Spin-orbit torque (SOT) enables efficient current-driven control of magnetization, offering a promising pathway toward low-power spintronic devices. However, the origin and propagation of both damping-like (DL) and field-like (FL) SOTs in complex multilayers remain unclear. Here, we investigate NiFe thickness-dependent SOT efficiencies in Ta/Pt/Co/Cu/NiFe/Cu/Capping multilayers (x = 15 nm; Capping = Pt, Al, and SiO2). By employing a spin rotation geometry, the perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Co/Cu stacks serve as a spin source introducing unconventional spin polarization orthogonal to the Oersted field, eliminating its contribution and enabling unambiguous separation of SOTs using planar Hall and polar MOKE measurements. To distinguish bulk and interfacial contributions, we introduce a sample-area-normalized moment m = mNiFe/S, accounting for thickness-dependent magnetization and eliminating uncertainties arising from nominal thickness scaling and magnetic dead layers. We find that DL-SOT follows nearly linear 1/m scaling, consistent with rapid spin absorption at the Cu/NiFe interface but exhibits finite beta_SOT when 1/m approaches zero in both Pt- and Al-capped samples, indicating additional interfacial spin-current contributions at Cu/Pt and Cu/Al interfaces. In contrast, SiO2-capped samples show negligible interfacial contributions. Furthermore, FL-SOT deviates markedly from 1/m scaling and exhibits a significantly longer spin dephasing length (about 1.7 nm) compared to DL-SOT, implying extended propagation across NiFe. Comparative capping-layer studies further corroborate this behavior through interface-dependent spin transport. Our findings clarify the origin and distinct propagation characteristics of DL and FL torques, providing guidelines for engineering interfacial spin-orbit functionalities in ultrathin metallic heterostructures.

Conventional probabilistic Ising machines often suffer from inefficient exploration of configuration space, while replica-based quantum Monte Carlo methods reduce sampling bottlenecks at the cost of large hardware overhead. Here we propose a time-dimensional exchange coupling (TEC) that replaces spatial replica coupling with a temporal exchange interaction between successive spin configurations of a single p-bit network. This TEC improves sampling efficiency without duplicating replica hardware. At low temperatures, antiferromagnetic TEC expands sampling range; at high temperatures, ferromagnetic TEC stabilizes the optimal state. For MaxCut problems with up to 2000 vertices, TEC significantly accelerates convergence speed. SPICE simulations confirm hardware feasibility. TEC offers a scalable, hardware-efficient strategy to enhance combinatorial optimization on existing Ising machines.

The spin-orbit torque (SOT) is widely recognized as the primary mechanism for current-driven magnetization switching in nonmagnetic/ferromagnetic bilayers. In this work, we show that, in the presence of interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (iDMI), the Zhang-Li torque, a current-induced spin-transfer torque (STT) acting on nonuniform magnetization at the device boundary, can trigger switching behaviors strikingly similar to those of SOT, including field-assisted deterministic reversal and switching polarity control. These results suggest that the Zhang-Li torque may act as a significant complementary mechanism to SOT. This work provides a broader perspective on the switching physics in heavy metal/ferromagnet (HM/FM) structures and offers practical guidance for the design of SOT-MRAM devices.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts neural signaling transmission, resulting in permanent motor and sensory dysfunction. Neural stem cell (NSC) therapy emerges as a promising strategy for SCI repair and functional reconstruction due to its multidirectional differentiation capacity. However, the injured microenvironment severely restricts the therapeutic potential of transplanted NSCs, manifesting as insufficient proliferation, limited neuronal differentiation, and impaired migration toward the lesion core, thereby largely compromising the overall therapeutic outcomes. Here, a flexible and biodegradable PLLA/Fe3O4@PDA nanofiber membrane with dual magnetoelectric (ME) and photothermal (PT) responsiveness was rationally designed and fabricated. The membrane possesses a three-dimensional micro-nano structure that mimics the extracellular matrix, providing a favorable physical microenvironment for NSC growth. The magnetostrictive effect of Fe3O4 synergizes with the intrinsic piezoelectric property of PLLA to realize controllable ME stimulation. Meanwhile, the incorporated PLLA/Fe3O4@PDA enables the membrane with high-efficiency near-infrared PT stimulation. In vitro results verified that the nanofiber membrane remarkably facilitates the proliferation, migration and neural differentiation of NSCs under ME or PT stimulation. This degradable multifunctional responsive membrane offers an innovative and promising strategy to advance NSC-based therapeutic approaches for SCI repair.

