[目的]探讨不同类型钾、镁肥对烤烟的作用效应.[方法]以红花大金元为材料,采用大田试验研究叶面喷施硫酸钾、有机钾、高钙镁钾、高氮高钾、低氮高钾和EDTA—镁肥料对烟株生长、烟叶钾镁营养、抗病性和产质量的影响.[结果]在常规施肥的基础上,烤烟团棵期喷施高钙镁钾、高氮高钾、低氮高钾肥料及低氮高钾与EDTA—镁混合肥均可缩短下部烟叶成熟期,促进烟株生长发育,增强烟株长势及抗病性.与同期喷等量清水相比,高氮高钾和低氮高钾处理均可显著提高烟叶钾含量(P＜0.05),改善烟株缺钾症状,显著提高烟叶产质量(P＜0.05);喷施高钙镁钾、EDTA—镁及低氮高钾与EDTA—镁混合肥能显著增加烟叶镁含量(P＜0.05),改善烟株叶片缺镁症状,除ETDA—镁处理外的2个处理还可显著提高烟叶产质量(P＜0.05).[结论]喷施高钙镁钾、高氮高钾以及低氮高钾和EDTA—镁混合液可促进烟株生长发育,改善烟叶生长后期缺钾、镁营养症状,增强抗病性,显著提高烟叶钾、镁含量及投入产出比.

尽管我国烟草企业投入了大量人力、物力和资金进行仓储烟叶防霉工作,但是仓储烟叶霉变严重的状况仍未得到有效控制,烟叶损耗仍然十分严重,现已成为烟叶仓储工作亟待解决的一大难题.近年来,广大科技人员对仓储烟叶霉变防治技术进行了大量研究.为此,综述了核辐射和微波技术防霉、密封降氧技术防霉、生物防霉剂和植物提取物防霉、化学防霉剂和熏蒸剂防霉等防霉技术的研究进展,以期为烟草行业仓储烟叶防霉技术的研究和应用提供参考.

[目的]旨在掌握昆明烟区农家肥质量现状,为合理利用和规范生产提供重要参考.[方法]按照“多点、随机”原则在昆明烟区采集农家肥样品,参照烟用有机肥标准体系开展相关指标检测与对比分析.[结果]昆明烟区农家肥的pH值8.27,有机质57.0％,总养分5.33％,腐殖酸19.0％,容重0.55 g/cm3,速效氮0.08％,速效磷0.30％,速效钾1.91％,具有速效氮、速效磷含量低,速效钾含量高的特点,以羊粪类和牛粪类农家肥综合表现较好.一般农家肥中总铜61.1 mg/kg,总铅23.9 mg/kg,总镉1.68mg/kg,总铬24.9 mg/kg,总砷11.5 mg/kg,总汞0.19 mg/kg,总锌221.5 mg/kg、氯离子0.42％,但猪粪类农家肥中锌、铜等重金属元素含量超标很严重.[结论]一般农家肥只要按有机肥标准规范生产流程和控制安全风险,其质量就能满足优质烟叶生产的要求.

为探索叶面喷施微生物肥“吉纳泰”对烤烟产质量的影响,2018年以喷施清水为对照,并设置原液及原液用清水稀释15,30,60倍等4个处理,开展小区比较试验.结果表明:1)“吉纳泰”以各种稀释倍数叶面喷施对改善烤烟农艺性状、生长势、抗病性及增加烟叶两糖比等均有一定的正向作用,其中以稀释30倍或60倍的叶面喷施对烟叶外观质量和经济性状的改善作用明显,特别是稀释60倍处理的烟叶产值、产指两项指标与其他处理差异有统计学意义.2)“吉纳泰”各种稀释倍数对提高上部烟叶钾质量分数具有一定的正向作用,但对改善烟叶氮碱比的效应则不同,其中以稀释30倍或60倍的叶面喷施对改善上部叶氮碱比有利,喷施原液或15倍稀释液对改善上部叶氮碱比不利.因此,在2016-2017年试验的基础上进一步探索了“吉纳泰”在烟草上的应用效果,并明确该肥料叶面喷施的最佳稀释倍数.

为减少储存期间原烟霉变现象的发生,确保烟叶质量的安全性.在昆明市郊对556个露天储存的原烟烟垛和38个大棚储存的原烟烟垛内部温度进行系统监测,并在投复烤时观察测温烟垛内烟叶的霉变情况,分析烟垛内部温度与烟叶霉变的关系.结果表明,在发生霉变及存在霉变风险的烟垛中,内部温度在25℃以上的烟垛占比高达75.00％;当烟垛内部温度降到20～ 25℃时,发生霉变及存在霉变风险的烟垛占比大幅降低(占9.76％);当烟垛内部温度降至10 ～ 15℃时,发生霉变及存在霉变风险的烟垛占比最低(占4.76％).因此,控制好烟垛内部温度,可大幅降低烟叶霉变率.

