As the last line of defense for marine safety, Port State Control (PSC) plays an important role in improving marine safety and protecting the marine environment. In order to ensure the consistency and effectiveness of the inspection, this study uses a Bayesian Network to construct PSC examines evolutionary analysis models. Based on the data of PSC inspection in Paris MOU from 2018 to 2021, conduct research on the existing main ship types. The results show that for most ship types, the existing PSC inspection methods can guarantee the standardization of inspection, even in the face of public health emergencies; however, there are also cases of excessive attention to specific defects. Meanwhile, the sensitivity study of the model also found a significant correlation between RO performance, Inspection type and ship detention. The similar approach is also applicable to the evolution analysis of other MoU regions. In addition, the results have reference value for strengthening ship supervision and ensuring ship safety.

Port State Control (PSC) can effectively improve crew and ship safety, reduce the probability of maritime accidents, and prevent marine environment from being polluted, playing a key role in the international shipping market. In order to effectively identify the degree of influence of various defects on the main types of ships in PSC inspection, a risk assessment matrix is constructed in this paper to determine the risk level of each detention defect. In addition, considering the association between various detention defects, this paper uses the CARMA algorithm to mine the association rules between various detention defects, so as to identify the defects that cause a higher risk of ship detention. The results show that for the existing six main ship types, Fire safety, Safety of Navigation, Life saving appliances and ISM have higher risks of ship detention and the risk of a ship being detained by a defect varies for different types of ships. In addition, corresponding recommendations are provided for port state control officer (PSCO) and ship managers to ensure ship safety based on the risk of deficiencies. This paper has reference value for shipping companies to effectively manage ships and improve the efficiency of port state inspection.

The selection of foreign-registered ships upon entering ports poses challenges to maritime authorities in ensuring the effectiveness of the port state control (PSC) inspection. The derived data from the ships' arrival notification system has been utilised in this study to identify the preferred vessel type for inspection. A combination of the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) model and Entropy Weight Method (EWM) has been applied to discern the various types of ships that entered five selected ports in Malaysia and disclose the propensity of each vessel type. Based on 100,623 ship arrival records obtained for a period of five years (2015–2019), the types of ships were identified, analysed, scored, and graded. The result shows that the oil tanker has the highest value of grey relational grade for Bintulu port while the passenger ship is in the pole position for Penang port. Kuching port and Port Kelang share the container type as the first in the ranking, whereas Lahad Datu posted the oil tanker. Other results include the sequence of types at individual ports for providing useful information to help policymakers in establishing an effective inspection design. A similar approach is applicable in PSC inspection records for further analysis.

The principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibilities and respective capabilities (CBDR) enshrined in the legal framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is generally accepted as one of guiding principles in regulating the international standards and rules related to the climate change. The CBDR principle recognizes that each country should take responsibilities but developed countries should bear primary responsibilities as they have contributed to the largest proportion of historical and current Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, international maritime treaty instruments established by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) are observed by the principle of non-discrimination and equal treatment and No More Favourable Treatment (NMFT) to all ships irrespective of their flag. Developed countries uphold that regulations on limiting GHG emissions from international shipping shall be applicable to all ships of all countries in accordance with the NMFT principle, whereas developing countries insist that the CBDR principle shall be applied and only developed countries shall implement and enforce those regulations. Conflicting views of two principles between developed and developing countries have run through during the whole legislation process and has impeded the legislation efficiency and consensus. It is conceivable that the conflicts between two principles will last in the future if no new reconciliation is adopted. This article reviews the interpretation of the CBDR principle in the UNFCCC framework, analyzes the importance of applying the CBDR principle in international shipping regulations, identifies the current gap of applying the CBDR principle and proposes solutions to reconciling two principles.

Port State Control (PSC) inspection data is used for determining the inspection pattern of PSC in Malaysia and identifying the relationship between the inspection place, flag state, number of deficiency, detention result, and ship risk profile. Based on 8,089 inspection reports from 2015 to 2019, the mining association rule is proposed as a learning approach due to its determination pattern in the information bank. The learning of association rules of PSC inspections is performed primarily on the Apriori Algorithm, in order to produce alluring rules. Inspection patterns of Malaysian ports revealed that flag state, ship risk profile, and inspection place generally lead to no detention result, as well as zero deficiency recorded on-board. The reported quantity of detention was significantly related to the high number of deficiencies raised for ships registered under blacklisted countries. Furthermore, the analysis of deficiency discovered the pattern of inspection at Malaysian ports is frequently related to zero and a low number of deficiencies raised by inspectors. Lastly, five major ports were selected for providing a useful rule to help PSC officers in organising an effective inspection plan. A similar approach can also be used for other ports beyond Malaysia for comparative analysis.

Due to various errors in most related variables, static stability coefficient of ship cannot be obtained accurately by direct calculation, so more precise information is needed to support stability calculation for higher quality result. During loading and unloading process of container ship in port of still water, time series curve of damping roll caused by hoisting containers can provide precise constraints for static stability calculation. In this paper, data correction method based on the least square method is introduced into ship stability calculation, and a data correction algorithm specially used for static stability calculation is put forward, named 'Rolling Curve Rule'. Data simulation and real ship validation show that Rolling Curve Rule is pretty scientific and can be popularized.

During loading and unloading process of large container ships in the port, due to errors in the weighing of containers and related calculation processes, the ship stability parameters are not accurate enough, which will cause hidden problems in handling and navigation. In this paper, an intelligent data coordination method is proposed to monitor and correct the parameters related to ship stability, which will achieve a better control of ship and increase operation safety. This method is based on mathematical deduction related to ship stability and verified by real-time rolling data of container ship and container loading or unloading records. The data simulation and real ship test show that this method has a considerable degree of feasibility and scalability.

This paper presents the possibility that the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) microsatellite receives the shipborne Automatic Identification System (AIS) signal operating on the Very High Frequency (VHF) spectrum. The factors influencing the AIS signal transmission are investigated, including the atmospheric refraction, the free space loss, the ionospheric polarization mismatch, and the atmospheric attenuation. The result demonstrates that, under the given assumptions, around 48 of the AIS transmitting lobe is able to overcome both refractions of the tropospheric and the ionospheric, and propagate into the outer space. The signal power received increases with the angle of ship's elevation but decreases as the orbit altitude rises. The satellite below 800km has the possibility of receiving approximate 80 of the shipborne AIS signal with the system link margin more than 10 dBm. © 2010 ASCE.