In this article, a 1-D periodic photonic crystals (PCs) cell structure composed of indium antimonide (InSb) and common dielectrics is proposed for the application of detection of temperature and magnetic fields with an absorption peak in the transmission band (APITB), and the sensing properties are also studied with the sensitivity (S) of 1.519 THz/T (detection range: 1-4.5 T) and 0.081 THz/K (detection range: 220-290 K) for the measurement of magnetic and temperature fields with coexistence of absorption and transmission. Based on the tunability of APITB, the general structure of PCs with InSb is designed by stacking different magnetic fields of cell structure giving rise to the realization of a transmission window in the absorption band (TWIAB) due to each joining configuration of APITB. Besides, TWIAB with different distributions in THz regime can be obtained by changing the magnetic fields. Moreover, through the analysis of its sensing performance, it can be concluded that the proposed splicing structure can achieve a wide range of magnetic field detection from 0.6 to 5.1 T in the THz regime with a sensitivity of 1.85296 THz/T. These calculated results can assist in the multiphysical quantity measurement of magnetic and temperature fields with a coexisting absorption-transmission conversion.

The tailored saturated-unsaturated defect modes are realized in the proposed graphene-based hyperbolic metamaterials in the mid-infrared and near-infrared bands by using the threshold light. In the case of saturated absorption, graphene is identified as a transparent and lossless medium. The effects of the incident angle, the number of periods, and the chemical potential of graphene are also taken into consideration. The computed results show that the greater saturated defect mode can be observed at a smaller incident angle and a larger period. The unsaturated defect mode cannot be affected by the incident angle while it can be controlled by the chemical potential. In addition, two novel threshold lights with angular memory (0.2 MW/cm(2) and 60 MW/cm(2)) producing bistable graphene absorption are analyzed by adopting nonlinear Kerr (NLK) materials. These results can be applied to nonlinear optical switches and logic devices.

By stacking ferrite-based elements (FBEs) with three kinds of magnetic fields, a tunable optical multifunctional device with wide-angle energy steering and magnetic information detection-coding is designed. For the transverse electric (TE) wave, the effective refractive index and properties of FBEs in a constant magnetic field are investigated theoretically. Based on this, we analyze the abilities of FBEs to control the energy of the electromagnetic (EM) wave in a gradient magnetic domain systematically. The computed results show that the ultrawideband absorption and the transmission window in the absorption band are realized within the incident angle of 0 60 degrees for the forward propagation. Reciprocal energy coexistence of absorption and transmission can be also available by expanding the applied magnetic field into the pairwise symmetric distribution. In addition, the transmission window is utilized to achieve magnetic intensity detection and the detection results (with or without absorption peak) are coded with logical values "0" and "1". Finally, a logic gate is formed in which continuous random magnetic information can be encoded. Those calculated results can apply for wide-angle reciprocal energy steering, multipurpose magnetic detection, and coding.

Due to the orderly design of the special anti-reflection structure and the absorption structure, the one-dimensional layered periodic structure has a good impedance matching in a certain frequency band and a large-angle range, providing for the realization of an angular selective absorber (ASA) with a high rectangle coefficient. For the sake of obtaining excellent absorptivity, the indium tin oxide (ITO) film is used, and it also acts as a function of tuning the absorption angle range (AAR) of the ASA by adjusting the plasma frequency. The proportional relationship between the thickness of the dielectric layers is also discussed to satisfy a good absorption function. At the same time, the ASA also possesses productive nonreciprocal performance (NP) and can also be controlled by the plasma frequency. The transfer matrix method is used for numerical simulation. Our special tunable ASA with the NP is relatively rare in previous studies, which can be applied to optical communications and military fields. Furthermore, we hope that the design we proposed can provide new possibilities for the development of the ASAs.

The direction-dependent dual-mechanism refractive index sensor composed of the forward strip graphene and backward composite photonic structure with black phosphorus (BP) is proposed. The linear correlation between the absorption by different mechanisms and the refractive index of the analyte can be realized for two incident directions. The simulated results show that the sensitivities of the forward incidence with the refractive index measurement ranges of 1.2 - 1.6 and 1.6 - 1.9 are 3.135 THz/RIU (refractive index unit) and 1.135 THz/RIU. The sensitivities of the backward incidence with refractive index detection zones 1.2 - 1.5 and 1.6 - 2.0 are 9.500 THz/RIU and 14.650 THz/RIU. In addition, the forward incidence owns more appropriate linearity while the backward incidence possesses better angular stability. These results can find applications in reconfigurable integrated photodetectors for refractive index sensing.

