Abstract Valorization of agricultural residues into high-performance porous carbons is an effective route to sustainable adsorbents. Here, walnut green outer shell and pistachio pink outer shell were converted into activated carbons via chemical activation using KOH (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) and ZnCl₂ (1:1). Without any pretreatment, precursors were carbonized at 500 °C (1 h, nitrogen atmosphere), followed by activation at 800 °C (KOH, 1 h) or 500 °C (ZnCl₂, 1 h). Textural analyses revealed a strong dependence on both precursor type and activating agent. Walnut-shell carbons reached exceptionally high surface areas of 1028–2347 m² g⁻¹, with the maximum obtained for KOH (1:3), whereas pistachio-shell carbons achieved 788–1324 m² g⁻¹ under the same KOH series. In contrast, ZnCl₂ activation produced markedly lower areas (445–750 m² g⁻¹) and grinding caused only minor changes. FTIR/XRD/SEM/Elemental analyses collectively supported the formation of defect-rich, turbostratic carbon frameworks with well-developed porous morphologies, highlighting walnut shell as a particularly promising precursor for sustainable, high-surface-area activated carbons suitable for adsorption-driven environmental applications.

Room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries offer a promising solution for next-generation energy storage systems, combining high energy density with high power density. The operational mechanism of RT Na-S batteries under practical conditions, including high sulfur loading, limited electrolyte, and a low capacity ratio between the anode and cathode electrodes, is crucial for real-world applications. This study elucidates the structure-temperature-function relationship, providing an approach for the rational design of porous carbon hosts for sulfur. This strategy aims to synthesize high-performance sulfur cathodes that improve compatibility between cathode electrodes and electrolytes, advancing ultra-stable and ultra-long-life RT Na-S batteries. The temperature-controlled structural differences directly affect sulfur distribution, polysulfide immobilization, and conversion kinetics, leading to unique electrochemical behaviors of the cathodes. The RT Na-S batteries created by S/NPC-800-A and S/NPC-900-A exhibited outstanding performances with a specific capacity of 1200 mAh g- 1 and 1310 mAh g- 1 (based on the mass of sulfur) at 0.1C (1C = 1676 mAh g- 1), respectively, and 605 mAh g- 1 at 5C after 6000 cycles. These results demonstrate that the approach developed here to create unique cathode materials effectively extends the cycle life of RT Na-S batteries without significantly compromising electrochemical performance at very high current.

Plant-based renewable biomass resources hold significant potential for the production of environmentally friendly nanomaterials. Green synthesis approaches, which aim to utilize low-cost and easily accessible raw material sources without the use of toxic chemicals, are gaining increasing importance today. Therefore, the use of carbon-based (quantum dot) structures derived from plant-derived precursors as carrier supports in enzyme immobilization is extremely important both for transforming waste into value-added materials and for developing reusable biocatalytic systems. In this study, xylanase (XyL) enzyme was immobilized onto quantum dots obtained by carbonizing the rosehip (Rosa Canina L.) plant at 150 °C for 8 h. Subsequently, the structural and morphological properties of both RCQD and RCQD@XyL were analyzed using characterization techniques such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX. The immobilization efficiency was then calculated and determined to be 95.57 ± 0.51%. Subsequently, optimum pH values were determined for both free XyL and RCQD@XyL, and this value was determined to be pH 6 for both. The optimum temperature values were determined to be 50 °C for free XyL and 40 °C for RCQD@XyL. In addition, the activation energies (E a) of free XyL and RCQD@XyL were calculated as 6.537 and 7.577 kJ mol-1, respectively. In the reusability studies conducted, it was observed that RCQD@XyL retained approximately 25% of its initial activity even after 5 usage cycles. Furthermore, RCQD@XyL maintained its activity better than free XyL even in the presence of various metal ions and organic solvents. Finally, in our study, we evaluated the clarification potential of both RCQD and RCQD@XyL in terms of fruit juice clarification as an industrial application. While RCQD alone provided 66.753 ± 7.406% clarification, the RCQD@XyL combination had a clarification potential of 98.633 ± 1.175%. Consequently, this study revealed that quantum dots obtained from natural and inexpensive plant sources, such as rosehip, can be used as an effective carrier in the development of high-performance, stable, and reusable biocatalysts when used in combination with enzymes.