Spin-orbit torque (SOT) enables efficient current-driven control of magnetization, offering a promising pathway toward low-power spintronic devices. However, the origin of both damping-like (DL) and field-like (FL) SOTs and associated spin transport in complex multilayers remain unclear. Here, we investigated the dependence of SOT efficiencies on NiFe thickness within Ta/Pt/Co/Cu/xNiFe/Cu/Capping multilayers (x = 1-5 nm; Capping = Pt, Al, and SiO2). By employing a spin rotation geometry, the perpendicularly magnetized Pt/Co/Cu stacks serve as a spin source introducing an unconventional spin polarization orthogonal to the Oersted field, eliminating its contribution and enabling unambiguous extraction of SOTs using planar Hall and polar magneto-optic Kerr effect measurements. To distinguish bulk and interfacial contributions, we introduce a sample-area-normalized moment m = m(NiFe)/ S, accounting for thickness-dependent magnetization and eliminating uncertainties arising from nominal thickness scaling and magnetic dead layers. We find that DL-SOT follows nearly linear 1/m scaling, consistent with rapid spin absorption at the Cu/NiFe interface but exhibits finite beta(SOT) when 1/m approaches zero in both Pt- and Al-capped samples, indicating additional interfacial spin-current contributions at Cu/Pt and Cu/Al interfaces. In contrast, SiO2-capped samples show negligible interfacial contributions. Furthermore, FL-SOT deviates markedly from 1/m scaling, indicating a significantly longer spin dephasing length (similar to 1.7 nm) and thus more extended propagation of the spin currents responsible for FL-SOT in NiFe than for DL-SOT. Comparative capping-layer studies further corroborate this behavior through interface-dependent spin transport. Our findings clarify the origin of DL and FL torques and spin-transport processes, providing guidelines for engineering interfacial spin-orbit functionalities in ultrathin metallic heterostructures.

Strengthening magnetoacoustic coupling is crucial to the improvement of surface acoustic wave (SAW)-driven spintronics devices. A key challenge in enhancing magnetoacoustic coupling is minimizing the phonon dissipation of the SAW device, which usually requires complicated SAW engineering. This paper presents the observation of an order-of-magnitude enhancement of the magnetoacoustic coupling within a Co/Cu/Ni-Fe multilayer structure deposited on a LiNbO3 piezoelectric substrate. This enhancement is driven by spin current transmission, facilitated by the nonparallel alignment of magnetizations between the Co layer and the Ni-Fe layer. This work provides a versatile platform for advancing magnetoacoustic coupling devices based on the principle of spin current, which exhibits potential for next-generation on-chip SAW spintronics devices.

A multi-gradient surface integrating wetting gradient and geometry gradient was successfully prepared on Ti6Al4V surface via anodic oxidation, vapor deposition and UV exposure treatments. Self-driving vertical upward motion of droplet was achieved on this multi-gradient surface under the synergistic effect of the wetting gradient force (FW), the wetting different force (FWD), and the Laplace pressure force (FL). The initial velocity and moving distance of droplet on the vertical multi-gradient surface were up to 22 mm/s and 14.5 mm. The spontaneous motion process of droplet can be divided into two stages. The velocities in stage 1 were much larger than those in stage 2 due to the strong driving forces and the weak pinning effect at the tip of the wedge-shaped pattern. As the tilt angle increased, the movement distance and velocity decreased, owing to the growing gravitational resistance on inclined surface.

