BACKGROUND:There are divergent viewpoints on how Chinese compound words undergo morphological processing-especially regarding the role and timing of morphemic semantics during word recognition. Whether-and in what way-lexical and sublexical semantics influence the recognition of Chinese compound words remains unclear; this issue is central to the debate between form-then-meaning and form-and-meaning processing models. METHOD:We investigated morphological effects on compound processing by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) to Chinese compound targets that were preceded by five prime types: W+M+, W-M+, W-M- (W = whole-word semantics, M = morphemic meaning, "+" = congruent, "-" = incongruent), a purely semantic prime, and an unrelated prime. This design simultaneously controlled prime-target relatedness at both the morphemic and whole-word levels. RESULTS:The results showed that, across both the 100-300 ms and 300-500 ms windows, the W-M+ and W-M- conditions produced statistically equivalent priming effects, suggesting that the semantic content of individual morphemes contributes only minimally to recognizing the compound as a whole. CONCLUSIONS:These findings align more closely with morphological models proposing parallel processing of form and meaning, as opposed to frameworks that assume a strictly hierarchical or step-by-step sequence.

Previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding the onset of semantic processing in compound word recognition. This study examined the role of semantics in morphological processing using event-related potentials (ERP) recorded for Chinese compound targets primed by W+M+, W-M+, W-M- (W = whole-word semantics, M = morpheme meaning, + = congruent, and - = incongruent), semantically related and unrelated primes. Two experiments were conducted. In Experiment 1 of a masked priming lexical-decision task (SOA = 50 ms), EEG results demonstrated that the brain was sensitive to semantic information as early as between 100 and 250 ms. In Experiment 2 of an unmasked priming lexical-decision task (SOA = 200 ms), data confirmed early semantic access. The two EEG experiments also showed that the semantics of constituent morphemes may have little bearing on compound recognition. Overall, these results seem to converge with a form-and-meaning account of compound recognition.

Psycholinguistic models of metaphor processing remain a subject of debate. A prime-probe design using Chinese materials with a specific time span (300 ms) was applied to test the mechanisms of metaphor processing. Conventional and familiarized metaphors were designed as primes, followed by a probe word semantically related to the prime metaphor (MT), a probe word related to the literal meaning of the final word of the prime metaphor (LT), control/unrelated probe word (UT), or non-word. Event-related potentials (ERPs) elicited by the probes were recorded to examine metaphor processing. In N400, results revealed that UT and LT elicited significantly more negative waveforms than MT in both primes. MTs and LTs showed no difference between conventional and familiarized metaphors, suggesting that metaphorical meaning may be accessed directly, regardless of whether conventional or familiarized metaphors. The results were generally compatible with the direct processing model.

Controversies have always existed in research related to reading abilities; on whether printed words are perceived in a feedforward manner based on orthographic information after which, other representations, such as phonology and semantics are activated, or whether these are fully interactive and high-level semantic information affects early processing. An interference paradigm was implemented in the presented protocol of phonological and semantic judgment tasks that utilized the same precede-target pairs to explore the relative order of phonological and semantic activation. The high- and low-frequency target words were preceded with three conditions: semantically related, phonological-related (homophones), or unrelated. The results showed that the induced P200 component of low-frequency word pairs was significantly greater than high-frequency words in both the semantic and phonological tasks. In addition, both the homophones in the semantic task and the semantically related pairs in the phonological task caused reduction in N400 when compared to the the control condition, word frequency-independently. It is worth noting that for the low-frequency pairs in the phonological judgment task, the P200 released by the semantically related word pairs was significantly larger than that in the control condition. Overall, semantic processing in phonological tasks and phonological processing in semantic tasks were found in both high- and low-frequency words, suggesting that the interaction between semantics and phonology may operate in a task-independent manner. However, the specific time this interaction occurred may have been affected by the task and frequency.

The present study aims to delineate the working mechanism of prediction in sentence comprehension, by disentangling the influence of the facilitated general memory retrieval from the coexistent influence of the predicted language-specific semantic and/or syntactic information for the first time. The results support that prediction might influence the downstream cognitive processing in two aspects: (1) the pre-activated information facilitates the retrieval of a matched input in memory and, (2) the pre-activated information interacts with higher-level semantic/syntactic processing. More importantly, the present findings suggest that these two types of influences seem to occur at different stages of sentence comprehension: the facilitated memory retrieval of the input modulates N400 amplitude and the latency of post-N400 late central-parietal positivity/P600, while the predicted semantic/syntactic information and/or their interactions modulate the amplitude of the late positivity. The present findings would be helpful for interpreting the underlying mechanism of observed effects in prediction studies.

