目的 通过体外试管实验方法,评价消化道吸附剂清除百草枯和敌草快的效果.方法 通过正交设计以体外试管实验探索毒物质量浓度、吸附剂种类、反应时间和酸碱度4个因素对百草枯和敌草快清除能力的影响.结果 吸附剂种类、反应时间和酸碱度对百草枯和敌草快清除率的影响差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).对百草枯清除率影响程度大小的顺序为吸附剂种类＞反应时间＞酸碱度;对敌草快清除率影响程度大小的顺序为吸附剂种类＞酸碱度＞反应时间.上述因素清除百草枯和敌草快的最佳组合为pH=12的环境下,采用蒙脱石散为吸附剂、反应时间120 min.结论 体外试管实验条件下,常用吸附剂蒙脱石散、活性炭粉和捣碎的药用炭片均可有效清除百草枯和敌草快.吸附剂种类、反应时间和酸碱度对百草枯和敌草快的清除率均有影响.

目的 探讨经口染毒百草枯在家兔体内的毒物代谢动力学过程.方法 分别以100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg的剂量给家兔灌胃染毒,于染毒后不同时间采集血液样本,应用液相色谱质谱法测定各样本中百草枯的含量,绘制浓度-时间曲线,并用DAS 3.0软件计算毒物代谢动力学参数.结果 以100 mg/kg剂量的百草枯(质量分数20％)经口染毒后(1.96±2.41)h,家兔体内血液中百草枯浓度达到峰值,之后血药浓度迅速下降,非房室模型统计矩参数中峰质量浓度为(2.53±0.84)mg/L、半衰期为(8.41±1.89)h、浓度曲线下面积为(14.10±3.21)mg/(L·h).200 mg/kg百草枯经口染毒后(1.76±1.10)h达峰,之后血药浓度迅速下降,非房室模型统计矩参数中峰浓度为(9.21±4.43)mg/L、半衰期为(15.47±12.11)h、浓度曲线下面积为(76.05±34.30)mg/(L·h).两组家兔血浆中百草枯达峰时间和平均留存时间的差异无统计学意义(P＞ 0.05).结论 百草枯经口染毒在家兔体内的变化过程符合三室模型特征,获得了不同染毒剂量百草枯在家兔体内的毒物代谢动力学参数.

目的 探讨单次静脉注射和灌胃毒死蜱后,毒死蜱在家兔体内的毒代动力学过程.方法 分别以2和10 mg/kg·bw剂量给家兔静脉注射染毒,分别以100和500 mg/kg· bw剂量给家兔灌胃染毒,于给药后不同时间采集血液样本;应用气相色谱法测定各样本中毒死蜱及其特异性代谢产物的含量,用DAS 3.0软件计算毒代动力学参数.结果 毒死蜱经静脉染毒2 mg/kg·bw组非房室模型统计矩参数血浆中峰浓度为(1.83±0.43) mg/L;半衰期为(7.03+3.26)h;浓度曲线下面积为(0.53±0.19) mg/L×h.10 mg/kg组非房室模型统计矩参数血浆中峰浓度为(2.95±1.10) mg/L;半衰期为(10.91±2.21)h;浓度曲线下面积为(2.13±0.45) mg/L×h.毒死蜱经口染毒100 mg/kg组非房室模型统计矩参数血浆中峰浓度为(1.21±0.42)mg/L;半衰期为(13.58±11.18)h;浓度曲线下面积为(2.80±0.91) mg/L×h.500 mg/kg·bw组非房室模型统计矩参数血浆中峰浓度为(6.38±1.26) mg/L;半衰期为(22.07±7.73)h;浓度曲线下面积为(154.06±43.69)mg/L×h.结论 毒死蜱经静脉染毒在家兔体内的变化过程符合二室模型,经口染毒符合三室模型.获得了不同染毒方式毒死蜱在家兔体内的毒代动力学参数.