[Purposes] The research aimed to understand the characteristics and differences of composition and contents of neutral aroma components in typical enriched aroma,intermediate aroma and clear aroma style tobacco and corresponding areas.[Method] Totally 379 C3F leaf samples from the main tobacco-planting regions in Henan,Guizhou and Yunnan Province were taken.The contents of neutral aroma components were determined with GC-MS methods.The characteristics and differences were analyzed with multiple comparison and systematic cluster.[Results] The enriched aroma tobacco had the significantly highest with products degraded by carotene and phenylalanine.Clear aroma tobacco had the extremely significantly highest with products degraded by cembrane,and intermediate and clear aroma tobacco had the remarkable significant highest with maillard reaction products and neophytadiend.The Ye County,Pingba and Wenshan had the very significant highest contents of total aroma components corresponding to the enriched,intermediate and clear.Coefficients of variation of products degraded by phenylalanine and cembrane were larger in different aroma style and areas.[Conclusion] The characteristics and differences of neutral aroma components were summarized in different aroma and areas,and provided theoretical foundation for the tobacco leaves allocation and the cigarette prescription design.

In order to study the ecological regionalization of 26 counties in Yunnan tobacco-growing areas of the variety K326,through GPS system and the weather data of thirty years by the local weather bureau,we collected the climate and geography factors by the clus-ter analysis in cohesion system,and did the cluster analysis on the longitude,latitude,altitude and average temperature,average sun-shine,average precipitation in the field.The result shows that Yunnan tobacco-growing areas where flue-cured tobacco variety K326 is planted is divided into five major ecological zones and twelve ecological sub-regions.

本试验应用蛋白质双向电泳及质谱技术,对单作和与玫瑰间作的K326叶片蛋白质进行分离鉴定.利用Plant-mPLoc、Gene Ontolog、KOBAS、STRING对所鉴定蛋白进行生物信息学分析.在每份样品分离到的400左右个蛋白质中,MALDI-TOF/TOF MS法成功鉴定了20个差异蛋白质,生物信息学分析表明其中80％定位于叶绿体,主要参与光合作用和碳代谢,参与的生物过程主要是细胞过程、细胞成分组织或生物起源、生物调控、代谢过程和定位.研究表明,玫瑰散发的香气物质一方面促进烟草产生防卫反应蛋白的表达来加强其自身的抗病性,另一方面降低烟草的光合作用,抑制烤烟的生长发育.

In order to investigate the quality situation of flue-cured tobacco variety K326 in Yunnan tobacco-growing areas,the 394 to-bacco samples from 26 counties during the year 2010 to 2012 were analyzed on the quality of sensory evaluation,appearance quality and chemical composition so as to make quality regionalization.The results show that there were differences in the quality of K326 in differ-ent growing regions.The tobacco-growing ares were divided into 5 quality zones and 13 quality sub-zones.After the comprehensive eval-uation,among the 26 counties,14 counties as the most suitable regions;1 1 counties as suitable regions and 1 sub-suitable region were defined.

Objective] To research the effects of rotation and continuous cropping on the leaf quality of tobacco varieties NC 102 and NC297 introduced from USA, and to provides theoretical basis for the production of tobacco varieties leaves .[ Method] Effects of rotation and three-year continuous cropping on the soil physical and chemical properties , nutrient,chemical components in tobacco leaves were researched , as well as the sensory quality and economic benefit of NC102 and NC297in planting area. [Result] After continous croping of NC102 and NC297 for three years, available nitrogen, rapidly-available phosphorus, rapidly available potassium and organic matter contents in soil all reduced. Compared with three-year continuous cropping, the main chemical copmponents of NC102 and NC297 in rotation plough land had better coor-dination, sensory smoking quality, and economic benefit.[ Conclusion] Rotation is an important farming system to enhance the tobacco leaf quality of NC297, and to ensure the interest of tobacco farmers.

In order to find out the sources of heavy metals in tobacco leaf and the affective factors,the content and distribution of heavy metals in soil,irrigation water and tobacco leaf were compared in 12 districts of Yunnan Province by sampling survey to explore the sources of heavy metals in tobacco leaf and their affective factors.The results showed that:(1 )the content of heavy metals in soil is the highest.The content of heavy metals in tobacco leaf is the second and the content of heavy metals in irrigation water is the lowest.The variation range is irrigation water>soil>tobacco leaf.(2)the content of chromium and arsenic is 2.3 to 20.3 times lower than that of rice,corn,green manure,pea,wheat,rape and other crops.However,the content of cadmium,lead,copper and mercury is 3.0 to 6.6 times higher than that of corn,rice,and other crops.(3)the ore source is one of the main sources of heavy metals in the surround-ing soil,and the heavy metals in the soil highly influence the content of heavy metals in tobacco leaf.(4)the content of heavy metals in soil and tobacco leaf has a tendency to decrease with the increase of the altitude,and the PH value,organic matter,the content of magnesium and other physical and chemical indicators have significant effects on the content of heavy metals in tobacco leaf.These re-search results provide scientific basis for understanding the source of heavy metals in tobacco leaf and controlling the pollution of heavy metals in tobacco leaf.

The principal component analyses and mathematical model construction of ecological factors in material base of Hongyunhonghe Tobacco Group in Yunnan Province was conducted. The key ecological factors were selected in different tobacco-planting bases. The result showed high- grade material was 32. 00%,middle-grade materials was 58. 7%,middle-low grade materials was 9. 3%. The key ecological factors were altitude,soil texture and field period rainfall. The altitude of average influence was 22. 80% for different grade material. The average influence of soil texture was 19. 27% for different grade material. The average influence of field period rainfall was 19. 13% for different grade material. The total of average influence was 61. 20%. The ecological factors were used to divide finsh region partition in Yunnan Province in material bases of Hongyunhonghe Tobacco Group by altitude,soil texture and field period rainfall for index.