Objective:To probe the causes of shortness of breath and chest distress in children and provide basis for diagnosis and treatment of the disease.Methods: A total of 224 children with shortness of breath and chest distress treated in our hospital from January 2011 to December 2014 were selected and they were divided into&nbsp;infection group and non-infection group.The results of serum test, pathogenesis, electrocardiogram ( ECG ) , echocardiogram and chest CT were analyzed.Results:Mycoplasma pneumonia infection( MPI) was most commonly found in infection group and might cause light mitral valve regurgitation.Streptococcus infection resulted in chest distress and shortness of breath.Allergen positive rates of air and food were lower(98/183)in infection group than those(31/41) in non-infection group, showing significant difference(P <0.05).ECG showed 33 cases with premature beat and echocardiogram showed light mitral/tricuspid valve regurgitation in 96 cases.Conclusion:MPI is the most common infection in infection group and causes high incidence of myocardial damage.We should pay attention to streptococcus infection, which is the one cause of chest distress and shortness of breath in children. Mental factor can also contribute to the occurrence of chest distress and shortness of breath in older children.

Objective To find time point of the irreversible kidney injury by observing renal pathological appearance and podocytes phenotype after complete ureteral obstruction. Methods The animal model of complete unilateral ureteral obstruction was constructed in 2-weekold and 2-month-old rats respectively. HE staining was employed to evaluate the degree of pathological changes,and immunofluorescence double staining to observe the transitional progression of podocyte. Results Grossly,there appeared pyelectasis at 2 h after obstruction and thinner renal cortex after 3 days of obstruction. Histologically,proximal tube display dilated and hydropic degeneration of tubular epithelial cells was observed after 12-day obstruction. The tubular epithelium showed distorted swelling after 3-day obstruction. Immunofluorescence double staining showed that podocytes decreased and the double-labeled macrophages was increased during 1 d to 2 d after unilateral ureteral obstruction operation. Conclusion Compared with control groups,the unilateral ureteral obstruction groups shows podocyte-to-macrophage transition at 1 d after the operation,while the pelvis shows obviously dilated. From the 1st day to the 7th day after unilateral ureteral obstruction,it shows increasing tendency of the podocytes transition.

Objective To assess the migration of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) transfected bone marrow mesenchyrnal stem cells (MSCS) in murine kidney with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO).Methods Bone marrow derived.MSCS from male rats were transfected in vitro with AdHGF.The expression of HGF was measured with ELlSA assay.Sixteen female rats with UUO were randomly divided into two groups:HGF transfected MSCs tansplantation group and control group (saline injection).Kidney tissue of the rats were collected at the end of the 7th day and 14th day postoperatively.The distribution of Y chromosome in the kidney was determined by in situ hybridization.Results Y chromosome positive cells were found only in the obstructed kidneys in the transplantation group.The Y-chromosome positive cells were mainly distributed in the tubular cells.Conclusions MSCs transfected with HGF can immigrate to the rat's kidney with UUO, and are mainly distributed in the region of renal tubular epithelial cells.

目的 了解胎儿肾积水的演变规律及生后治疗情况.方法 采用超声常规检查胎儿188例(2000年6月～2001年6月),按胎龄长短,测量其肾脏大小及肾盂腔前后径,获得正常值作对照,对2001年1月～2006年6月产前诊断胎儿肾积水患儿共414例,按胎儿肾积水诊断标准进行分型,生后来诊进行随访.结果 Ⅰ型286例,Ⅱ型82例,Ⅲ型46例.生后1～12个月来诊检查,患儿外表无异常,手术治疗者除超声检查外,还进行IVP、CT及ECT等检查.Ⅰ型患儿来诊197例(68.9%),36例仍见肾盂腔扩大,但不超过1 cm,其他肾积水已消失,不需处理;Ⅱ型患儿来诊59例(72.0%),6例手术,余者积水未见扩大,随访至1岁时,又有24例积水消失;Ⅲ型患儿38例来诊(82.6%),19例生后6个月内手术.术后随访2个月～3年,近期效果满意.其他患儿仍在观察中.结论 本研究建立的胎儿肾积水的诊断标准,对判定肾积水的预后有重要参考价值,多数胎儿肾积水生后其肾盂大小与正常儿相同,仅少数患儿需要在新生儿期治疗.多数患儿术后效果比较满意,故胎儿肾积水不是绝对终止妊娠的指征。