In this study, a sustainable activated carbon was successfully prepared from Scots pine sawdust via boric acid activation (H3BO3-AC-SPS) and evaluated for phenol adsorption from aqueous solutions. The physicochemical characteristics of the adsorbent were investigated using FTIR, SEM-EDX, XRD, and BET analyses, while the effects of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial phenol concentration, temperature, ionic strength, and reusability without regeneration on the adsorption performance were systematically examined. H3BO3-AC-SPS exhibited excellent adsorption performance over a wide pH range (5-8), showed good tolerance to coexisting inorganic ions and organic contaminants, and retained appreciable adsorption efficiency over five consecutive adsorption cycles without regeneration. Phenol uptake increased with temperature, and NaOH enabled partial desorption of phenol. The adsorption kinetics and equilibrium data were analyzed using both linear and nonlinear regression approaches and comparatively evaluated based on the coefficient of determination (R 2), sum of squared errors (SSE), and root mean square error (RMSE). The pseudo-second order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm exhibited the best predictive performance, with the Langmuir model estimating a maximum adsorption capacity of 65.4 mg g-1. The adsorption mechanism may involve π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, pore filling, and hydrophobic interactions. In addition, an artificial neural network (ANN) model accurately predicted the adsorption behavior, yielding a high correlation coefficient (R = 0.9789). The applicability of H3BO3-AC-SPS was further demonstrated in stream water and mining wastewater. These findings demonstrate that boric acid activation is an effective strategy for converting Scots pine sawdust into a high-performance adsorbent and that integrating linear and nonlinear adsorption modeling with statistical error analysis provides a reliable framework for interpreting adsorption behavior.

A novel electrochemical sensor based on a Ni₃Se₄/Co₃Se₄ heterostructure supported on biomass-derived porous carbon (Ni₃Se₄/Co₃Se₄@PC/GCE) was developed for the sensitive determination of upadacitinib (UPA). The designed platform provides an enhanced electroactive surface and improved charge transfer characteristics, leading to a significant increase in current response compared to the bare electrode. Electrochemical studies revealed that the oxidation process of UPA is diffusion-controlled and involves 2 protons-coupled 2 electrons transfer mechanism.Under optimized conditions, the proposed sensor demonstrated satisfactory analytical performance, providing a linear detection range of 5–40.6 μM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.735 μM. The modified electrode also demonstrated satisfactory reproducibility (RSD = 1.36%) and maintained stable performance over a 10-day period. Selectivity tests confirmed that common interfering species exerted a negligible effect on the analytical signal, even when present at levels up to 100 times greater than that of UPA.The applicability of the method was successfully verified in pharmaceutical formulations and biological matrices (human plasma and urine), yielding accurate and reliable results. The favorable GEMAM score (5.387) further highlights its compliance with green analytical chemistry principles.Overall, the proposed Ni₃Se₄/Co₃Se₄@PC/GCE sensor represents a simple, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly alternative for the determination of UPA, with strong potential for routine analytical applications.

Room-temperature sodium-sulfur (RT Na-S) batteries are emerged as a highly promising candidate due to sulfur's remarkably high theoretical capacity, advantageous gravimetric energy density, the natural availability and low cost of both sodium and sulfur. This study reports the synthesis of Zn@NPC-9, Bi-Zn@NPC-7, and BiZn@NPC-9 composites using a temperature-controlled heterostructure design strategy to develop advanced sulfur cathodes. These materials synergistically combine strong chemical anchoring from polar oxides, catalytic enhancement from Bi/Bi2O3 heterointerfaces, and efficient electron and ion transport through a nitrogen-doped porous carbon matrix for RT Na-S batteries. The discharge specific capacities of S/Bi-Zn@NPC-9 attain values of 893.4, 874.7, 868.7, 855.6, 725.6, and 607.4 mAh g- 1 at rates of 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, and 10.0C (1C = 1675 mAh g- 1). Upon restoring the current density to 5.0C, the reversible capacity achieve is 760.2 mAh g- 1, exhibiting excellent capacity preservation after 5000 cycles. The double-membrane Na-S battery confuguration of S/BiZn@NPC-9 exhibits a lower initial and stabilized capacity (443.6 mAh g- 1 at 5C) but remarkably smooth and long-term cycling stability over 12,000 cycles. The double-membrane configuration effectively suppresses polysulfide migration and shuttle effects, minimizing active material loss and side reactions at the Na anode.

The improvement of sustainable and high-performance anodes is essential for the future of sodium-ion energy storage systems (SIESS). Transition metal chalcogenides (TMCs) as anode have become a focal point of research because to their substantial capability facilitated by conversion or alloying reactions. Herein, metallic cobalt nanoparticles supported on the chickpea stem derived carbon (Co@CSC) underwent controlled oxidation, sulfurization, and selenization to form cobalt chalcogenides/carbon (Co3O4@CSC, Co9S8@CSC, and Co3Se4@CSC) composites. Electrochemical evaluation of these composites for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) reveals reversible capacity of 586 mAh g(-1) at a current density of 0.1 A g(-1), along with remarkable rate performance of 370 mAh g(-1) at 2.0 A g(-1) and long-term stability after 1000 cycles for Co9S8@CSC. In contrast, the Co3Se4@CSC shows dominant pseudocapacitive contributions, enhancing both reversibility and long-term stability. Practical applicability is confirmed in full cells employing Na3V2(PO4)(3) cathodes: the Co3Se4@CSC//Na3V2(PO4)(3) configuration delivered capacity of 146 mAh g(-1) at a current density of 0.1 A g(-1). According to hybrid capacitor tests, Co3Se4@CSC surpass Co9S8@CSC by providing greater reversible capacity (similar to 85 mAh g(-1)) and steadier voltage profiles. Robust coupling between the cobalt chalcogenides and the conductive porous carbon promote efficient charge transport, preserved structural integrity during cycling, and enhanced redox kinetics.

The tea industry generates substantial quantities of solid waste with limited high-value industrial applications. In this study, tea industry waste was converted into boric acid-activated carbon (BA-TAC) through a simple one-step chemical activation process and evaluated as an adsorbent for phenol removal from aqueous solutions. BA-TAC exhibited a mixed micro-mesoporous structure with a BET surface area of 592.59 m2 g-1. The adsorption performance was investigated as a function of solution pH, contact time, and initial phenol concentration. Adsorption kinetics were evaluated using pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich, Avrami, and intraparticle diffusion models, whereas equilibrium data were analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips isotherms. Linear, pseudo-linear, and non-linear regression approaches were comparatively evaluated, demonstrating the limitations of conventional linearization and the superiority of direct non-linear regression. Moreover, the so-called linearized forms of multi-parameter models such as Sips are not truly linear because iterative parameter estimation remains necessary. The maximum experimental phenol adsorption capacity reached 101.80 mg g-1 despite the moderate BET surface area of BA-TAC. The experimentally determined natural pH and pHpzc values, together with the limited desorption efficiency, indicated that adsorption was governed predominantly by surface chemical interactions rather than electrostatic attraction alone. XPS analysis confirmed the incorporation of boron-containing surface functionalities, highlighting their contribution to phenol adsorption. Overall, this study demonstrates the successful valorization of tea industry waste into a functional boron-modified activated carbon while providing methodological guidance for reliable adsorption kinetics and equilibrium modeling, thereby supporting sustainable waste valorization.

Activated carbon is widely recognized as an effective material for removing pollutants, especially pharmaceutical residues, from water. In this study, high-surface-area activated carbon derived from rice husks (RHAC) was synthesized via KOH activation and used for the adsorption of ciprofloxacin, a widely used fluoroquinolone antibiotic. Its adsorption behavior was systematically investigated through batch experiments varying the pH, adsorbent dosage, contact time, initial concentration, and temperature. The RHAC exhibited a high surface area of 1539.7 m2/g and achieved a maximum adsorption capacity of 398.4 mg·g-1. The Freundlich isotherm best describes its adsorption equilibrium, suggesting multilayer adsorption on a heterogeneous surface. Kinetic modeling revealed that the adsorption process followed a pseudo second-order model (R2 = 0.9981), indicating chemisorption as the rate-limiting mechanism. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH° = 6.61 kJ/mol, ΔG° < 0) confirmed that the process was endothermic and spontaneous. These findings demonstrate that RHAC is a highly efficient, low-cost, and sustainable adsorbent for removing ciprofloxacin from aqueous environments.

Rapid industrialization and population growth have intensified global energy demands, emphasizing the need for sustainable and efficient energy storage systems. This study investigates the utilization of oil-extracted apricot kernels as a biomass precursor for activated carbon synthesis. Through carbonization and activation, two samples (ASE3 and ASE5-T) were produced and characterized using XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, SEM/EDX, BET analysis, and electrochemical testing. Among the samples, ASE3 demonstrated superior structural and electrochemical properties, highlighting its potential for energy storage applications. Structural studies revealed a micropore-dominated structure with hierarchical porosity, optimizing ion transport and charge storage. This approach provides a sustainable solution to waste management and paves the way for cost-effective alternatives to traditional energy storage materials. Future studies should explore the long-term cycling stability, the potential for industrial-scale production, and hybrid system integrations for energy storage solutions.

Fruits are industrially processed, producing a significant amount of waste and by-products including peels, stones and seeds. These significant agri-food wastes are considered as a source of high-value-added compounds for use in the nutraceutical, chemical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. The aim of this study was to define the profiles and evaluate the content of fatty acids in kernel oils obtained from fruit seeds of six different cultivars of sweet cherries (‘Sweet Heart’, ‘0900 Ziraat’, ‘Hardy Giant’, ‘Dalbastı’, ‘Starks Gold’, ‘Lambert’) during the four ripening stages, to reveal the X‑ray diffraction (XRD) diffractograms and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy data of the kernels, and to evaluate the morphological changes occurring in their structures using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD analysis confirmed that cherry kernels contain both amorphous and crystalline structures. This finding enhances the potential industrial applications of cherry kernels. In the SEM images of all samples, it was observed that the cellulose structure was observed to be layered (graphitic), while the oil exhibited a cellular structure. The oil ratios from these kernels were determined to be between 21.71

Due to their cost-effectiveness and high surface area, activated carbons are commonly used for the adsorption of dyes from aqueous solutions. In this study, activated carbon was synthesized from walnut shell waste via KOH activation (1:3 ratio), yielding a surface area of 2347.4 m²/g. Reactive Blue 19 and Reactive Red 195 adsorption behavior were studied under varying experimental conditions. These included natural pH values (6.8–7.2), dye concentrations between 50 and 1250 mg L⁻¹, and adsorbent dosages ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 g. Adsorption equilibrium was achieved within 150 min. The maximum adsorption capacities were found to be 1227.17 mg g⁻¹ for RB 19 and 235.74 mg g⁻¹ for RR 195. Isotherm modeling was conducted using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin–Radushkevich models, with Freundlich providing the best fit for both dyes, indicating multilayer adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption processes were spontaneous and endothermic, with negative Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), positive enthalpy (ΔH°), and positive entropy (ΔS°) values. These results highlight the high adsorption performance and practical potential of walnut shell-derived activated carbon for dye removal from wastewater.

Anode materials are crucial in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), and the advancement of low-cost, high-capacity, and cycle-stable anode materials is a primary objective in the progression of sodium-ion batteries. Carbon, derived from biomass has emerged as a prominent anode material for energy storage devices, attributed to its costeffectiveness and environmental sustainability. Given their limited capacities at elevated current densities, it is essential to create biomass-derived composites incorporating other components with high theoretical capacities. This study successfully embeds Co3O4, Co9S8, and Co3Se4 cobalt chalcogenide nanoparticles onto hard carbon derived from the biomass of waste apricot seed testa (WAST). Hard carbon coating reduces or inhibits the dissolution of Co3O4, Co9S8, and Co3Se4 cobalt chalcogenides in the electrolyte, thereby preventing capacity loss. The synthesized Co3O4@HC-WAST, Co9S8@HC-WAST, and Co3Se4@HC-WAST electrodes demonstrate excellent cycling stability and rate performance when test as sodium-ion battery anodes. The capacity of the best anode material, Co3Se4@HC-WAST, is maintained at 307.8 mAh g- 1 (5 A g- 1) after 750 cycles with 99 % Coulombic efficiency. This study outlines a method for the preparation and comparison of the electrochemical performance of composite hybrid materials comprising hard carbon and cobalt chalcogenides.

In industry, the use of dyes that threaten human health is increasing day by day. RB 19 (Reactive Blue 19, Remazol brilliant blue R), one of the most common dyes that adversely affect natural life, is the subject of this article. In this article, the waste parts of the hemp plant (root, stem and other) were evaluated for use in scientific studies. Hemp wastes were carbonised at 500 degrees C at a heating rate of 10 degrees C/min for 1 hour in the N2 atmosphere. Chemical activation was then carried out with 1:4 potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 800 degrees C under the same conditions. Activated carbon (AC) used as an adsorbent was characterised by elemental analysis (73.3% C, 0.3% H, 0.46% N, 0.02% S and 25.92% O), XRD, SEM, BET and FT-IR analysis. Activated carbon (AC) with 850 mu m size, 1858.70 m2/g surface area was obtained by chemical activation of carbonised hemp waste with KOH. SEM images showed that the activated carbon is structurally similar to a honeycomb. Kinetic parameters were analysed with six different equations (Intra Particle Diffusion, Pseudo First, Pseudo Second, Elovich, Avrami, Bangham) and adsorption mechanism with eight different equations (Henry, Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich, Koble-Corrigan, Flory-Huggins, Harkin-Jura). According to the calculated diffusion coefficient (19.299), it is concluded that diffusion is externally controlled. The Intra-Particle Diffusion constant (75.34) indicated that the outer adsorption layer of activated carbon was thick. When the correlation coefficients of the equations were examined according to the kinetic analysis results, the highest correlation coefficient was observed in the Pseudo-First kinetic model for all temperatures. However, it was determined that it also fits the Bangham and Avrami models. Since Bangham and Avrami models have high regression coefficients (0.96-0.99), it can be said that adsorption also fits these models. Also, the negative Gibbs Free Energy values indicate that adsorption can occur spontaneously and is thermodynamically favourable.

In this study, the removal of Reactive Blue 19 dyestuffs in aqueous systems was investigated by adsorption method using activated carbon obtained from the pumpkin seed waste. Activated carbon obtained from pumpkin seed waste functionalized with ZnCl2 was used as an absorbent. Pumpkin seed hydrochar was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, TGA-DTA, BET, and XPS. In the experimental stages, the adsorption equilibrium time was determined as 45 minutes, the adsorbent dosage was 0.8 g and the optimum pH was 6.0. After this step, the adsorption parameters of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms were investigated. It has been pointed out that the adsorption process fits better with the Freundlich isotherm model, and the adhesion occurs in a multilayered manner and on a heterogeneous surface. Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms support that the bonding mechanism is realized by physical interactions. When the kinetic data were evaluated, it was found to be compatible with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters of adsorption indicate that the system is endothermic, and the adsorption of Reactive Blue 19 on activated carbon is a spontaneous process.

In this study, the characterization of polymeric wastes released during production in Eruslu Global group companies and the re-evaluability of these wastes were studied. For this purpose, all polymeric wastes that occur in the production of sanitary napkins, diapers, packaging film and printed packaging film, which are the basic production products of the enterprise; It was determined that it consists of polypropylene, polyethylene (LDPE, MDPE, HDPE), polystyrene, polyethylene terephthalate polymers. Considering that all wastes are not polluted, it has been evaluated that they can be reused to a large extent. In the study conducted for this purpose, it was determined that 20 different waste products emerged depending on the product variety produced in the enterprise. Thermal analysis for each waste was characterized by calorific value, FTIR, XRD, SEM and TG-DSC (TGA-DTA) techniques. It was determined that paint was added to polymeric wastes in general. In addition, it has been determined that natural micronized calcite is added to some waste in terms of environmental impact and cost reduction. This article evaluates the crystallinity, structure and surface morphology of polymeric wastes produced during production in Eruslu Global group companies. For this purpose, all polymeric waste products formed in the production of sanitary napkin, diapers, packaging film and printed packaging film, which are the primary production products of the enterprise, were characterized. 20 different waste products produced in the enterprise were selected for evaluation. Waste is rich in polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene (LDPE, MDPE, HDPE) and polyethylene terephthalate polymers. Each waste was characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, thermal analysis and calorific value techniques. As a result of the study, dye additive was detected in the structure of these wastes. When the XRD results were evaluated, it was determined that micronized calcite was added to the polymers to prevent environmental pollution caused by the paint additive. In this way, environmental pollution and production costs are reduced. Calorific values of all samples are in the range of 4292 - 10965 cal/g.

The synergy between phase change materials (PCMs) and activated carbon (AC) obtained from biomass is an energy-efficient method for creating composite materials with enhanced thermal performance. This study presents such a leak-proof composite with enhanced properties through the impregnation of bio-based lauric acid (L)-capric acid (C) eutectic mixture (LCEM) as a PCM in the AC derived from apricot kernel shells (AC-AKS) framework. The manufactured AC-AKS/PCM composite was subsequently incorporated into cement-pumice based mortar (CPM) in various proportions. This was done to produce energy-efficient construction materials aimed at increasing the thermal performance of buildings. Morphological, physical, thermal stability, mechanical strength, thermal energy storage (TES) and solar thermoregulation performances of the obtained leak-proof composite PCM were experimentally determined. The compressive strength of CPM samples with TES ability (TESCPM) was found 6.8 MPa, 4.3 MPa and 2.1 MPa for TESCPM1, TESCPM2 and TESCPM3, respectively. The relatively lower mechanical strength values can be accepted when considering their thermal regulation performances. The apparent porosity was around 26 %, while water adsorption around 24 % for TESCPM3. FTIR results proved the presence of well chemical compatibility between AC-AKS and PCM. The DSC results exposed that the AC-AKS/PCM composite had a melting temperature and a latent heat capacity of 21.58 degrees C and 126.8 J/g, respectively, while these values were within the range of 18.93-20.51 degrees C and 10.55-30.32 J/g for the TESCPMs. TGA results exposed that the functioning temperature of the AC-AKS/PCM was greatly lower than the limit temperature value measured for its thermal degradation. The solar thermoregulation performance test indicated that the fabricated TESCPM exhibited noteworthy advantages by providing the cooling effect throughout the daytime as well as the heating effect throughout the nighttime. All of these favorable properties make the proposed AC-AKS/PCM-integrated CPM promising materials for innovative TES applications in construction elements.

In this study, the characterization study of the oil of linden seeds obtained by the extraction method was carried out. The outer shells of linden seeds collected from Malatya region in August 2018 were cleaned before extraction. Hexane, ethyl alcohol and acetone were used as solvents. Elemental analysis, XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), ash determination and saponification number determinations were performed for characterization processes. After the analysis, the oil yield with ethyl alcohol was determined as 33% by weight with acetone, 28.65% for hexane and 28% for acetone. In linden seed fatty acid, it was determined as oleic acid: 27.442 for acetone, 30.852 for hexane, 10.955 for acetone by weight, 11.929 for hexane, linoleic acid: 51.188 for acetone, 44.145 for hexane. The soap number value was determined as 232.48 mg KOH/g for ethyl alcohol, 176.72 mgKOH/g for hexane and 246.94 mg KOH/g oil for acetone. While the ash determination value was 5.755% for the seed, the shell ash was determined as 2.1% differently.

The increasing need for clean water depending on the world?s population has accelerated efforts to re-evaluate the use of water. This has led to the spread of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Sewage sludge (SS), which is the waste of WWTP, is increasing due to the increase in the number of plants. As a result, the disposal and evaluation of SS, which is waste, has accelerated. In this study, re-searches were carried out on different usage areas of SS, which is WWTP waste. The SS was first dried. After the drying process, the SS was subjected to physical and chemical activation processes and turned into activated carbon. Activated carbons were obtained at different operating temperatures. The FT-IR, XRD, ICP-MS, TG-DTA, CHNS, SEM-EDX analyzes were performed for the obtained activated carbons. According to the results of the analysis, the selected activated carbons were mixed with diesel fuel at 50 ppm and 100 ppm ratios. The effects of fuel mixtures prepared with diesel fuel in terms of engine performance, combustion and emissions are investigated. Engine performance and exhaust emission measurements were made in a 6-cylinder Diesel engine at a constant speed of 600 rpm and under five different loads (0 Nm, 50 Nm, 100 Nm, 150 Nm, and 200 Nm). Emission values were measured as CO, HC, CO2, O2, and NOx and comparative assessments were made. In this study, the positive effects of SS-derived activated carbons on the engine were determined by using it as a diesel fuel additive.

Hard carbon is successfully fabricated using biomass of Prunus armeniaca seed shells, and its structural properties are examined by different spectroscopic techniques. For using as an anode electrode in Na-ion batteries, the material is subjected to further pyrolysis at varying temperatures for achieving the necessary levels of conductivity and surface area which are important features for electrode materials. Distinguish properties of the hard carbon in the XRD study appeared as broad peaks at 2θ = 23° and 43°. The purity of produced hard carbons was approved by EDX to analyze that the purity of hard carbon is greater than 99.9