[目的]利用正交设计和体外实验的方法评价血液灌流清除毒死蜱及其代谢产物的效果.[方法]建立体外模拟血液灌流的实验模型.通过正交实验设计探索血药浓度、血液灌流速度、吸附剂的种类和血液灌流持续时间等因素对血液灌流清除毒死蜱及其代谢产物能力的影响.[结果]血药浓度、血液灌流速度、吸附剂种类和血液灌流持续时间对毒死蜱及其代谢产物的清除率均有影响(P＜0.01).对清除率影响程度大小的顺序为血液灌流持续时间＞吸附剂种类＞血药浓度＞血液灌流速度.正交实验表明各因素的最佳组合为在低血药浓度(毒死蜱为1 mg/L,3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇为10 mg/L)中采用2 mL/min血流速度、活性炭吸附剂、血液灌流持续120 min,此时毒死蜱及其代谢产物的清除率最高.[结论]体外实验条件下,血液灌流可有效清除毒死蜱及其代谢产物.血液灌流速度、吸附剂的种类、血液灌流持续时间对毒死蜱及其代谢产物的清除率均有影响.

[目的]探讨正己烷气体对苯检测管特异性的影响,为苯检测管的选择和快速检测提供科学依据.[方法]在30～200 mg/m3的范围内,通过动态配气仪分别设定4个不同质量浓度的苯或正己烷的气体环境,同时使用国家标准方法和检气管法进行检测,通过比较检测结果,评价苯检测管检测结果的准确度,并分析正己烷气体对苯检测管特异性的影响.[结果]和国家标准方法所得检测结果相比,4种苯检测管相对误差范围为12.1％～41.1％.正己烷设定质量浓度为30 mg/m3时,2种苯检测管发生显色反应;在50 mg/m3、1 00 mg/m3和200 mg/m3 3个设定的质量浓度进行检测时,3种苯检测管均发生显色反应,且随着正己烷设定质量浓度的增加,苯检测管检测到的质量浓度也随之增加.[结论]使用苯检测管应注意正己烷对其检测结果的干扰作用.

Objective To establish a method for determination of acetone,dichloromethane,hexane,1,1,1-trichloroethane,1,2-dichloroethane,benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene etc organic compounds in urine by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).Methods Headspace gases of urine samples were injected into GC and determined by mass.Results Determination of urine components were in a good linear range in their concentration range of this method.The correlation coefficients were between 0.996 and 1.000 with the detection limits between 0.1 μg/L and 4.5 μg/L,the precisions were between 1.3％ and 4.6％,the recovery rates were between 86.2％ and 97.4％.Conclusion This method has the advantages of low detection limits,high accuracy,high precision and simple pretreatment,which is suitable for the determination of the content of various volatile organic compounds in urine.

[Objective] To study the application of AMDIS for rapid screening of pesticides in human blood,establish a rapid screening method for pesticides in human blood.[Methods] The pesticides in human blood were extracted by ethyl acetate.AMDIS and Retention time locking (RTL) were used in rapid screening of pesticides in human blood.[Results] AMDIS and RTL technology could effectively overcome the complicated matrix interference,to establish a simple sample pretreatment GC/MS quick screening method for pesticide in human blood.The minimum qualitative detection limits of 16 kinds of pesticides were 0.2-0.5 μg.[Conclusion] AMDIS with anti-interference ability in complex matrix samples combined with retention time locking technology is a quick and reliable method for rapid screening of pesticides in human blood.

目的 建立一种灵敏、准确测定血浆中毒死蜱(chlorpyrifos,CPF)及其主要代谢物3,5,6-三氯-2-吡啶醇(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol,TCP)的气相色谱(GC)方法.方法 取0.5 mL家兔血浆加入乙酸乙酯进行液液萃取,离心后取上层有机相,氮气40℃吹干,残留物加入乙酸乙酯定容后,再加入N-甲基叔丁基二甲基硅基三氟乙酰胺(MTBSTFA),50℃下对TCP进行衍生1h.样品采用气相色谱仪进行检测,以HP-5毛细管柱分离,电子捕获检测器检测.以待测物质的保留时间定性,外标法峰面积定量.结果 CPF和TCP在8min内得到良好分离.CPF和TCP的质量浓度在0.01～2.50 mg/L的线性范围内与峰面积相关性良好,相关系数分别为0.9997和0.9998;最低检测限均为1μg/L;精密度RSD均小于10％;加标回收率分别为77.60％～106.16％和72.00％～99.86％.结论 此方法灵敏准确,简便可靠,可用于血浆中CPF与TCP的含量分析.

