, including sperm concentration, semen volume, motility, and morphology, were assessed according to the World Health Organization guidelines.Results: Among the participants, no significant differences were observed in semen volume, motility, and morphology across different age groups.However, a statistically significant difference in sperm concentration among the three age groups was observed (p = 0.022).Spearman correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between age and sperm concentration (r = 0.124, p = 0.013) as well as total sperm count (r = 0.10, p = 0.049). Conclusion:In this study, no significant decline in semen quality with age was found among male partners of infertile couples aged 21-50 years.These findings highlight the complex relationship between age and semen quality and emphasize the need for further research to better understand the underlying mechanisms and provide more conclusive evidence regarding the impact of age on male fertility.

OBJECTIVES:To describe the feeding profile of low birthweight (LBW) infants in the first half of infancy; and to examine growth patterns and early risk factors of poor 6-month growth outcomes. DESIGN:Prospective observational cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:Stable, moderately LBW (1.50 to <2.50 kg) infants were enrolled at birth from 12 secondary/tertiary facilities in India, Malawi and Tanzania and visited nine times over 6 months. VARIABLES OF INTEREST:Key variables of interest included birth weight, LBW type (combination of preterm/term status and size-for-gestational age at birth), lactation practices and support, feeding profile, birthweight regain by 2 weeks of age and poor 6-month growth outcomes. RESULTS:Between 13 September 2019 and 27 January 2021, 1114 infants were enrolled, comprising 4 LBW types. 363 (37.3%) infants initiated early breast feeding and 425 (43.8%) were exclusively breastfed to 6 months. 231 (22.3%) did not regain birthweight by 2 weeks; at 6 months, 280 (32.6%) were stunted, 222 (25.8%) underweight and 88 (10.2%) wasted. Preterm-small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants had 1.89 (95% CI 1.37 to 2.62) and 2.32 (95% CI 1.48 to 3.62) times greater risks of being stunted and underweight at 6 months compared with preterm-appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) infants. Term-SGA infants had 2.33 (95% CI 1.77 to 3.08), 2.89 (95% CI 1.97 to 4.24) and 1.99 (95% CI 1.13 to 3.51) times higher risks of being stunted, underweight and wasted compared with preterm-AGA infants. Those not regaining their birthweight by 2 weeks had 1.51 (95% CI 1.23 to 1.85) and 1.55 (95% CI 1.21 to 1.99) times greater risks of being stunted and underweight compared with infants regaining. CONCLUSION:LBW type, particularly SGA regardless of preterm or term status, and lack of birthweight regain by 2 weeks are important risk identification parameters. Early interventions are needed that include optimal feeding support, action-oriented growth monitoring and understanding of the needs and growth patterns of SGA infants to enable appropriate weight gain and proactive management of vulnerable infants. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:NCT04002908.

Introduction Human coronaviruses, identified in the 1960s, are known culprits of respiratory infections. Classified into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta subgroups, these viruses have the capacity to transition from animal reservoirs to causing severe respiratory ailments in humans. Notable outbreaks like the 2003 severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (SARS) epidemic and the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic underscore the recurring emergence of novel coronaviruses with severe human infection potential. COVID-19, driven by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has rapidly become a leading global cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Immune system disruptions and cytokine imbalances contribute to severe cases, necessitating early diagnosis and precise severity assessment. Methodology This retrospective cross-sectional study encompassed 211 COVID-19 patients admitted to AIIMS Patna from May to July 2020. Clinical and hematological parameters, including neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, red and white blood cell counts, platelet count, C-reactive protein (CRP), serum ferritin, and d-dimer, were meticulously recorded. Patients were categorized into non-severe and severe groups using the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) 2.Results Our findings underscore the pivotal role of hematological markers in gauging COVID-19 severity. Notably, markers such as neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived NLR, lymphocyte monocyte ratio, platelet lymphocyte ratio, d-dimer, CRP, and serum ferritin exhibited notable elevation in severe cases. Survival analysis further established the predictive potential of these markers in assessing disease progression and mortality risk. We advocate for the integration of these markers into existing severity assessment frameworks to foster objective clinical evaluations.Conclusion In conclusion, our study unravels the intricate connection between COVID-19 severity and hematological parameters. We emphasize the early warning capabilities of NLR, derived NLR, platelet lymphocyte ratio, and other markers in predicting disease progression. This research underscores the imperative need to incorporate hematological markers into the evaluation of COVID-19 severity, thereby providing invaluable insights for enhancing clinical practice and patient outcomes.

The effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on male fertility have received considerable attention because human testes contain high levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptors, through which severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can enter. Early studies showed decreases in semen quality during and after recovery from COVID-19. However, no semen quality studies have examined the effects of widespread subclinical and mild disease, as well as changes in lifestyle, psychosocial behavior, intake of dietary supplements, and stress. This cross-sectional study compared semen quality parameters in male partners of infertile couples between men who underwent semen analysis before the COVID-19 pandemic (prepandemic group) and men who underwent semen analysis during the pandemic period (pandemic group); the analysis sought to clarify the overall effects of the pandemic. No participants in the pandemic group had experienced clinically overt disease. Among the 239 participants, mean body weight (P = 0.001), mean body mass index (P < 0.001), median sperm concentration (P = 0.014), total sperm count (P = 0.006), and total percentages of motile (P = 0.013) and abnormal cells (P < 0.001) were significantly greater in the pandemic group (n = 137) than those in the prepandemic group (n = 102). Among abnormal cells, the percentages of cells with excess residual cytoplasm (P < 0.001), head defects (P < 0.001), and tail defects (P = 0.015) were significantly greater in the pandemic group than those in the prepandemic group. With the exception of morphology, the overall semenogram results were better in the pandemic group than those in the prepandemic group.

Introduction:Indian population have large number of cases with deranged thyroid profile and swelling. Clinically apparent thyroid swelling in general population is 4% to 5%. Excising all the thyroid lesions is impracticable. Thus, final-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) serves as the initial diagnostic test for the evaluation of thyroid swelling. The main purpose of FNAC is to differentiate the benign lesion from malignant ones, thereby reducing unnecessary surgeries. This study was conducted to establish a cytohistopathological correlation. Materials and Methods:FNAC of thyroid swellings was performed using 22G or 23G needle by aspiration or nonaspiration technique, preferable nonaspiration one. A proper correlation of the history, clinical presentation, thyroid profile, and cytopathology report was made, which helped us to make a proper diagnosis. All the cases that required surgery were planned for appropriate surgery and the resected specimen of thyroid was again sent to our department for histopathological examination. Result:FNAC was performed on 39 patients (4 males and 35 females). The age group of patients were in the range of 11 to 60 years with a mean age of 38.60 years. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and its variants were the most common in our study. Out of 39 surgeries performed, 19 (48.71%) specimens were found to be malignant. Among these 19 malignant cases, the highest number of malignancies were of PTC and its variants (14 cases). Statistical analysis showed sensitivity-90.91%, specificity-94.12%, positive predictive value-95.24%, negative predictive value-88.89%, and accuracy-92.31%. Discussion:FNAC being cost-effective, patient-friendly, quick result along with high sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy makes it an initial diagnostic tool for preoperative evaluation of patients with thyroid swelling.

Abstract Introduction Fidget spinners have gained explosive popularity. Polarizing anecdotal accounts of their effects have been given but very few studies have been conducted to assess their effect. Thus, this study was undertaken to observe the effect of using fidget spinners on various aspects of cognition. Methods We selected 30 healthy individuals and following the recording of baseline scores in various cognitive function tests, they took these tests before & after a particular intervention (i.e., using fidget spinners) daily for a total of 9 days over the course of three weeks, at the end of which, an end-assessment was done. A follow-up was conducted after a period of 3 weeks post-discontinuation of fidget spinners. Results Significant improvement was observed in digit symbol matching, picture pairs, multiple object tracking, and fast choice tests (p < 0.001). A sustained effect was observed when the follow-up scores were compared to baseline and end-assessment scores. Conclusion While there was little to no change in fluid intelligence and response speed, using fidget spinners resulted in sustained improvement in processing speed, visual episodic memory, working memory, visuospatial attention, and inhibitory control. Regular use of fidget spinners might improve various aspects of cognition and benefit countless individuals.