Simple periodic one-dimensional (1D) common photonic crystals (PCs) doped with InSb are proposed to research the Faraday rotation (FR) effect by applying a 4×4 transfer matrix method. Analysis indicates that the given 1D PCs can realize a giant FR angle. The influences of the properties of InSb (magnetic induction intensity, temperature, and the length of the InSb layer) and the repeat number of the structure on the FR are investigated due to the tunability of InSb and the features of the structure. Through calculation, it is found that, by adjusting these parameters, we can clearly observe the movement of the extreme values of the FR angle. In addition, the numerical results show that when the magnetic induction intensity and the repeat number of the structure are changed, the FR angle will be significantly altered at the fixed extreme frequency point. Specifically, if the temperature and the thickness of InSb layer are altered, the extreme value of the FR and the frequency point where it happens also will change. We believe these obtained results can provide ideas to design optical isolators and optical switches.

Hyperbolic metamaterials (HMs) stacked by black phosphorus (BP) and silver are proposed, whose permittivities of three orthogonal directions are theoretically investigated. Four structures are designed by the HMs, of which the quasi-periodic structure 4 with gradient thickness and the filter element is adopted. The simulated results show that the hyperbolic properties can be found in several distinct regions for the dielectric constant of BP. In the proposed structure 4, the absorption peaks of transverse electric (TE) wave and transverse magnetic (TM) wave can be observed at different incident angles and frequency positions during the forward transmission. The peak value of TM wave is larger than that of TE wave at a sharp angle, which is more suitable for realizing the sensors and its sensitivity is 1.49 THz·degree−1 in the linear range. For the backward transmission, the entire structure is presented with the photonic band gap in the incident angle range of 0°–70° and in the frequency range of 630–740 THz, which can be called the omnidirectional band gap. Thus, the phenomenon of the nonreciprocal transmission of electromagnetic waves along two directions can be obtained. The cross stacking of the x- and y-directions of the dielectric constant of BP and the x- and y-axes of the coordinate axis is also considered. There is little difference with the above results, only the sensitivity of the sensor is enhanced slightly. The calculated results can apply for realizing the nonreciprocal absorbers, sensor, and an omnidirectional reflector.

In this paper, a novel kind of one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystals (PCs) using two-dimensional (2-D) hyperbolic material black phosphorus (BP) is proposed, to generate a huge lateral shift which is also known as Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift. The reflected features of such 1-D PCs are mainly ascribed to the thickness ratio of the layer of Au and BP, and the carrier density, due to the characteristics of the permittivities of BP layers and alternating Au-BP layers. In our simulation, the proposed PCs not only can create giant negative and positive GH shifts but also can generate a few adjustable changes under the influences of thickness ratio and carrier density. The simulated results show that the normalized negative one can reach about 253 times of the wavelength, the positive shift can be up to about 279 times. Such 1-D PCs using 2-D hyperbolic material might provide us a new theoretical possibility to produce giant GH shifts.

In this paper, to realize the tailored Spin Hall effect of light (SHEL) which can be controlled by the temperature, the external magnetic field, and the distribution of the external magnetic field, respectively, and further enhance the horizontal and vertical displacements, an engineering structure is designed which is composed of glass, InSb, and air layers. We firstly manipulate the temperature of the InSb layer every 10 K from 160 to 200 K, the horizontal displacement first becomes larger and reaches its maximum at 180 K, which is about 150 μm, and then it becomes smaller when the temperature is larger than 180 K. Then, the value of the external magnetic field has been changed every 0.2 T from 1 to 1.8 T, and the horizontal displacement reaches the maximum at 1.2 T, which is about 648 μm. The thickness of the InSb layer has also been altered every 5 μm from 10 to 30 μm, and the horizontal displacement reaches the maximum at d = 15 μm, which is about 150 μm. Finally, the effects of the distributions of the external magnetic field on the SHEL have been investigated, two other different magnetic field distributions are adopted. One is B = 1 + 1000d (T), and another is B = 1 + ed (T). The results demonstrate that the horizontal and vertical displacements can be tuned obviously. Based on the above analyses, we figure out that the structure can adjust and enhance significantly the behavior of SHEL, and those obtained results are of great help to develop practical application integrated circuit devices in spin-based nano-photons.

In this paper, a periodic superconducting structure (PSS) with a multiwindow spin Hall effect (SHE) is proposed. Through using the multipeak and angle-sensitive characteristics of the evanescent wave, transmission defects at different angles are achieved for p waves and s waves. Based on this, the multiwindow SHE can be obtained by controlling the number of transmission peaks. Both the horizontal and vertical components possess a considerable displacement. The number of the window is inversely proportional to the value of displacement. The effects of temperature and ordinary dielectric on the two displacements are also discussed. The calculated results show that the temperature has little impact. While the refractive index of ordinary dielectric increases from 1.924 to 2.124, the positions of the two displacements quickly grow from 0° to 80°. Besides, a linear range can be found, and the optimal sensitivity can reach over 253.9 ∘ ⋅ R I U − 1 , which is suitable for detecting tiny changes in the refractive index. Our investigation provides theoretical guidance for obtaining the multiwindow SHE and a refractive index sensor with high precision.