The propertes and microtnicture of high-speed axle steel DZ1 and DZ2 with Ni contents 0. 20% ,0. 80% and 1. 20% are studied by using metalloraphic microscope and SEM etc. The results show that with Ni content increasing from 0. 20% to 1. 20% , the tensile strength and yield strength of the steel increases respectively from 710 MPa to 759 MPa and from 535 MPa to 608 MPa； the impact toughness of steel at 20 ℃ and -40 ℃. impact toughness is inproved, especially at -40 ℃, the transvese impact energy of steel increases from 87 J of 0. 20% Ni contents to 136 J of 1. 20% Ni contentsand the longitudinal impact energy of steel increases from 94 J to 179 J； the temperature of steel's tough-brittle transition decreases from -30℃ to - 100 ℃. The high-speed railway axle steel structure of 3 kinds of composition is Bainite + tempered martensite structure, and the bainite volume increases with the increase of Ni content, and steel microstructure became finer and more uniform after the increase of Ni content.

The 250 mm x 250 mm rolled billets of high-speed railway axle steel DZ2 are rolled, by EAF-LF-VD-ϕ690 mm cast bloom and EAF-LF-VD-ϕ690 mm cast bloom-ϕ740 mm ESR ingot of two processes. The macrostructure, inclusions ,carbon segregation, microstructure and mechanical properties of the blooms are studied. The results show that: compared with EAF process flowsheet, the rating of central porosity and general porosity of DZ2 steel shaft billet obtained by ESR process reduces from 0.5 ~ 1.0 to 0 ~ 0.5 grade； the size range of inclusions reduces from 2.43 ~ 25. 05μm to 1. 42 ~ 9. 32μm, and the morphology of inclusion changes from rod-shaped to spherical； the carbon content distribution on cross-section reduces from 0.256% ~ 0.269% to 0.261 % ~ 0.265% , and the carbon range difference reduces from 0.013% to 0.004% ; the yield strength and tensile strength increase by 17.5% and 13.8% , respectively, and the transverse and longitudinal impact energy at 20℃. increase by 36.2% and 17.8% , respectively.

Reprocessing has been speculated to be a late higher-level cognitive process in the P600 time window in event-related potential (ERP) studies. However, uncertainties regarding the P600 as an index of reprocessing have obscured the role of reprocessing in sentence comprehension. In this study, we compared meaningless pseudowords with or without a homophonic repairing clue (homophonic pseudoword vs. ordinary pseudoword) and semantically-plus-syntactically violated real words (doubly violated) to investigate the role of reprocessing in language comprehension. All anomalous conditions elicited significant typical central-parietal P600 effects. The homophonic pseudoword condition elicited a significantly larger P600 effect than the other two anomalous conditions. No significant difference was found between the P600 effects in the ordinary pseudoword and the doubly violated real-word conditions. These results demonstrate an association between reprocessing and the observed P600 effects, supporting an active role of reprocessing in sentence comprehension. Possible implications for language processing models are also discussed.

Unlike in English, the role of phonology in word recognition in Chinese is unclear. In this event-related potential experiment, we investigated the role of phonology in reading both high- and low-frequency two-character compound Chinese words. Participants executed semantic and homophone judgment tasks of the same precede-target pairs. Each pair of either high- or low-frequency words were either unrelated (control condition) or related semantically or phonologically (homophones). The induced P200 component was greater for low- than for high-frequency word-pairs both in semantic and phonological tasks. Homophones in the semantic judgment task and semantically-related words in the phonology task both elicited a smaller N400 than the control condition, word frequency-independently. However, for low-frequency words in the phonological judgment task, it was found that the semantically related pairs released a significantly larger P200 than the control condition. Thus, the semantic activation of both high- and low-frequency words may be no later than phonological activation.

SummaryOpinion target extraction (OTE) is an important task in fine‐grained sentiment analysis field, which focuses on the identification of the targets of users' opinions or sentiments from online reviews. Existing approaches to OTE are mainly based on unsupervised rule‐based methods or supervised machine learning methods. However, the latter needs a large number of labeled samples to train their models and lack of labeled corpus limits the research progress on OTE of Chinese. In this paper, we proposed a novel unsupervised and domain independent system called CHOpinionMiner. First, noun phrases are extracted as candidate opinion targets based on phrase structure grammar, then the syntactic paths of the candidate opinion targets and the opinion words in one opinionated sentence are extracted. After that, the legal paths, or rather, the opinion targets‐opinion lexicon pairs that are syntactically associated are selected according to the syntactic rules. Finally, not only the formal targets but also the orientations are obtained. Experiments on data sets consisting of microblog topics and product reviews demonstrate that our approach outperforms the existing state‐of‐the‐art methods.