Benzene, formaldehyde (FA) and trichloroethylene (TCE) are ubiquitous chemicals in workplaces and the general environment. Benzene is an established myeloid leukemogen and probable lymphomagen. FA is classified as a myeloid leukemogen but has not been associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), whereas TCE has been associated with NHL but not myeloid leukemia. Epidemiologic associations between FA and myeloid leukemia, and between benzene, TCE and NHL are, however, still debated. Previously, we showed that these chemicals are associated with hematotoxicity in cross-sectional studies of factory workers in China, which included extensive personal monitoring and biological sample collection. Here, we compare and contrast patterns of hematotoxicity, monosomy 7 in myeloid progenitor cells (MPCs), and B-cell activation biomarkers across these studies to further evaluate possible mechanisms of action and consistency of effects with observed hematologic cancer risks. Workers exposed to benzene or FA, but not TCE, showed declines in cell types derived from MPCs, including granulocytes and platelets. Alterations in lymphoid cell types, including B cells and CD4+ T cells, and B-cell activation markers were apparent in workers exposed to benzene or TCE. Given that alterations in myeloid and lymphoid cell types are associated with hematological malignancies, our data provide biologic insight into the epidemiological evidence linking benzene and FA exposure with myeloid leukemia risk, and TCE and benzene exposure with NHL risk.

Objective: To establish solvent desorption gas chromatographic method for determination of tert-butyl alcohol in the air of the workplace. Methods: After tert-butyl alcohol in the air of the workplace collected with activated carbon tube and desorbed with 2% 2-propanol in CS2, and then separated with DB-FFAP capillary column and detected with flame ionization detector. Results: The linearity ranges were 0.6~2 264.0 mg/L. The limit of quantification was 0.6 mg/L. The determination has a good reproducibility. The intraassay and interassay precisions were 2.8%~3.2% and 3.8%~5.7%. The desorption efficiencies were 93.9%~98.1%. Absorption efficiencies were 95.8%~100.0%. The breakthrough volume was above 7.1 mg in 100mg activated carbon. The samples in activated carbon tube could be stored for at least 14 days at ambient temperature. Conclusion: The method is feasible for determination of tert-butyl alcohol in the air of the workplace.

OBJECTIVE:To develop a solvent desorption gas chromatographic method for determination of n-pentanol in the workplace air.METHODS:n-Pentanol in the workplace air was collected with activated carbon tubes, desorbed with 2% 2-propanol in carbon disulfide, separated with a nitroterephthalic acid-modified FFAP capillary column, and detected with flame ionization detector.RESULTS:The limit of detection was 0.2 mg/L; the lower limit of quantification was 0.6 mg/L; the linear range was 0.6-4072.0 mg/L. The minimum detectable mass concentration was 0.2 mg/m3 for 1.5 L of air sample. This method was highly repeatable. The relative standard deviations were 2.3%-5.4%. The average desorption efficiencies were 86.9%-94.2%. The absorption efficiencies were 100%. The breakthrough volume was above 8.0 mg in 100-mg activated carbon. The samples in activated carbon tubes could be stored for at least 14 days at room temperature.CONCLUSION:The method is feasible for determination of n-pentanol in the workplace air.