In this paper, by introducing a variety of the new semiconductor material InSb, the broadband zero-phase delay has been realized, which is based on one-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs). It has been found that the tunable effects of the zero-phase delay can be obtained in the zero-effective-phase gap (denoted as zero- φ e f f gap). Under these circumstances, the phases of the TE and TM waves switch smoothly across the stop band in the PCs and the difference between the phase shift of both polarized waves could remain constant inside the band. The results reveal that when satisfying the condition of zero-averaged (volume) refractive index (zero- n ¯ ), zero- φ e f f delay within the gap 10.06–11.85 THz can be switched precisely by the magnetic influx density 2–4 T. Meanwhile, the temperature of 220–290 K and the incident angle of 0° to 90° can manipulate the bandwidth of zero- φ e f f delay about 180° precisely in the 10.02–11.9 THz regime. In addition, we think the zero- φ e f f gap can be applied in manufacturing tailored broadband phase retarders or wave plates.

Using the transfer matrix method, the absorption, reflection, and nonreciprocity of the cylindrical photonic crystals (CPCs) consisting of graphene and two layers of ordinary medium cascaded by a periodic sequence and a Rudin–Shapiro quasiperiodic sequence are investigated under a large incidence angle of electromagnetic wave. By comparing the cascade of two periodic structures and the case of a single periodic structure, it is concluded that the structure proposed in this paper has better nonreciprocal phenomena and wider relative absorption bandwidth at a large incidence angle, reaching 162.2%, which is also much higher than the general planar photonic crystals. The absorption performance of this structure in TE and TM modes is compared at different angles and it is found that TM mode has a wider absorption bandwidth and has an ideal bandwidth in a large range of incident angle from 20° to 80°. Meanwhile, the optimum parameters of chemical potential and medium thickness are discussed, which can meet the requirements of large absorption bandwidth and significant nonreciprocity at a large incident angle. The CPCs embedded in graphene adopted in this paper are structures that have never been studied before. The electrical conductivity of graphene can be adjusted by the chemical potential, which can more conveniently realize many optical phenomena and provide reference and application values for optical sensing, optical filtering, and optical detection.

In this paper, the reflection characteristics of one-dimensional (1D) magnetized plasma photonic crystals (MPPCs) are studied by using the transfer matrix method. The given structure is made up of binary photonic crystals whose unit only contains two plasma layers with different plasma frequencies and a dielectric material layer at the end. The phenomenon of Fano resonance can be realized by such a simple periodic asymmetric structure. By applying the external applied magnetic field, the properties and transmission metrics of the presented MPPCs can be achieved. The numerical results reveal that two narrow and asymmetric linear reflection peaks will appear, and a phenomenon of Fano resonance can be observed. The influences of refractive index, period constant, incident angle, and magnetized plasma parameters on the obtained Fano resonance also are investigated. The analyzed results demonstrate that the tailored Fano resonance can appear in the proposed 1D MPPCs, and the above parameters can affect its features. The stated 1D MPPCs can be used in the sensors, slow light optical devices, and so on.

In this paper, one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystals (PCs) based on InSb and nonlinear materials are studied using the transmission matrix method. It is found that in the terahertz band, due to the magneto-optical characteristics of InSb, when the incident light propagates through such 1D PCs in two different directions (forward and backward propagation), an asymmetric optical bistable state can be obtained. Propagating from the forward direction, the bistable state is achieved. Spreading from the backward direction, the multistable state can be observed. Compared with the bistable threshold value for the case of forward incidence, the similar value that appeared in the multistable curve is significantly reduced. The polarization-sensitive features of the asymmetric optical bistability of the presented 1D PCs are also investigated under TM waves, which focuses on the tuning effects of incident angle, external magnetic field, temperature, and the thicknesses of the InSb and nonlinear dielectric layers on the asymmetric optical bistability. The results show that when the incident light enters from two different directions, the tailoring effects of the incident angle and thickness of the InSb layer on the bistable state are obviously different, but the tuning influences of the magnetic field, temperature, and the thickness of the nonlinear material layer on the bistable state are similar. The asymmetric optical bistability we made in this paper can be applied to multifunctional devices and nonreciprocal optical isolators.