The pilot production flow sheet of the 350 km/h Chinese Standard EMU DZ2 Axle Steel (/% ：0.24 ~ 0.32C, 0.20 ~0.40Si, 0.60 ~0. 90Mn, 0. 90 〜1.20Cr, 0. 50 ~ 1.50Ni,0.20 ~ 0. 30Mo, ≤ 0. 010P, ≤ 0. 010S) 250 mm x 250 mm is 80 t EBT EAF-LF-VD-8.4 t ingot casting-rolling mill practice. With the process measures including electric arc furnace hot charging >80% pre-treating hot metal, EBT electric arc furnace controlling end [P] ≤ 0. 006% and [C] > 0. 10% ,10% heel liquid in tapping,refining of with LF high basicity slag( CaO)/( SiO2) =9~12 and white slag hour with twenty minute upwards,after VD process feeding 1. 0 kg/t Si-Ca wire and argon shielding ingot casting, the cleanliness of produced steel DZ2 is [O] ≤ 10x 10-6[ H]≤ 1. 0 x 10-6P≤ 0.008% ,S ≤ 0.005% ,and inclusion rating of A,B,C,D and Ds series<1.0,the technical indexes of bloom and axle of steel DZ2 all meet TJ/CL520-2016《 Tentative specifications of DZ2 EMU Axle》,bloom and axle is past the step-up judging of the railway head office organizational, and finished 6 X 105km handle examine test.

The confounding factors of unexpectedness and semantic integration difficulty naturally residing in anomalous sentences in language studies make it difficult to determine the underlying processing mechanism of ERP components. Unlike the traditional static approach of manipulating expectancy through corpus frequency or cloze probability, this protocol proposes a dynamic method to enhance participants' expectancy for rarely-met anomalous sentences by multiple repetitions while maintaining their semantic integration difficulties. To address the time cost increase resulting from multiple repetitions, this protocol proposes to repeat only the strictly simplified core structure extracted from the anomalous sentence before presenting the semantically enriched, much more informative complete anomalous sentence containing the anomalous core structure to reinitiate the semantic integration processing. The complete anomalous sentence elicited a P600 effect. It suggests that the participants did not give up processing the anomalous information after repetitions and the same semantic integration difficulty was successfully reinitiated. Importantly, the representative experimental results reveal that the greatly attenuated N400 effect caused by multiple repetitions was not recovered by the follow-up reinitiated semantic integration difficulty. It suggests that the attenuated N400 effect should be mainly attributed to the enhancement of expectancy for anomalous information by multiple repetitions. The experimental results show that this method can effectively enhance participants' expectancy for anomalous sentences while retaining the semantic integration difficulty.

对国产与进口EA4T车轴材料的各项性能进行了对比研究.研究结果表明:国产和进口EA4T车轴材料的室温力学性能、低倍组织、微观组织质量水平相当;国产EA4T车轴材料的纯净度(P、S、[H]、[O])、非金属夹杂物、低温冲击韧性控制水平优于进口车轴材料,国产EA4T车轴材料完全可达到进口材料质量水平.

Metallurgical flowsheet of tested steel EA1N (/% : 0. 35C, 0. 30Si, 0. 90Mn, 0. 013P, 0. 008S, 0. 15Cr, 0. 10Ni, 0. 10Cu, 0. 04V, 0. 04Al) is 60 t EBT EAF-LF-VD-bottom casting 8.4 t square ingot-hot-rolled to 150 mm x 150 mm billet. The hot compression deformation of steel EA1N with strain rate 0. 01~10s-1at 800 ~ 1 300 °C has been tested and studied by using Gleeble-3800 thermal simulation tester to analyze in hot deformation of the steel the relation between flow stress, strain rate and deformation temperature and get the flow tress equation. Results show that in hot compression deformation of steel EA1N with increasing strain rate the flow stress increases and with increasing deforming temperature the flow stress decreases, and as the temperature is more than 1 100 °C and the strain rate is larger than 1s-1the feature of dynamic recrystallization occurs obviously on flow stress curves of steel The hot deformation activation energy of steel EA1N is 392.43 KJ/mol.

通过对比分析,采用加入和未加入Ca-Si线两种生产工艺,研究了车轴钢中非金属夹杂物的组成与形貌.结果表明,采用钙处理后钢中非金属夹杂物由脆性向塑性转变,并且得到了明显的球化处理.

EA1T主要用于制造时速≤200 km列车车轴,调质处理作为其最终使用状态.通过对小试样(25 mm2)和大试样(140 mm2)进行热处理,研究不同热处理制度下的组织和性能,从而确定出EA1T的最佳热处理工艺,为车轴钢的安全应用提供保证.

通过剖析日本和欧洲(意大利、法国)产的车轴和对照国内外采用的相关技术标准,调研分析国内相关产品生产企业的装备和能力,从国内需求、材料的性价比和加工工艺的可行性等多方面考虑,确定国产高速列车空心车轴采用低合金钢材料和调质处理的热处理工艺.研发出了具有我国自主知识产权、分别适用于时速200～250和300～350km的国产化EA4T和EA4T plus钢的空心车轴,其小试样的常规力学性能和疲劳性能均超过解剖的国外同等级车轴,特别是其缺口疲劳性能和低温冲击性能更优,并都通过了全尺寸实物疲劳试验.另外,还成功试制了30NiCrMoV12钢车轴,其成套技术可为今后车轴的选用提供参考.