Objective To establish a method for simultaneous determination of vinyl acetate ( VA ) and methyl methacrylate ( MMA) in the workplace air by solvent desorption-gas chromatography.Methods VA and MMA in the air of workplace were collected by dipped activated carbon tube absorption and desorbed with carbon disulfide, then separated by DB-FFAP capillary gas chromatography column and analyzed by flame ionization detector.Results The linear ranges of VA and MMA were 18.6-186.2 and 187.2-1 872.0 mg/L, and the correlation coefficients were 0.999 97 and 0.999 98, respectively.The minimum quantitative mass concentrations were 0.7 and 0.8 mg/m3 respectively ( sample volume, 1.5 L).The average desorption efficiencies of VA and MMA were 92.6%-97.8% and 95.9%-99.1%, and the interassay relative standard deviation were 1.8%-2.6%和0.5%-2.2%, respectively.The sampling efficiency was 100.0% and samples could be stored for 7 days in refrigerator at 4 ℃.Conclusion This method is simple, sensitive, precision, and accurate, and suitable for simultaneous detection of VA and MMA in the workplace air.

目的建立血中1,2-二氯乙烷（1,2-DCE）的气相色谱-质谱测定方法。方法采用静态顶空分析法,血样中的1,2-DCE经DB-5MS弹性毛细管色谱柱分离,采用气相色谱-质谱联用仪检测,选择离子定量用62.0质荷比（m/z）,确认用49.0、98.0 m/z,测定血样中1,2-DCE。结果血样中1,2-DCE在0.63-93.98μg/L线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999 7,定量下限为0.63μg/L（取血样2.0 ml）。批内相对标准偏差（RSD）为2.9%-6.7%,批间RSD为3.4%-8.1%,加标回收率为83.2%~94.1%,样品在-8℃以下可保存7 d。结论本法灵敏度高、干扰少、精密度和准确度好、操作简便,可作为检测职业中毒患者血中1,2-DCE的方法。

目的建立尿中三氯乙酸(TCA)的顶空气相色谱-质谱联用测定方法。方法尿中TCA加热脱羧生成三氯甲烷,经三合一自动进样器顶空进样,气相色谱柱分离,质谱检测器检测。结果 TCA在0.061 1～305.436 8μmol/L范围内线性良好(相关系数>0.999),最低检出浓度为0.009 2μmol/L(V=3 ml),不同浓度的相对标准偏差为4.5%～8.7%,样品加标回收率为82.0%～98.3%。结论本法简便、灵敏、准确,可同时应用于正常人群、职业接触人群和中毒病人的尿TCA的检测。

目的建立工作场所空气中正丁基硫醇的气相色谱测定方法。方法 工作场所空气中的正丁基硫醇用Tenax采样管采集,样品经甲醇解吸,毛细管气相色谱柱分离(30.00 m×0.32 mm×3.00μm),火焰离子化检测器检测,以保留时间定性,峰面积定量。结果 本法正丁基硫醇质量浓度在1.70～100.40 mg/L呈线性关系,相关系数为0.999 96,最低检出浓度为0.10 mg/m3(以采集3.0 L空气样品计),精密度相对标准偏差为2.0%～2.8%,采样效率为98.7%～100.0%,平均解吸效率为91.9%,样品在-10℃冰箱中至少可保存7 d。结论 本方法灵敏度高,精密度和准确度好、操作简便、易普及,可作为工作场所空气中正丁基硫醇的标准检测方法。

目的 探讨三甲基氯化锡(TMT)的吸收、分布、排泄规律.方法 取SD大鼠108只,雌雄各半,随机分为18组,每组雌雄各3只.第1组为空白对照组,生理盐水灌胃后立即眼眶采血,第2～18组灌胃给予TMT 10mg/kg,分别在染毒后10min、20min、30 min、1h、2h、3h、4h、6h、8h、12 h、24 h、3d、6d、9d、12d、28 d、90d共17个时间点经眼眶采血并采集主要脏器.另取SD大鼠10只,灌胃给予TMT 10 mg/kg,收集染毒前连续12 h及染毒后第1、2、3、6、9、12、18、28、40、55、70、90天共13个时间段连续24h的尿液.用GC-MS测定血液、组织、尿液中TMT的含量,用3P87软件计算毒代参数.结果 (1)吸收:大鼠灌胃TMT后,全血和血浆半吸收期分别为0.16h和0.21 h;清除率分别为1.77×10-4 L/(kg·h)和0.03 L/(kg·h);消除半减期分别为15 d和10 d.(2)分布:灌胃后10 min组织中即可检测到TMT,6h达到峰值;红细胞中TMT浓度远高于各主要脏器,且红细胞＞脾＞肝＞肾＞心.TMT在组织中消除半减期为10 d,RBC达16.53 d.(3)排泄:TMT经尿液排泄较缓慢,尿TMT第6天最高,第90天仍可检测到TMT.结论 大鼠灌胃给予TMT染毒后,TMT可被快速吸收,迅速分布在红细胞内,可通过血脑屏障进入脑,缓慢经尿排出.