In this article, a simple periodic 1-D magnetized plasma photonic crystal (PPC) is proposed. The effects of plasma frequency and plasma cyclotron frequency on the absorption of such magnetized PPCs are investigated theoretically by the transfer matrix method. The simulated results show that, for the TM wave, a tunable absorption window in the transmission region (AWTR) can be achieved when the incident angle is 82°, and the absorption peak of AWTR shifts to the higher frequencies when the plasma frequency and plasma cyclotron frequency are increased. On this basis, a multistack structure is designed by splicing periodic PPC structures with different plasma cyclotron frequencies. The calculated results indicate that an ultrawideband absorption band can be achieved for the stacked structure, and the broadband transmission window in the absorption region (TWAR) can be obtained by changing the distribution of plasma cyclotron frequency. Besides, the ultrawideband absorption and TWAR can be realized in different frequency bands after optimization parameters. Those simulated results can provide ideas for designing the angle-dependent polarized splitters, tunable ultrawideband absorbers, radomes, or switchable absorption-transmission window signal modulators.

In this paper, the hyperbolic metamaterials (HMs) based on the one-dimensional (1D) plasma photonic crystals is proposed, whose dielectric constant and group index can be obtained through the effective medium theory. By adopting an improved Thue-Morse sequence structure and using the transfer matrix method, the tunable single-frequency reflection in absorption (SFRA) with angle stability is achieved. The effects of incident angle, filling rate, and plasma collision frequency on the refractive index of HM and the SFRA are also analyzed respectively. The simulated results show that the incident angle makes no difference in the frequency position of the SFRA. However, a larger filling rate means that SFRA will move quickly to the lower frequencies, and the greater plasma collision frequency indicates that SFRA will appear in the higher frequencies. The better performance of SFRA can be realized in the cases of a smaller filling rate, plasma collision frequency, and(less than 60 degrees). When the incident angle is about 60 degrees, a perfect single-frequency reflection in the absorption region can be found for the transverse magnetic wave. These computed results can provide ideas for designing the new angle stability anti-dispersion waveguide structures, single-frequency filter with reflection, and absorber.

In this paper, the graphene hyperbolic metamaterial (GHMM) and one-dimensional (1D) superconductor (YBa2Cu3O7-x) photonic crystals are combined to observe the Goos Hänchen (GH) shift by studying the lateral shift under the TE wave in the terahertz (THz) regime. GHMM consists of a monolayer of graphene and a layer of conventional dielectric. It indicates that the proposed 1D dielectric structure can produce a larger GH shift. The movements of the GH shifts can be observed through tailoring the dielectric length and three parameters of graphene which are chemical potential, phenomenon scattering rate, and temperature, respectively. Moreover, the relationship between the GH shift and the real part of nG for the GHMM (RnG) also is studied. We find that altering the above four parameters to produce the larger GH shifts is mainly concentrated in the frequency range of 30-50 THz and 70- 90 THz, and the larger RnG can lead to the more obvious GH shift.

In this paper, a novel one-dimensional superconducting photonic crystal exploiting the Thue–Morse arrangement is theoretically investigated by the transfer matrix method. Two transmission states are switched in utilization of ambient temperature in the case of the same structure in the terahertz regime: one is the omnidirectional photonic bandgap (OBG) characteristics in low-temperature zones (about 10 K), and the other is wide-angle broadband absorption characteristics in high-temperature zones (about 90 K). Due to the modulation of temperature-dependent superconducting complex permittivity, the proposed structure can induce the OBG and broadband absorption at different temperatures. From the numerical results, the OBG can be notably tuned by manipulating the structural parameter of high refractive index dielectric. The effects of superconducting thickness on the switchable function regions are also considered. The proposed structure can possess both environment stable zero- n ¯ OBG at 10 K and preeminent broadband absorption in the TM polarization at 90 K, which offers theoretical guidance to the design of temperature switchable function selectors.

A tunable multifunctional modulator of the stacked graphene-based hyperbolic metamaterial (HM) cells is proposed. The dielectric constant and group index of HM are theoretically investigated. The calculated results show that, for the cell structure, a transmission window in the reflection zone (TWRZ) can be obtained at the normal incidence, but all reflections are converted to the transmission when the incident angle is near 82°. Concurrently, a single frequency absorption in the transmission zone (SFATZ) is realized, which can be adjusted by the chemical potential of graphene. For the whole structure composed of cell structures with different chemical potentials, the ultra-wideband absorption and transmission window in the absorption zone (TWAZ) can be achieved, which can work in different frequency bands if the given structural parameters can be tailored. Those computed results can apply for switchable frequency-dependent and angle-dependent reflection-transmission modulations, single frequency and ultra-wideband absorbers, and a logic switch based on the TWAZ.