In a heavy metal/ferromagnet/heavy metal multilayer with inversion symmetry, the total interlayer Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (iDMI) is expected to be absent while the local iDMI constants for the top and bottom FM atomic layers can still be nonzero. This study investigates the influence of local iDMI on spin waves in this structure, in which the FM medium consists of two atomic layers with opposite local iDMI at the bottom HM/FM interface and the top FM/HM interface. Theoretical analysis and simulations are conducted to examine the spin-wave dynamics and propagation in the symmetrical sandwich structure. The results show that the local iDMI decreases the characteristic frequency of spin waves, indicating a regulation of spin wave propagation by iDMI and shows the asymmetry of spin-wave propagation between the two FM atomic layers due to iDMI. This work paves the way for deep exploration of spin waves in such structures and offers valuable insights for subtle magnetic interactions in other symmetrical multilayers.

We predict high-velocity magnetic domain wall (DW) motion driven by out-of-plane acoustic spin in surface acoustic waves (SAWs). We demonstrate that the SAW propagating at a 30-degree angle relative to the x-axis of a 128 degree Y-LiNbO3 substrate exhibits uniform spin angular momentum, which induces the DW motion at a velocity exceeding 50 m/s, significantly faster than previous DW motions at about 1 m/s velocity driven by conventional SAWs. This remarkable phenomenon highlights the potential of acoustic spin in enabling rapid DW displacement, offering an innovative approach to developing energy-efficient spintronic devices.

We predict high-velocity magnetic domain wall(DW)motion driven by out-of-plane acoustic spin in surface acoustic waves(SAWs).We demonstrate that the SAW propagating at a 30-degree angle relative to the x-axis of a 128° Y-LiNbO3 substrate exhibits uniform out-of-plane spin angular momentum.This acoustic spin triggers the DW motion at a velocity exceeding 50m/s in a way that is similar to the spin-transfer-torque effect.This phenomenon highlights the potential of acoustic spin in enabling rapid DW displacement,offering an innovative approach to developing energy-efficient spintronic devices.

We report an unconventional twofold-symmetric magnetoelastic coupling in Ni films, mediated by Rayleigh surface acoustic waves (SAWs). This unique magnetoelastic symmetry originates from a dominant vertical shear strain ϵ_{yz}, which becomes prominent due to the low effective elastic modulus of Ni film. As the film thickness increases, ϵ_{yz} surpasses the conventional Rayleigh SAW strain ϵ_{xx}, a consequence originated from the elastic modulus mismatch at the film-substrate interface. This finding highlights the dominance of ϵ_{yz} in soft thin film under SAW excitation, offering a new platform to excite strong nonreciprocal and topological magnon-phonon hybridization.

We develop a local-heating scheme by drawing inspiration from spike-frequency adaptation (SFA) in neuroscience, which naturally fits the present probabilistic computing architecture. The SFA-based approach introduces negative feedback to the individual probabilistic bits (p-bits), effectively lowering the energy gradient in the Ising model and facilitating the system's escape from local minima in complex energy landscapes. Using integer factorization of semiprime numbers ranging from 16 to 30 bits as a case study, we demonstrate that the SFA algorithm significantly enhances computational efficiency, with an acceleration that exceeds linear scaling with the bit number. We further illustrate the practicality of our SFA algorithm through circuit simulations using stochastic magnetic tunnel junction-based p-bits. This approach not only accelerates integer factorization but also holds promise for addressing other largescale combinatorial optimization problems, thereby expanding the potential applications of probabilistic computing.

Magnetoacoustic coupling, the interaction between magnetic and acoustic waves, plays a crucial role in advanced spintronics and acoustics technologies. This study explores the high-frequency dynamics excited by variable-velocity skyrmion motion driven by standing shear horizontal acoustic waves. We demonstrate the generation of chirp-like signals, indicating continuous frequency modulation of excited magnetization oscillation. The tunable frequency characteristics can be optimized when the acceleration of skymion reaches its maximum value through wave parameters such as wavelength and amplitude. This work advances the understanding of acoustic-wave-driven skyrmion manipulation and its implications for future spintronic applications.

Strengthening magnetoacoustic coupling is crucial to the improvement of the surface acoustic wave (SAW)-driven spintronics devices. A key challenge in enhancing magnetoacoustic coupling is minimizing the phonon and magnon dissipation of the device, which usually requires complicated techniques for generating shear-horizontal (SH) or standing waves to suppress the phonon dissipation. In this work, we significantly strengthened the magnetoacoustic coupling by suppressing the magnon dissipation via the SAW-induced spin-transfer-torque (STT) in Co/Cu/NiFe multilayer, which is facilitated by the non-parallel magnetization alignment between the two ferromagnetic layers. Also, this STT exhibits the form of Zhang-Li torque due to the SAW-induced spin wave, which gives rise to the unique nonreciprocal SAW transportation under external magnetic field. This finding opens new avenues for non-reciprocally boosting magnetoacoustic coupling, which pays the way for developing on-chip SAW-driven multifunctional devices.