Objective:One of the most prevalent psychiatric conditions that affect a person's quality of life, ability to function and productivity, and consequently the loss of national income, are anxiety disorders. Rajyoga meditation (RM) is a form of meditation that is performed without rituals or mantras and can be practiced anywhere at any time. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the modulation of psycho-physiological parameters in panic disorder patients by a technique of short-term on RM.Methods:In this prospective randomized control study, 110 patients with panic disorder were randomized into two groups, Group A (standard treatment + RM) and Group B (Standard treatment). The participants of both group participants were subjected to sleep quality score, Physical Health Questionnaire-9 score, Panic Disorder Severity Scale (PDSS), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) questionnaires before starting the study (baseline) and at the end of the 8th week. Study groups were compared at baseline and at the end of 8 weeks.Results:We found that the PDSS/HAM-A was not statistically different among the study groups at baseline (P > 0.05); however, there was a statistically significant difference in mean z-scores of PDSS and post-HAM-A scores among the study groups at 8 weeks (P < 0.001). The composite score was created by adding the z-scores of pre- and post-PDSS and HAM-A. We found a statistically significant difference in postcomposite scores between the study groups (P < 0.001). Analysis of co-variance for PDSS and HAM-A among study groups showed statistical significance (P < 0.001).Conclusion:When used in conjunction with pharmaceutical treatments for the treatment of panic disorder, RM is a successful therapy. The key factors are adherence and motivation while being supervised by a licensed therapist.

This study focuses on the exploration of La/Sb co-doped SrSnO3 thin films as potential transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials.TCOs are materials that possess both high electrical conductivity and optical transparency, making them suitable for various optoelectronic applications [1][2][3].Traditional TCO materials based on binary oxides have been extensively studied, but recent research efforts have been directed towards perovskite-structured TCO materials due to their versatile structure and potential for enhancing the efficiency of perovskite solar cells.In this study, the electronic structure of La/Sb co-doped SrSnO3 thin films prepared using the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method was investigated.The La doping level is kept constant at 7% on the Sr site, while the Sb doping level varies from 0 to 3%.The resulting thin films exhibit high carrier mobility and optical transparency.To understand the changes in the conduction bandwidth and bandgap, the researchers employ X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and valence band spectroscopy (VBS) techniques.The XRD patterns confirm the orthorhombic-Pbnm structure of SrSnO3, and the absence of impurity peaks indicates successful incorporation of La and Sb dopants into the lattice [4][5].The XPS analysis reveals the presence of oxygen vacancies in the thin films, induced by both La and Sb doping.The oxygen vacancies contribute to the total electron concentration and are known to modify the properties of TCO materials.The Sn 3d spectra show the co-existence of Sn4+ and Sn2+ charge states, with Sb doping leading to an increase in Sn 2+ content.The reduction of Sn 4+ to Sn 2+ is necessary to maintain charge neutrality and is attributed to the extra electrons generated by dopants and oxygen vacancies [6].XANES spectra indicate a shift in the absorption edge with Sb doping, suggesting an increase in the conduction bandwidth and a decrease in the bandgap of the thin films.The combination of VBS and XAS spectra provides further insights into the electronic structure, showing an enhancement in O 2p-Sn 5s hybridization strength and a shift of the Fermi level towards the conduction band minimum (CBM) with Sb doping.The bandgap values obtained from VBS measurements support the reduction in bandgap with Sb doping.Overall, the La/Sb co-doped SrSnO3 thin films exhibit desirable properties for TCO applications, including high carrier mobility and optical transparency.The study highlights the potential of co-doping strategies to improve the physical properties of TCO materials.The results also emphasize the influence of dopant site and species on the properties of TCO thin films.The findings contribute to the understanding of bandgap tuning and the role of oxygen vacancies in TCO materials.Further research in this direction may lead to the development of more efficient and versatile TCO materials for specific applications in optoelectronics: