The purpose of this study was to determine the stabilization of thoracolumbar vertebral fractures or luxations in dogs with a polyaxial screw rod system and its neurological and radiographic data. Ten dogs with thoracolumbar spinal instability were included in the study. Information on medical history, breed, sex, age, body weight, etiology of injury, presence of concomitant injuries, and timing of surgical intervention was recorded for each dog included in the study. General and orthopedic examinations were performed to exclude non-neurological lesions. Neurological (preoperative, immediate postoperative, 1st week, 3rd week) and radiographic (preoperative, immediate postoperative, 1st week, 3rd week) examination data of each dog were recorded and evaluated. The most affected areas were the T3-L3 level in 5 cases and the L4-L7 level in 5 cases. The mean time to surgery was recorded as 23.4 hours. Screws were placed unilaterally in 4 cases and bilaterally in 6 cases. Radiologically, successful screw placement and significant dislocation reduction (92.75%) were achieved in all cases. Neurological improvement was observed, even in cases without deep pain sensation. In addition, 80% improvement was reported in urinary functions. No implant loosening or loss of alignment was observed in any case. All cases remained in the hospital for 21 days. At the 6- month follow-up after surgery, the clinical outcome was 'excellent' in 3 cases, 'functional' in 5 cases and 'poor' in 2 cases. Polyaxial screw-rod systems are a safe and effective stabilization option in the surgical treatment of acute vertebral trauma in dogs.

Single-shot turbo spin-echo sequences are dense T2-weighted sequences that are well suited for evaluating the subarachnoid space. In T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequences routinely used in spinal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the subarachnoid space is poorly distinguished from the surrounding epidural fat, which may lead to the under detection of neurological disorders. We aimed to determine the utility of the Half-ourier single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) sequence in the diagnosis of neurological disorders in dogs and cats and the agreement between the HASTE sequence and T2 sequences. The study included 17 patients (cats and dogs) with suspected neurological disorders and an indication for magnetic resonance imaging. One observer was initially asked to interpret T2-weighted images only and then T2-weighted and HASTE sequences together. The MR images were anonymized and no signal, history, or clinical information was provided. Without the HASTE sequence, the observer recognized 71% of the neurological disorders. With the addition of the HASTE sequence, the observer recognized 100% of the neurological disorders. After the addition of the HASTE sequence, the observer was able to make a more accurate diagnosis with a difference of 29%. In addition, according to the results obtained, a moderate to good diagnostic agreement was found between T2-weighted and T2-weighted + HASTE sequences. Without the HASTE sequence, the observer was able to localize 89% of the lesions. With the addition of the HASTE sequence, the observer was able to localize 100% of the lesions, the difference of 11% was not statistically significant (P=0.15). In conclusion, our study has shown that the acquisition of single-shot fast spin-echo sequences in addition to standard T2-weighted fast spin-echo sequences provides more accurate detection of neurological disorders and provides advantages in terms of localization of neurological disorders.

BACKGROUND:This study aimed to compare the effects of placing an endotracheal tube (ETT) versus a V-gel airway device on intraocular pressure (IOP), heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) in anaesthetised cats. METHODS:Twenty animals were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the ETT group (n = 10) or the V-gel group (n = 10). IOP, HR, MAP, and SpO2 were monitored at baseline (Tb), post-sedation and induction (T0), immediately after intubation (Ti), at 2 (T2), 5 (T5), 10 (T10) and 15 (T15) minutes after-intubation, and after extubation (Te). RESULTS:IOP increased in both groups after intubation, with significantly higher values in the V-gel group at T2 and T5 (p = 0.005 and 0.014, respectively). IOP decreased below baseline by T10 and T15, with no significant differences between the two groups. HR was significantly higher in the V-gel group at Ti, T2, T5 and T10 (p = 0.001, 0.001, 0.001 and 0.016, respectively). No significant differences were observed in SpO2 or MAP between the groups at any time point. LIMITATION:The anaesthetic protocol may have influenced the IOP and HR, potentially confounding comparisons between the ETT and V-gel groups. CONCLUSION:The V-gel airway device resulted in higher IOP and HR values following intubation than the ETT group. Therefore, the V-gel may not be ideal for feline patients with ocular disease or cardiovascular compromise, where minimising IOP and cardiovascular stimulation is critical.

Chiari-like malformations are rare in cats. In this case report, the aim is to share data on the diagnosis and treatment of a Chiari-like malformation in a cat. This case report is for an 8-month-old, 3 kg, female, mixed-breed cat. The cat was brought in by its owner with complaints of seizures and weakness in the hind limb. Clinical and neurological examination revealed signs of ataxic gait, tetraparesis, allodynia, and decreased corneal reflexes. As a result of the examinations, a cranial or cervical lesion was suspected. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed findings such as ventriculomegaly, cerebellar herniation, medullary kinking, syringomyelia, and decreased cerebrospinal fluid flow at the first cervical level. Computed tomography revealed the absence of atlantooccipital overlap. In light of the findings, the patient was diagnosed with a Chiari-like malformation. Phenobarbital, gabapentin, furosemide, and prednisone were used for medical treatment. However, despite a week of medical treatment, no improvement was observed. Foramen magnum decompression was preferred as the operation method and titanium mesh was used to prevent scar tissue formation. The patient, whose condition improved in the postoperative period, died one week later due to aspiration pneumonia.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the electrophysiological relationship between blink parameters R1, R2, R3 and RC and general anaesthesia in dogs. The study included 16 dogs that were brought for castration or ovariohysterectomy, did not show any cranial neurological signs, no signs of ocular disease, and had not recently used analgesic or sedative drugs. The end tidal minimal alveolar concentration (ETMAC) value was kept constant at 2.9 in dogs that were anaesthetically maintained with sevoflurane for the surgical procedure. After the procedure, supramaximal electrical stimulation was applied to the supraorbital nerve at each 0.1 ETMAC decrease starting from 2.9 ETMAC and blink parameters (R1, R2, R3, RC) were recorded and evaluated from both orbicularis oculi muscles. In the evaluation, R1 parameter was obtained at 1.1-1.4 ETMAC values in all cases, R2 parameter was most commonly obtained at 1.0-1.1 ETMAC values in 14 cases, R3 parameter was most commonly obtained at 1.1 ETMAC value in 14 cases, RC parameter was most commonly obtained at 0.9 ETMAC value in 7 cases. As a result, it was revealed at which ETMAC values the blink parameters were obtained under sevoflurane anaesthesia.

The material of this case report was a 4-month-old Jack Russel female dog brought to Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Veterinary Faculty Animal Hospital with the complaint of vomiting. Anamnesis revealed that the patient had chronic vomiting, cough, and respiratory distress following food intake. As a result of examinations, it was determined that the patient had a congenital right aortic arch-type vascular ring anomaly and related megaesophagus. Treatment consisted of a surgical procedure followed by medical therapy. This case report demonstrated that fluoroscopy-guided contrast-enhanced angiography can be used to diagnose vascular ring anomaly.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the blink reflex and general anesthesia in dogs. Dogs brought for castration or ovariohysterectomy without any other problems were included in the study. In dogs anesthetized for the surgical procedure, anesthesia was kept constant at 2.9 MAC. Following the procedure, the supramaximal electrical stimulation was applied to the supraorbital nerve for every 0.1 MAC value decline, beginning at 2.9 end tidal MAC, and blink parameters were recorded from both orbicularis oculi muscles. The latency, amplitude, duration, and differential latency values of blink parameters obtained independently of MAC under general anesthesia were revealed. At the same time, it was also determined which blink parameters were obtained in which MAC value range. Previous studies have shown that the R2 and RC are highly affected by the level of consciousness, and the RC disappears under general anaesthesia. The R2 value was most commonly obtained between 1.1 and 1.0 MAC, but the dogs did not respond to any stimulus when the R2 value was obtained. However, since previous studies have shown that the level of consciousness affects R2 values, it was assumed that surgical anesthesia may have disappeared in the MAC ranges where this value was measured. The MAC value from which the RC value was obtained was found to be 0.88, and it was assumed that it could be accepted as the average MAC value at which the effect of general anesthesia was eliminated for dogs.

The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic values of the vertebral heart score (VHS), radiographic left atrial dimension (RLAD) and vertebral left atrial size (VLAS) in the radiographic evaluation of eccentric cardiac hypertrophy due to volume overload (VO) in rats. Rats underwent either needle aortocaval shunting or sham operations. Six weeks later, VHS, RLAD, and VLAS were measured from radiographs of all surviving rats (20 control and 54 VO). Measurements were performed by two observers blinded to the study data. Heart weight (HW) and HW: body weight (HBW) ratio were determined for all rats after sacrifice. Correlations between HBW and VHS, RLAD and VLAS values were estimated, as well as their sensitivity and specificity for detecting cardiomegaly and left atrial (LA) enlargement. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to estimate the optimal decision criteria for each radiographic index. A strong positive correlation was observed between these indices and both HW and HBW. The sensitivity and specificity of these indices for detecting cardiomegaly and LA enlargement when evaluated at the optimal cut-off values were 100% and 95%, respectively, at 8.7 vertebrae (v) for RL-VHS, 98.4% and 96.6% at 8.8v for measurements revealed good to excellent agreement for these indices. The study results indicate that VHS, RLAD and in rats with eccentric cardiac hypertrophy.

BackgroundEnhancing the bone healing procedure would resultantly improve the post-recovery life quality, as well as the speed with which the patient returns to their former life quality. Porous structures can provide a large surface area and abundant channels to facilitate mass transfer.ObjectiveTo evaluate the application of mesoporous materials in the bone healing of surgically created defects on the tibiae of male adult Wistar rats.MethodsThe defect areas were evaluated after implantation of 4 types of bioactive glass histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Fifty adult rats were divided into 5 groups including a control group without material. The used products were mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG), Cu-MBG, Zn-MBG, and Cu-Zn-MBG. Unicortical bone defects with a 3 mm diameter were performed in both tibiae of the animals and filled with 4 types of glass particles. The rats were then euthanized at 15 d and 30 d. Tibial samples were collected and the tissues forwarded for histological processing, and examined using light microscopy. Additionally, bone healing was evaluated by assessing the levels of bone morphogenetic protein BMP2, collagen 1, osteocalcin (OST), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using immunohistochemical methods.ResultsWithin the 15th day, all groups presented connective tissue septa; at the 30th day, the new bone formation was more intense in the Cu-Zn-MBG group. Additionally, BMP2, collagen 1, OST, and VEGF immune expression were more prominent in the Cu-Zn-MBG group.ConclusionsThe study results indicated that MBG may be used for the repairing of bone defects. Cu-Zn-MBG may be the best choice for this purpose.

A two and half-year-old, mixed breed, male cat was admitted to Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Teaching Hospital with respiratory distress and coughing lasting for a month. During the initial examinations of ultrasound and radiography, a pericardial abscess was detected near the right side of the heart and was drained with pericardiocentesis. Percardial biopsy material was screened for the bacterial isolation and identification. Bacteriological methods based on colony morphology, sugar fermentation tests, and molecular confirmation using 16S rRNA-23S rRNA specific primers were performed. Result on conventional and molecular analysis, Mycoplasma arginini (M. arginini) were detected. The patient was treated with azithromycin and enrofloxacin. Full recovery was observed during follow-up examination after a month. The findings of this case increase awareness of pathogen M. arginini in cats and zoonotic importance has been emphasized for pet owners.

Middle ear diseases are common in cats. The aim of this study was to determine the normative tympanometric data of cats. Tympanometry, which provides objective data in the examination of the middle ear in humans, can be used as a supplementary examination, especially in cats with middle ear diseases where the external ear canal is normal. In this study, 30 healthy ears belonging to 15 cats which were classified as ASA-I were determined and evaluated according to equivalent ear canal volume (Vea), static acoustic admittance [Ytm (compliance)], tympanometric peak pressure (TPP) and gradient values under general anesthesia. Tympanometric measurements obtained from right and left ears were 0.61 ± 0.12 ml and 0.60 ± 0.12 ml Vea, 0.31 ± 0.11 ml and 0.31 ± 0.11 ml Ytm, -11.2 ± 26.9 daPa and -14.9 ± 29.2 daPa TPP, 0.19 ± 0.11 ml and 0.24 ± 0.18 ml gradient respectively. Tympanometry as a supplementary examination is an easy to perform test in healthy cats with consistent results. It has the advantages of being completed in a short time, easy evaluation and providing information about middle ear without advanced imaging techniques. Results of this study represents the normative tympanometric measurements of cats which can be helpful distinguishing normal and abnormal conditions. Further studies needed to present exact values of standart tympanometric measurements and to introduce other variables like acustic refleks, wideband and multifrequency tympanometric results.

Introduction and Aim: Apelin (AP) is a peptide that is localized in the vascular endothelium and is highly found in lung tissue. AP can improve right ventricular failure and myocardial injuries in pulmonary hypertension (PH). In this study, we aimed to investigate the cardiac and pulmonary effects of exogenous apelin application in rats with PH produced by monocrotaline (MCT). Material and Methods: Wistar Albino 52 male rats (300 - 350 g) were randomly divided into 4 groups: Group I (control group - MCT and AP equal volume saline), Group II (Sham-AP group- 200 µg.kg-1 .day-1, ip 17 days, AP), Group III (MCT group- 60 mg / kg , single dose, ip, MCT), Group IV (MCT + AP group - 60 mg / kg, single dose, ip, MCT + 200 µg.kg-1 .day-1, ip 17 days, AP). The right ventricular hemodynamic and morphometric parameters, blood, lung, and heart tissue samples were evaluated. Results: The right ventricular wall and pulmonary artery wall thickness, pulmonary arterial vessel ratio increased in the MCT group, (p <0.001) (Fig 1). ACE and AP expression decreased in myocardial sections (p <0.001). The chronic AP treatment was found to improve the changes caused by MCT (p <0.001). Conclusion: In this context, preventing the decrease of AP expression and/or exogenous AP application can reduce the effects of vasoconstrictor and PH related changes.

Çalışmada, ayakta abomasum deplasmanı operasyonu uygulanan ineklerde, modifiye dorsolumbar epidural anestezi ile her ikisi de α2-agonisti olan ksilazin ve deksmedetomidin’in etkinliklerinin karşılaştırılması amaçlandı. Çalışmada iki grup oluşturuldu (n=12). Birinci gruptaki ineklerin epidural anestezisi ksilazin-lidokain hidroklorid kombinasyonu, ikinci gruptakilerin ise deksmedetomidin-lidokain hidroklorid kombinasyonu ile gerçekleştirildi. Abomasum deplasmanı operasyonuna alınan ineklerin preoperatif rektal ısı, nabız, solunum sayısı, ruminasyon sayısı kaydedildi. İlk interlumbar aralıktan, 18 G Touhy iğnesi ile orta hattan negatif basınç yöntemiyle epidural boşluğa girildi. Gruplara uygulanan ksilazin (0.025mg/kg)-lidokain hidroklorid (0.1mg/kg) ve deksmedetomidin (0.001mg/kg)-lidokain hidroklorid (0.1mg/kg) karışımları %0.9’ luk serum fizyolojik ile 6 ml’ye tamamlanarak 1 dakika sürede uygulandı. Ensizyona tepki ile cerrahi uygulama sırasında sedasyon, ataksi ve huzursuzluk skorları 10 dk aralıklarla kaydedildi. Postoperatif 3 saat’lik zaman diliminde, 30 dk aralıklarla takibe devam edilerek veriler kaydedildi. İki olguda tekniğin uygulanamaması, 1 olguda ise hayvanın yatması nedeniyle toplam 3 olgu çalışma dışı bırakıldı. Çalışmaya dâhil edilen bütün olgularda, teknik kolaylıkla uygulanabildi. Uygulanan tekniğin operasyon için yeterli düzey ve sürede, analjezi ve sedasyon sağladığı gözlendi. Kolay uygulanabilen bu teknik ile az miktarda ilaç ve doz sarfıyla preemptif analjezi sağlandı. Sonuç olarak; ineklerin abomasum deplasmanı olgularında uygulanan modifiye dorsolumbar epidural anestezi tekniğinin, her iki etken madde için de klinik pratikte uygulanabilir olduğu kanısına varıldı.

Background This study aims to investigate the preventive effect of proanthocyanidin against ischemia-reperfusion injury after lung transplantation. Methods The study included 12 swines (weighing 35±5 kg) and separated into four groups. Groups 1 and 3 were identified as control groups and left upper lobectomy was performed. Groups 2 and 4 were identified as transplantation groups and left lower lobectomy and heterotransplantation were performed. Proanthocyanidin was only given to groups 3 and 4. Tissue samples were analyzed under light microscope and histopathological findings were recorded. Results There was no statistically significant difference between control groups in terms of the numerical values of histopathological findings that include congestion (p=0.565), alveolar edema (p=0.197) and peribronchial inflammation (p=0.444). However, numerical values of acute cellular rejection were statistically significantly different between transplantation groups (p=0.048). Mean oxidative stress enzyme levels were higher in group 2 compared to group 4; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Conclusion According to the findings of our experimental study, proanthocyanidin can be safely used in lung transplantation based on its preventive effect in ischemia-reperfusion injury that may lead to morbidity and mortality.

The purpose of this study was to report the clinical outcome after the use of an UniLOCKimplant for stabilization of long-bone fractures in cats. UniLOCKimplants were used in long bone fractures (n=11) in ten client-owned cats. Data about the signalment (breed, weight, age) and history, characteristics of the fracture, details of the surgery and perioperative complications were recorded. Salter-Harris type I and II fractures in the four cats were recorded, operated upon and contralateral stifle joint ROM values with manuel goniometer and the differences between these values were determined. We evaluated the functional and radiological outcomes on 10th, 30th, 60th, and 90th days postoperatively. The final clinical and radiographic evaluation was performed after 12 months in all cases. The clinical outcome was excellent in nine cases, and good in one case. As a result of the postoperative trauma, stabilization of the implant was affected and an exuberant callus formation was encountered in the case 5 and the implants were removed immediately. Eight cats started using the limb immediately after waking up from anesthesia whereas initial limb use was 2-3 days after repair in the other cats. In conclusion, that the high success rate (90%) associated with a functional outcome suggests that the UniLOCK plate can be used in cats for long-bone fractures in cats

This study investigates the possibility of acoustic trauma occurence in hunting dogs exposed to high noise with pure stimulant such as firearms. Ten puppies (Control Group-CG) were used to establish reference for Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) and tympanometry records. BAER and tympanograms were collected from the 40 cases in active hunting group (Acoustic Trauma Group-ATG). The severities of trauma of which the cases were exposed to were determined by field study. While tympanometric pressure values of ATG cases were higher than that in CG, they were found to be in normal range (ATG left: 35,63±38,79/right: 34,00±38,25; CG left: -23,90±44,30/ right: -29,20±36,87 daPa). BAER records were saved using both click and tone burst stimuli. Records were taken at the frequencies of 0,5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8-kHz with tone burst stimulus. Wave I latency values obtained with click stimulus were only found to be significant in right ear at 30 dB intensity. Wave V was observed to be the last disappearing and the most observed wave among the waves obtained with high frequency stimulus. Based on this study, it was concluded that dogs experience acoustic trauma due to firearm noise, as revealed by a substantial decline in amplitude values in BAER records obtained with click stimulus. It can be said that the use of products developed for dogs and raising awareness in hunters may also be beneficial to prevent harmful effects of acoustic trauma.

Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of microorganisms from dogs with otitis externaÖz Amaç: Bu çalışmada otitis eksternalı köpeklerden alınan kulak sıvap örneklerinde mikroorganizmaların izolasyonu ve izole edilen bakterilerin antibiyotik duyarlılıklarının belirlenmesi amaçlandı