The utilization of surface acoustic waves (SAWs) in manipulating material magnetism leverages the magnetoacoustic coupling effect, offering distinct advantages such as high efficiency, low power consumption, and extended transmission ranges. This study examines the influence of SAWs on the magnetic properties of CoxTb1-x ferrimagnetic (FiM) films. The results demonstrate that both the mismatch between SAW frequency and FiM resonance frequency at the angular momentum and the inhibited SAW absorption at the magnetic moment compensation points play important roles in modulating the coercivity of CoxTb1-x. These findings underscore the potential of SAW modulation in CoxTb1-x to advance low-power spintronic devices, particularly for applications in magnetic storage and logic operations.

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have received considerable attention in recent years because of their intriguing chemical and physical properties. However, conventional synthesis methods, including chemical vapor deposition and wet-chemical synthesis, still face many challenges in mass production. Here, we develop a dynamic salt capsulation method to massively prepare TMDs (MoS2, 2 , WS2) 2 ) at atmospheric pressure in air with a high yield of over 95%. With the help of binary salts (KCl, KBr), TMDs can be easily obtained for a short reaction time of 1 h at a relatively low temperature (400 degrees C). degrees C). The as-synthesized MoS2 2 powders show flower-like nanospheres, which exhibit a desired catalytic performance in hydrogen evolution reactions and good electrochemical performance as anode materials in lithium-ion batteries. This work provides a simple method to synthesize high-quality and large quantities of TMDs with low cost and time consumption, which has a great potential to integrate into industrial production.

Zirconium carbide (ZrC) ceramics are promising candidates for high-temperature structural components and nuclear reactors. However, their poor sinterability has limited widespread application. This study explored the sintering and densification of ZrC-based ceramics with graphite or B4C additive using ultrafast high-temperature sintering (UHS). A nearly fully dense ZrC ceramic (> 98%) could be obtained by adding 2.5wt% B4C additive via ultrafast high-temperature sintering at 2300 °C within 3min. Additionally, the results revealed that adding graphite into ZrC was beneficial to reduce the grain size but detrimental to densification. Compared to ZrC ceramics sintered using conventional pressureless sintering (PLS) at 2400 °C for 60min, ZrC-based ceramics with 2.5wt% B4C sintered via UHS at 2400 °C for 30s exhibited higher relative densities, smaller grain sizes, and greater Vickers hardness due to faster heating rates and shorter sintering processes.

Magnetic skyrmioniums—with a composite structure comprising two skyrmions with opposite topological charges, exhibit unique dynamic behaviors that are crucial for technological advancements and have application potential for high-density and nonvolatile memory. This study explores the impact of periodic perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and damping gradients on skyrmioniums. Utilizing the object oriented micromagnetic framework for detailed simulations, the effective control and enhancement of the skyrmionium stability and mobility through the periodic modulation of PMA and damping gradients is demonstrated. The results demonstrate the dynamic behavior and stability control of skyrmioniums in periodic PMA/damping gradient nanowires. Moreover, the critical influence of the periodic gradient on the skyrmionium motion and stability is highlighted. The results present new avenues for developing advanced memory technologies, leveraging skyrmionium's unique nonlinear behaviors to improve the device performance and reliability.

The ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) driven by surface acoustic wave (SAW) has advantages in magnetic sensors due to its high sensitivity and wireless characteristics. However, the magnetic field remains limited to a small range due to the narrow field range for FMR at a fixed resonance frequency. This paper demonstrates that introducing of a small uniaxial anisotropy field (3 mT) in a Ni film can produce a wide dynamic range with high sensitivity along different magnetic field directions. This effectively widens the field range without sacrificing sensitivity, paving the path for developing the SAW magnetic sensor with both a high sensitivity and wide dynamic range.