[目的]建立工作场所空气中正丙醇的溶剂解吸气相色谱测定方法。[方法]采用活性炭管采集,1%异丁醇的二硫化碳溶液解吸,经FFAP毛细管色谱柱分离的气相色谱测定方法。[结果]正丙醇线性范围为0.64-964.3μg/mL;最低检出浓度为0.4 mg/m(3以采集1.5 L空气样品计);相对标准偏差为1.7%-4.3%;解吸效率为84.1%-84.8%;采样效率为98.5%-100%;100 mg活性炭对正丙醇的穿透容量大于16.0 mg;样品在室温下至少可保存7 d。[结论]本方法重现性好,适用于工作场所空气中正丙醇的测定。

Epidemiological studies suggest that trichloroethylene (TCE) exposure may be associated with renal cancer. The biological mechanisms involved are not exactly known although nephrotoxicity is believed to play a role. Studies on TCE nephrotoxicity among humans, however, have been largely inconsistent. We studied kidney toxicity in Chinese factory workers exposed to TCE using novel sensitive nephrotoxicity markers. Eighty healthy workers exposed to TCE and 45 comparable unexposed controls were included in the present analyses. Personal TCE exposure measurements were taken over a 2-week period before urine collection. Ninety-six percent of workers were exposed to TCE below the current US Occupational Safety and Health Administration permissible exposure limit (100 ppm 8h TWA), with a mean (SD) of 22.2 (35.9) ppm. Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and Pi-glutathione S transferase (GST) alpha were elevated among the exposed subjects as compared with the unexposed controls with a strong exposure-response association between individual estimates of TCE exposure and KIM-1 (P < 0.0001). This is the first report to use a set of sensitive nephrotoxicity markers to study the possible effects of TCE on the kidneys. The findings suggest that at relatively low occupational exposure levels a toxic effect on the kidneys can be observed. This finding supports the biological plausibility of linking TCE exposure and renal cancer.

BACKGROUNDFormaldehyde is used in many occupational settings, most notably in manufacturing, health care, and embalming. Formaldehyde has been classified as a human carcinogen, but its mechanism of action remains uncertain.METHODSWe carried out a cross-sectional study of 43 formaldehyde-exposed workers and 51 unexposed age and sex-matched controls in Guangdong, China to study formaldehyde's early biologic effects. To follow up our previous report that the total lymphocyte count was decreased in formaldehyde-exposed workers compared with controls, we evaluated each major lymphocyte subset (i.e., CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells, natural killer [NK] cells, and B cells) and T cell lymphocyte subset (CD4(+) naïve and memory T cells, CD8(+) naïve and memory T cells, and regulatory T cells). Linear regression of each subset was used to test for differences between exposed workers and controls, adjusting for potential confounders.RESULTSTotal NK cell and T cell counts were about 24% (P = 0.037) and 16% (P = 0.0042) lower, respectively, among exposed workers. Among certain T cell subsets, decreased counts among exposed workers were observed for CD8(+) T cells (P = 0.026), CD8(+) effector memory T cells (P = 0.018), and regulatory T cells (CD4(+) FoxP3(+) : P = 0.04; CD25(+) FoxP3(+) : P = 0.008).CONCLUSIONSFormaldehyde-exposed workers experienced decreased counts of NK cells, regulatory T cells, and CD8(+) effector memory T cells; however, due to the small sample size; these findings need to be confirmed in larger studies.